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Articles 3931 - 3960 of 4090

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

An Overview Of Acerc Research In Fuel Characterization And Reaction Mechanisms, Ronald J. Pugmire, Thomas H. Fletcher Jan 1993

An Overview Of Acerc Research In Fuel Characterization And Reaction Mechanisms, Ronald J. Pugmire, Thomas H. Fletcher

Faculty Publications

A major objective of the Advanced Combustion Engineering Research Center is the development and verification of data on fuel characterization and reaction mechanisms and rates that can be incorporated into submodels for use in the comprehensive combustion codes. As technology has advanced, the levels of analytical sophistication has also advanced, making it possible to augment the existing body of information with new data. From this new data it is possible to draw new insights regarding the complex nature of coal and the various processes associated with combustion. The ACERC program has made it possible to bring different disciplines together to …

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Progress In Coal Pyrolysis, Peter R. Solomon, Thomas H. Fletcher, Ronald J. Pugmire Jan 1993

Progress In Coal Pyrolysis, Peter R. Solomon, Thomas H. Fletcher, Ronald J. Pugmire

Faculty Publications

The heterogeneous nature of coal and the complexity of the pyrolysis process have made it very difficult to perform unambiguous experiments to determine the rates and mechanisms in coal pyrolysis. However, recent years have seen a number of new experimental and theoretical approaches which shed new light on the subject. This paper considers the recent progress on kinetics, the formation of volatile products, network models, cross-linking, rank effects, and the ‘two-component’ model of coal structure. Recent experiments which measured coal particle temperatures at high heating rates provide reasonable agreement on kinetic rate constants. These rates also agree with those derived …

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Swelling Properties Of Coal Chars During Rapid Coal Pyrolysis And Combustion,, Thomas H. Fletcher Jan 1993

Swelling Properties Of Coal Chars During Rapid Coal Pyrolysis And Combustion,, Thomas H. Fletcher

Faculty Publications

Coal devolatilization experiments are commonly conducted at moderate temperatures (800 to 1300 K) and heating rates (103 to 104 Ks−1) in inert environments in order to measure evolved species before secondary reaction in the gas phase. However, chars from these experiments exhibit different physical characteristics than chars obtained under typical combustion conditions (1500 to 2000 K, 105 Ks−1, and 3 to 10 mol% oxygen). Experiments were conducted in two laminar, entrained-flow reactors to determine characteristics of coal chars in inert and oxygen-rich environments. One flow reactor was heated electrically, with gas temperatures of …

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Chemical Structural Features Of Pyridine Extracts Of The Argonne Premium Coals Using 13c Nmr Spectroscopy, Thomas H. Fletcher, S Bai, Ronald J. Pugmire, Steven Wood, David M. Grant Jan 1993

Chemical Structural Features Of Pyridine Extracts Of The Argonne Premium Coals Using 13c Nmr Spectroscopy, Thomas H. Fletcher, S Bai, Ronald J. Pugmire, Steven Wood, David M. Grant

Faculty Publications

Soxhlet extractions were performed on the eight Argonne Premium coals using pyridine purged with argon and followed by a novel washing procedure to remove the pyridine. Mass closure (extracts plus residues) on duplicate experiments accounted for 94-96% of the original coal, repeatable to within 2%. Chemical structural features determined from 13C NMR analyses of the extracts and residues showed more attachments per aromatic cluster for the residues, indicating a greater degree of covalent bonding in the residue than in the extract. 1H NMR analysis of the extracts showed a gradual increase in the hydrogen aromaticity with rank, along …

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Overview Of Acerc Comprehensive Model Development, Thomas H. Fletcher, Scott C. Hill Jan 1993

Overview Of Acerc Comprehensive Model Development, Thomas H. Fletcher, Scott C. Hill

Faculty Publications

A major objective of the Advanced Combustion Engineering Research Center (ACERC) is the development of comprehensive combustion models to help in the solution of critical national combustion problems. Computer models incorporate research and technology results from center projects and from external research programs. The synergistic integration of scientific knowledge that is expected from the NSF engineering research centers is demonstrated to a great extent at ACERC by the development of these software tools. The transfer of technology from ACERC to industry is also accomplished in part by the implementation of the models at industrial firms. The effort to develop such …

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Photopolymer-Based Stratified Volume Holographic Optical Elements, Gregory P. Nordin, A. R. Tanguay Dec 1992

Photopolymer-Based Stratified Volume Holographic Optical Elements, Gregory P. Nordin, A. R. Tanguay

Faculty Publications

We report the implementation of stratified volume holographic optical elements (SVHOE's) using DuPont's Omnidex holographic photopolymer material and an in situ exposure technique for simultaneous multilayer grating recording. Experimental measurement of the +1-order angular sensitivity of a seven-layer SVHOE structure shows remarkable agreement with both theory and numerical simulation for incidence angles near the Bragg angle. For SVHOE's having modulation layers that individually operate in the Bragg or transition diffraction regimes, the envelope of the SVHOE angular sensitivity is experimentally shown to approximate closely that of a single modulation layer.

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Diffraction Properties Of Stratified Volume Holographic Optical Elements, Gregory P. Nordin, R. V. Johnson, A. R. Tanguay Dec 1992

Diffraction Properties Of Stratified Volume Holographic Optical Elements, Gregory P. Nordin, R. V. Johnson, A. R. Tanguay

Faculty Publications

We present a unified treatment of the diffraction properties of stratified volume holographic optical elements (SVHOE's). We show that the relative phasing of the diffraction orders as they propagate from layer to layer gives rise to a unique notched diffraction response of the +1 order (for the case of Bragg incidence) as a function of the normalized buffer-layer thickness, the grating spatial frequency, and the readout wavelength. For certain combinations of these parameters Bragg diffraction behavior characteristic of volume holographic optical elements (VHOE's) is observed, whereas for other combinations pure Raman-Nath behavior periodically recurs. By using these same relative-phasing arguments, …

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Heterogeneity Of Intergranular Damage In Copper Crept In Plane-Strain Tension, Brent L. Adams, David P. Field Sep 1992

Heterogeneity Of Intergranular Damage In Copper Crept In Plane-Strain Tension, Brent L. Adams, David P. Field

Faculty Publications

The authors wish to acknowledge support of this work by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the U. S. Department of Energy. An interface damage function (IDF), which statistically describes the area fraction of interface damage as a function of up to eight parameters defining crystallite interfaces, was determined for commercial purity copper specimens crept in plane strain tension. The IDF was determined from stereological parameters measured on plane sections cut through damaged specimens. The eight-dimensional space of the function was investigated by analyzing two-dimensional projections of the complete domain. Certain special interfaces were observed to damage preferentially. A …

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Experimental Measurement Of Rov Tether Tension, Tim W. Mclain, S M. Rock Jun 1992

Experimental Measurement Of Rov Tether Tension, Tim W. Mclain, S M. Rock

Faculty Publications

In the undersea operation of a tethered ROV system, the pilot's ability to control precisely the ROV is often limited by disturbance forces generated by drag due to currents that act either directly on the ROV or indirectly on the ROV through the tether. The objective of this research, which was conducted at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), was to characterize the magnitude and dynamics of tether forces by measuring them during operation. To achieve this, a tether tension sensor and data logging system were developed. This system was used to measure the forces in the tether of …

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Interface Cavitation Damage In Polycrystalline Copper, Brent L. Adams, David P. Field Jun 1992

Interface Cavitation Damage In Polycrystalline Copper, Brent L. Adams, David P. Field

Faculty Publications

The authors acknowledge the support of the Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the United States Department of Energy. Determination of an interface damage function (IDF) from a stereological procedure similar to that presented by Hilliard is described. The mathematical and experimental simplicity of the method is utilized in measuring an IDF for polycrystalline copper crept at 0.6T sub m under uniaxial tension. Whereas previous work focused on a five parameter description of the local state of a grain boundary, the domain of the IDF is increased to eight degrees of freedom in the present study to include the complete …

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A General Three Dimensional All Quadrilateral Surface Mesh Generation Algorithm, Roger Cass Apr 1992

A General Three Dimensional All Quadrilateral Surface Mesh Generation Algorithm, Roger Cass

Theses and Dissertations

Among the available all-quadrilateral mesh generation algorithms progressive-front offers the best quality and robustness. The paving algorithm is a progressive-front technique that generates a two dimensional mesh of all quadrilaterals on planar surfaces. The technique is particularly suited to meshing irregular boundaries with interior holes. This thesis presents an extension of the paving algorithm to generalized three dimensional surfaces. The major problems in three-dimensional surface mesh generation are projection of nodes, calculation of interior angles, and connection of mesh fronts. The solutions to these problems are presented. This work is part of the ongoing CUBIT project at Sandia Labs. The …

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Note On The Number Dependence Of Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulations Of The Viscosity Of Structured Molecules, Richard L. Rowley, James F. Ely Mar 1992

Note On The Number Dependence Of Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulations Of The Viscosity Of Structured Molecules, Richard L. Rowley, James F. Ely

Faculty Publications

Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations have been performed for a system of 512 four-site models representing n-butane molecules. The results are compared to simulations previously reported for 125 molecules to check a recently reported number dependence in such simulations. A small system size dependence was observed at low shear rates, but the rheological behavior is not affected. Considerably greater certainty is obtained using larger systems.

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Chemical Structure Of Char In The Transition From Devolatilization To Combustion, Thomas H. Fletcher, Mark S. Solum, David M. Grant, Ronald J. Pugmire Jan 1992

Chemical Structure Of Char In The Transition From Devolatilization To Combustion, Thomas H. Fletcher, Mark S. Solum, David M. Grant, Ronald J. Pugmire

Faculty Publications

Coal devolatilization experiments are generally conducted separately from char oxidation experiments, and the relationship between the chars generated in the two types of research is often ignored. However, char is one of the most important products of coal devolatilization and must be characterized as a function of temperature and heating rate in a manner similar to that for gaseous devolatilization products. The chemical structure of the parent coal directly affects devolatilization behavior. In this work, the chemical structure of chars from five coals of different rank are examined, and implications on char reactivity are discussed. Chars were obtained as a …

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Chemical Percolation Model For Devolatilization: Ii. Temperature And Heating Rate Effects On Product Yields, Thomas H. Fletcher, Alan R. Kerstein, Ronald J. Pugmire, David M. Grant Jan 1992

Chemical Percolation Model For Devolatilization: Ii. Temperature And Heating Rate Effects On Product Yields, Thomas H. Fletcher, Alan R. Kerstein, Ronald J. Pugmire, David M. Grant

Faculty Publications

The chemical percolation devolatilization (CPD) model describes the devolatilization behavior of rapidly heated coal based on the chemical structure of the parent coal. Percolation lattice statistics are employed to describe the generation of tar precursors of finite size based on the number of cleaved labile bonds in the infinite lattice. The chemical percolation devolatilization model described here includes treatment of vapor-liquid equilibrium and a cross-linking mechanism. The cross-linking mechanism permits reattachment of metaplast to the infinite char matrix. A generalized vapor pressure correlation for high molecular weight hydrocarbons, such as coal tar, is proposed based on data from coal liquids. …

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Spaceborne Radar Measurement Of Wind Velocity Over The Ocean-An Overview Of The Nscat Scatterometer System, David G. Long, F. M. Naderi, Michael H. Freilich Jun 1991

Spaceborne Radar Measurement Of Wind Velocity Over The Ocean-An Overview Of The Nscat Scatterometer System, David G. Long, F. M. Naderi, Michael H. Freilich

Faculty Publications

Scatterometry and scatterometer design issues are reviewed. The design of the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) to be flown on the Japanese ADEOS mission is presented. Building on Seasat experience, the NSCAT system includes several enhancements, such as three antenna azimuths in each of two swaths, and an onboard digital Doppler processor to allow backscatter measurements to be colocated everywhere within the orbit. These enhancements will greatly increase the quality of the NSCAT wind data. The ground processing of data is discussed, and scatterometers of the next decade are briefly described.

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Identifiability In Wind Estimation From Scatterometer Measurements, David G. Long, Jerry M. Mendel Mar 1991

Identifiability In Wind Estimation From Scatterometer Measurements, David G. Long, Jerry M. Mendel

Faculty Publications

The problem of identifiability of a wind vector that is estimated from wind scatterometer measurements of the radar backscatter of the ocean's surface is addressed. The traditional wind estimation approach produces multiple estimates of the wind direction. A second processing step, known as dealiasing or ambiguity removal, is used to select a single wind estimate from these multiple solutions. Dealiasing is typically based on various ad hoc considerations. The traditional wind estimation approach results in multiple solutions associated with local minima in an objective function formed from the noisy backscatter measurements. The authors discuss the question of the uniqueness of …

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Convex Bayes Decision Theory, Wynn C. Stirling, Darryl Morrell Feb 1991

Convex Bayes Decision Theory, Wynn C. Stirling, Darryl Morrell

Faculty Publications

The basic concepts of Levi's epistemic utility theory and credal convexity are presented. Epistemic utility, in addition to penalizing error as is done with traditional Bayesian decision methodology, permits a unit of informational value to be distributed among the hypotheses of a decision problem. Convex Bayes decision theory retains the conditioning structure of probability-based inference, but addresses many of the objections to Bayesian inference through relaxation of the requirement for numerically definite probabilities. The result is a decision methodology that stresses avoiding errors and seeks decisions that are likely to be highly informative as well as true. By relaxing the …

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Set-Valued Filtering And Smoothing, Wynn C. Stirling, Darryl Morrell Feb 1991

Set-Valued Filtering And Smoothing, Wynn C. Stirling, Darryl Morrell

Faculty Publications

A theory of discrete-time optimal filtering and smoothing based on convex sets of probability distributions is presented. Rather than propagating a single conditional distribution as does conventional Bayesian estimation, a convex set of conditional distributions is evolved. For linear Gaussian systems, the convex set can be generated by a set of Gaussian distributions with equal covariance with means in a convex region of state space. The conventional point-valued Kalman filter is generated to a set-valued Kalman filter consisting of equations of evolution of a convex set of conditional means and a conditional covariance. The resulting estimator is an exact solution …

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A Median-Filter-Based Ambiguity Removal Algorithm For Nscat, David G. Long, Scott J. Shaffer, R. Scott Dunbar, S. Vincent Hsiao Jan 1991

A Median-Filter-Based Ambiguity Removal Algorithm For Nscat, David G. Long, Scott J. Shaffer, R. Scott Dunbar, S. Vincent Hsiao

Faculty Publications

A description is given of the baseline NSCAT (the NASA scatterometer) ambiguity removal algorithm and the method used to select the set of optimum parameter values. An extensive simulation of the NSCAT instrument and ground data processor provides a means of testing the resulting tuned algorithm. This simulation generates the ambiguous wind-field vectors expected from the instrument as it orbits over a set of realistic mesoscale wind fields. The ambiguous wind field is then de-aliased using the median-filter-based ambiguity removal algorithm. Performance is measured by comparison of the selected wind fields with the true wind fields. Results have shown that …

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Model-Based Estimation Of Wind Fields Over The Ocean From Wind Scatterometer Measurements. Ii. Model Parameter Estimation, David G. Long, Jerry M. Mendel May 1990

Model-Based Estimation Of Wind Fields Over The Ocean From Wind Scatterometer Measurements. Ii. Model Parameter Estimation, David G. Long, Jerry M. Mendel

Faculty Publications

For pt.I see ibid., vol.28, no.3, p.349-360 (1990). The feasibility of a model-based approach to wind field estimation is discussed. In this approach the parametric model for near-surface mesoscale wind fields developed in pt.I is used. The parameters of the model are estimated from the wind scatterometer measurements; the wind field estimate is then computed from the estimated model parameters. Unlike the traditional pointwise approach, this approach takes advantage of the inherent correlation in the winds at different sample points to estimate the wind field more accurately and resolve directional ambiguity. The accuracies of wind field estimates obtained using the …

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Model-Based Estimation Of Wind Fields Over The Ocean From Wind Scatterometer Measurements. I. Development Of The Wind Field Model, David G. Long, Jerry M. Mendel May 1990

Model-Based Estimation Of Wind Fields Over The Ocean From Wind Scatterometer Measurements. I. Development Of The Wind Field Model, David G. Long, Jerry M. Mendel

Faculty Publications

For pt.II see ibid., vol.28, no.3, p.361-373 (1990). A parametric model for near-surface mesoscale wind fields suitable for use in a model-based approach to estimate the wind field over a large region of the scatterometer measurement swath from measurements of the radar backscatter of the ocean's surface is discussed. The assumptions made in developing the model are described, and the accuracy of the resulting model is evaluated. The model is based only on scatterometer data and is computationally tractable, consisting of a linear equation relating the near-surface wind field to a vector of model parameters which is estimated from the …

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The Development Of The Smelting Industry In The Central Salt Lake Valley Communities Of Midvale, Murray, And Sandy Prior To 1900, Charles E. Hughes Jan 1990

The Development Of The Smelting Industry In The Central Salt Lake Valley Communities Of Midvale, Murray, And Sandy Prior To 1900, Charles E. Hughes

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis found that the three communities of Midvale, Murray, and Sandy were the center of the smelting industry in the Salt Lake Valley. These communities became the center of smelting because of their central location, the readily available water supply, and the availability of an inexpensive, efficient transportation system to ship the bullion. The smelters were surrounded by two major mountain ranges which provided a ready supply of good lead, silver, and copper ore.

The development of the smelting industry followed three separate phases or periods. The first phase was one of experimentation or period of discovery, in which …

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Discussion Of The Representation Of Intercrystalline Misorientation In Cubic Materials, Brent L. Adams, Hans Grimmer, Junwu Zhao Jan 1990

Discussion Of The Representation Of Intercrystalline Misorientation In Cubic Materials, Brent L. Adams, Hans Grimmer, Junwu Zhao

Faculty Publications

BLA and JZ acknowledge the support of the Office of Basic Energy Science of the US Department of Energy under grant No. DE-FG02-88ER45355. Help from Stuart Wright with the figures is gratefully acknowledged. Salient features of various parameterizations of cubic-cubic misorientation are discussed. It is proposed that the quaternion representation of rotations, as a pair of antipodal points on the surface of a four-dimensional sphere, encompasses the most desirable properties of other proposed representations, viz rectilinearity, a closed form for the composition of successive rotations, and an equivalence between the Euclidean measure on its parameter space and the invariant measure …

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Molecular Dynamics Simulation Of Real-Fluid Mutual Diffusion Coefficients With The Lennard-Jones Potential Model, Richard L. Rowley, J. M. Stoker Sep 1989

Molecular Dynamics Simulation Of Real-Fluid Mutual Diffusion Coefficients With The Lennard-Jones Potential Model, Richard L. Rowley, J. M. Stoker

Faculty Publications

Mutual diffusion coefficients for selected alkanes in carbon tetrachloride were calculated using molecular dynamics and Lennard-Jones (LJ) potentials. Use of effective spherical LJ parameters is desirable when possible for two reasons: (i) computer time is saved due to the simplicity of the model and (ii) the number of parameters in the model is kept to a minimum. Results of this study indicate that mutual diffusivity is particularly sensitive to the molecular size cross parameter, σ12, and that the commonly used Lorentz–Berthelot rules are inadequate for mixtures in which the component structures differ significantly. Good agreement between simulated and experimental mutual …

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Development, Simulation, And Validation Of A Highly Nonlinear Hydraulic Servosystem Model, Tim W. Mclain, E K. Iversen, C C. Davis, S C. Jacobsen Jun 1989

Development, Simulation, And Validation Of A Highly Nonlinear Hydraulic Servosystem Model, Tim W. Mclain, E K. Iversen, C C. Davis, S C. Jacobsen

Faculty Publications

A highly accurate and predictive dynamic model of an electrohydraulic actuation system has been developed and verified. The accuracy of the model can be attributed to the inclusion of nonlinear representations of many system elements including hysteresis and saturation effects, orifice areas, piston damping, and flow forces. This level of accuracy makes the model a potentially valuable tool in the analysis and design of electrohydraulic actuation systems.

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Automatic Meshing Of Free-Form Deformation Solids, Ssuta S. Hsu Apr 1989

Automatic Meshing Of Free-Form Deformation Solids, Ssuta S. Hsu

Theses and Dissertations

Development of computer models and subsequent finite element analysis, are important aspects of modern engineering design. In this process, the geometry creation and finite element analysis software are well developed; however, the process of discretizing a geometry into a proper finite element model is time consuming and tedious. The work presented here uses the free-form deformation method to create smooth solid models, and invokes a solid subdivision and transition method to generate the hexahedron finite elements. The combination of these two techniques provides an automatic mesh generator that is easy to use, creates acceptable hexahedron elements for finite element analysis, …

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Design Of A Multiple Degree Of Freedom, Force Reflective Hand Master/Slave With A High Mobility Wrist, Tim Mclain, S C. Jacobsen, E K. Iversen, C C. Davis, D M. Potter Mar 1989

Design Of A Multiple Degree Of Freedom, Force Reflective Hand Master/Slave With A High Mobility Wrist, Tim Mclain, S C. Jacobsen, E K. Iversen, C C. Davis, D M. Potter

Faculty Publications

The Center for Engineering Design (CED) at the University of Utah has developed a force reflective, teleoperated multiple degree of freedom hand and high mobility wrist. This hand/wrist teleoperation system is targeted to perform dexterous manipulation and assembly tasks in an effort to approach the capabilities of a human. A first-stage prototype of this hand/wrist master/slave system, which is scheduled for laboratory demonstration in February of 1989, has nine actuated degrees of freedom in both the hand master and hand slave. This paper discusses elements of the design of this hand/wrist master and slave with particular emphasis on servo system …

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On The Use Of A Modified Square-Well Model For Prediction And Correlation Of Thermal Diffusion Factors In Binary Liquid Mixtures, Richard L. Rowley, S. C. Yi Dec 1987

On The Use Of A Modified Square-Well Model For Prediction And Correlation Of Thermal Diffusion Factors In Binary Liquid Mixtures, Richard L. Rowley, S. C. Yi

Faculty Publications

Recently reported thermal diffusion factors obtained from heats of transport have been used to test the ability of existing theories to predict thermal diffusivities using model parameters regressed from pure component transport data. None of the theories tested were able to provide even qualitative agreement with experiment. However, predictions using a square-well Enskog theory, modified here for consistency with normal experimental definitions, were found to be approximately correct using pure-component square-well parameters regressed from viscosity and thermal conductivity and an assumed mixing rule for cross terms. Predicted values are very sensitive to the energy mixing rule, and correlation of experimental …

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Heats Of Transport From Diffusion Thermoeffect Measurements On Binary Liquid Mixtures Of Carbon Tetrachloride With Benzene, Toluene, 2-Propanone, N-Hexane, And N-Octane, Richard L. Rowley, S. C. Yi Dec 1987

Heats Of Transport From Diffusion Thermoeffect Measurements On Binary Liquid Mixtures Of Carbon Tetrachloride With Benzene, Toluene, 2-Propanone, N-Hexane, And N-Octane, Richard L. Rowley, S. C. Yi

Faculty Publications

Measurements of heats of transport are reported for binary liquid mixtures containing carbon tetrachloride and benzene, toluene, 2-propanone, n-hexane, or n-octane at 298 K and ambient pressure. Additionally, measurements were made at 308 K for carbon tetrachloride with benzene, toluene, and 2-propanone. The corresponding heat-mass Onsager coefficients are also reported, from which thermal diffusion ratios have been calculated based on Onsager reciprocity. These data will be used in a companion paper to report a modified Enskog method for correlation and prediction of heats of transport.

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Definition Of An Asymmetric Domain For Intercrystalline Misorientation In Cubic Materials In The Space Of Euler Angles, Brent L. Adams, Junwu Zhao Dec 1987

Definition Of An Asymmetric Domain For Intercrystalline Misorientation In Cubic Materials In The Space Of Euler Angles, Brent L. Adams, Junwu Zhao

Faculty Publications

The authors wish to acknowledge the support of the United States Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under grant No. DE-FG02-85ER45203. Critical review by Professor Dorian Hatch of the Physics Department at Brigham Young University is gratefully acknowledged. A new asymmetric domain for intercrystalline misorientation is defined in the space of Euler angles for materials exhibiting cubic (Oh point-group) lattice symmetry. The invariant measure for this new domain is nearly constant; this is in significant contrast to the previous domain defined by MacKenzie [Biornetrika (1958), 45, 229-240]. Distribution functions in the misorientation can now be represented with greater …

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