Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (174)
- Engineering (155)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (82)
- Education (76)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (72)
-
- Arts and Humanities (64)
- Psychology (46)
- Life Sciences (40)
- Mechanical Engineering (38)
- Civil and Environmental Engineering (37)
- Electrical and Computer Engineering (34)
- Communication (29)
- Nursing (28)
- Anthropology (27)
- Physics (27)
- Civil Engineering (24)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (24)
- Computer Sciences (23)
- Sociology (21)
- Political Science (20)
- Business (18)
- Clinical Psychology (15)
- Electromagnetics and Photonics (15)
- Transportation Engineering (15)
- Chemistry (14)
- History (14)
- Optics (14)
- Materials Science and Engineering (13)
- Medical Sciences (13)
- Creative Writing (12)
- Keyword
-
- Education (9)
- Nursing (6)
- Technology (4)
- Anthropology (3)
- Culture (3)
-
- Elementary (3)
- Exosomes (3)
- Florida (3)
- Gender (3)
- Millennials (3)
- Patient (3)
- Pediatric (3)
- Rhetoric (3)
- Stress (3)
- Women (3)
- Acropora cervicornis (2)
- Adolescent (2)
- Adolescents (2)
- Anxiety (2)
- Archaeology (2)
- Attitudes (2)
- Autism (2)
- Bioarchaeology (2)
- Cancer (2)
- Communication (2)
- Depression (2)
- Diabetes (2)
- Dialogic reading (2)
- Economic (2)
- Elderly (2)
Articles 31 - 60 of 615
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Learning Algorithms For Fat Quantification And Tumor Characterization, Sarfaraz Hussein
Learning Algorithms For Fat Quantification And Tumor Characterization, Sarfaraz Hussein
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Obesity is one of the most prevalent health conditions. About 30% of the world's and over 70% of the United States' adult populations are either overweight or obese, causing an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. Among all cancers, lung cancer is the leading cause of death, whereas pancreatic cancer has the poorest prognosis among all major cancers. Early diagnosis of these cancers can save lives. This dissertation contributes towards the development of computer-aided diagnosis tools in order to aid clinicians in establishing the quantitative relationship between obesity and cancers. With respect to obesity and …
Trust-Based Rating Prediction And Malicious Profile Detection In Online Social Recommender Systems, Anahita Davoudi
Trust-Based Rating Prediction And Malicious Profile Detection In Online Social Recommender Systems, Anahita Davoudi
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Online social networks and recommender systems have become an effective channel for influencing millions of users by facilitating exchange and spread of information. This dissertation addresses multiple challenges that are faced by online social recommender systems such as: i) finding the extent of information spread; ii) predicting the rating of a product; and iii) detecting malicious profiles. Most of the research in this area do not capture the social interactions and rely on empirical or statistical approaches without considering the temporal aspects. We capture the temporal spread of information using a probabilistic model and use non-linear differential equations to model …
Machine Learning Methods For Flow Cytometry Analysis And Visualization, Emily Sassano
Machine Learning Methods For Flow Cytometry Analysis And Visualization, Emily Sassano
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Flow cytometry is a popular analytical cell-biology instrument that uses specific wavelengths of light to profile heterogeneous populations of cells at the individual level. Current cytometers have the capability of analyzing up to 20 parameters on over a million cells, but despite the complexity of these datasets, a typical workflow relies on subjective labor-intensive manual sequential analysis. The research presented in this dissertation provides two machine learning methods to increase the objectivity, efficiency, and discovery in flow cytometry data analysis. The first, a supervised learning method, utilizes previously analyzed data to evaluate new flow cytometry files containing similar parameters. The …
Nondestructive Testing Methods Aided Via Numerical Computation Models For Various Critical Aerospace Power Generation Systems, Peter Warren
Nondestructive Testing Methods Aided Via Numerical Computation Models For Various Critical Aerospace Power Generation Systems, Peter Warren
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
A current critical necessity for all industries which utilize various equipment that operates in high temperature and extreme environments, is the ability to collect and analyze data via non destructive testing (NDT) methods. Operational conditions and material health must be constantly monitored if components are to be implemented precisely to increase the overall performance and efficiency of the process. Currently in both aerospace and power generation systems there are many methods that are being employed to gather several necessary properties and parameters of a given system. This work will focus primarly on two of these NDT methods, with the ultimate …
Impact Of Ionizing Radiation And Electron Injection On Carrier Transport Properties In Narrow And Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, Jonathan Lee
Impact Of Ionizing Radiation And Electron Injection On Carrier Transport Properties In Narrow And Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, Jonathan Lee
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This study investigated the minority carrier properties of wide and narrow bandgap semiconductors. Included specifically are wide bandgap materials GaN and β-Ga2O3, and narrow bandgap InAs/GaSb type-II strain-layer superlattice. The importance of minority carrier behavior in bipolar device performance is utmost because it is the limiting component in current conduction. The techniques used to determine minority carrier properties include electron beam induced current (EBIC) and cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy. The CL spectroscopy is complemented with time-resolved CL (TRCL) for direct measurement of carrier radiative recombination lifetime. The minority carrier properties and effect of high energy radiation is explored. The GaN TRCL …
Changes In Running And Multiple Object Tracking Performance During A 90-Minute Intermittent Soccer Performance Test (Ispt): A Pilot Study, Ryan Girts
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Multiple object tracking (MOT) is a cognitive process that involves the active processing of dynamic visual information. In athletes, MOT speed is critical for maintaining spatial awareness of teammates, opponents, and the ball while moving at high velocities during a match. Understanding how MOT speed changes throughout the course of a competitive game may enhance strategies for maintaining optimal player performance. The objective of this study was to examine changes in MOT speed and running performance during a 90-minute intermittent soccer performance test (iSPT). A secondary purpose was to examine the relationship between aerobic capacity and changes in MOT speed. …
Influence Of Transverse Slot Jet On Premixed Flame Acceleration, Dylan Tarrant
Influence Of Transverse Slot Jet On Premixed Flame Acceleration, Dylan Tarrant
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This work aims to identify the key flow parameters that influence flame acceleration in a semi-confined square channel. A transverse fluidic jet was used as an active flow blockage mechanism and to introduce turbulence into the propagating flame. Three experimental parameters were used to examine the relative influence of (1) mixture reactivity defined here as system equivalence ratio (SER), (2) jet mixture composition (JMC), and the momentum ratio (MR) on the acceleration of laminar premixed methane flame. High-speed PIV and schlieren photography were utilized to characterize the instantaneous flow-field conditions throughout the flame-jet interaction. Using these diagnostic techniques, flame front …
Exploring Natural User Abstractions For Shared Perceptual Manipulator Task Modeling & Recovery, Senglee Koh
Exploring Natural User Abstractions For Shared Perceptual Manipulator Task Modeling & Recovery, Senglee Koh
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
State-of-the-art domestic robot assistants are essentially autonomous mobile manipulators capable of exerting human-scale precision grasps. To maximize utility and economy, non-technical end-users would need to be nearly as efficient as trained roboticists in control and collaboration of manipulation task behaviors. However, it remains a significant challenge given that many WIMP-style tools require superficial proficiency in robotics, 3D graphics, and computer science for rapid task modeling and recovery. But research on robot-centric collaboration has garnered momentum in recent years; robots are now planning in partially observable environments that maintain geometries and semantic maps, presenting opportunities for non-experts to cooperatively control task …
Digital Citizenship Tools For Cause-Based Campaigns: A Broadened Spectrum Of Social Media Engagement And Participation-Scale Methodology, Jennifer Miller
Digital Citizenship Tools For Cause-Based Campaigns: A Broadened Spectrum Of Social Media Engagement And Participation-Scale Methodology, Jennifer Miller
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Digital Citizenship Tools for Cause-Based Campaigns: A Broadened Spectrum of Social Media Engagement and Participation-Scale Methodology develops and applies two new tools for understanding, measuring, and recursively adjusting small to medium-size social media-based philanthropic campaigns to better foster participation and engagement—in other words, democratic digital citizenship. First, a theoretical model is offered broadening current binary conceptions of success and failure or impact of campaigns, situating specific participant actions in social media on a spectrum. Then, from that model, a new methodology is provided to measure participation and engagement generated by campaign posts. Recommendations are also offered for recursively adjusting campaign …
A Bioarchaeological Study Of Osteoarthritis Of Agro-Pastoralists From Mistihalj, Bosnia And Herzegovina: A Lifestyle Set In Time, Zorina Manoni
A Bioarchaeological Study Of Osteoarthritis Of Agro-Pastoralists From Mistihalj, Bosnia And Herzegovina: A Lifestyle Set In Time, Zorina Manoni
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Activity stresses are an important factor in the development, patterning, and severity of osteoarthritis. This bioarchaeological thesis explores the prevalence and patterning of osteoarthritis between individuals buried at a Late Medieval Necropolis and a church Crypt built in the 19th century at the Mistihalj site in Bosnia and Herzegovina to understand the physiological effects of their peasant agro-pastoralist lifestyle. Composite scores of osteoarthritis were generated for visual observations of upper limb joints (shoulder, elbow, and wrist) and lower limb joints (hip, knee, and ankle) of 37 female and 39 male adult (between 20 and 50 or more years of age) …
Investigations Of Possible Cases Of Scurvy In Juveniles From The Kellis 2 Cemetery In The Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt, Through Stable Carbon And Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis Of Multiple Tissues, Georgina Chasse
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Vitamin C deficiency, or scurvy, is a disease that can occur in humans at any age and has been seen throughout time. Scurvy affects the production of connective tissues, including collagen, which leads to the many symptoms of the disease, including fatigue, anemia, bleeding gums and lost teeth, skeletal changes, and even death. The Kellis 2 cemetery in the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt, in use from approximately AD 50-360, contains the remains of many juveniles who exhibit skeletal indicators of scurvy. Tissue samples from juveniles who did (n=31) and did not (n=117) exhibit skeletal indicators of scurvy were analyzed isotopically, with …
Artificial Neuron Using Mos2/Graphene Threshold Switching Memristor, Hirokjyoti Kalita
Artificial Neuron Using Mos2/Graphene Threshold Switching Memristor, Hirokjyoti Kalita
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
With the ever-increasing demand for low power electronics, neuromorphic computing has garnered huge interest in recent times. Implementing neuromorphic computing in hardware will be a severe boost for applications involving complex processes such as pattern recognition. Artificial neurons form a critical part in neuromorphic circuits, and have been realized with complex complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) circuitry in the past. Recently, insulator-to-metal-transition (IMT) materials have been used to realize artificial neurons. Although memristors have been implemented to realize synaptic behavior, not much work has been reported regarding the neuronal response achieved with these devices. In this work, we study the IMT in …
A Phenomenological Study Of The Experiences Of Successful Women In Science Fields, Jonathan Hall
A Phenomenological Study Of The Experiences Of Successful Women In Science Fields, Jonathan Hall
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Girls and women face several forms of gender-based biases and discrimination in the science community. These issues create difficult circumstances for them to develop positive science identities. Since these difficult circumstances exist, science education and sociology researchers have used a deficit model to learn about their experiences, achievements, and attitudes. Understanding the experiences of successful women in science offers insight into how women can navigate the challenges presented by the science community and how science educators can support them. However, research studies that explore the experiences of successful women in science are scant. Therefore, the objective of this study was …
Different Facial Recognition Techniques In Transform Domains, Taif Al Obaidi
Different Facial Recognition Techniques In Transform Domains, Taif Al Obaidi
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The human face is frequently used as the biometric signal presented to a machine for identification purposes. Several challenges are encountered while designing face identification systems. The challenges are either caused by the process of capturing the face image itself, or occur while processing the face poses. Since the face image not only contains the face, this adds to the data dimensionality, and thus degrades the performance of the recognition system. Face Recognition (FR) has been a major signal processing topic of interest in the last few decades. Most common applications of the FR include, forensics, access authorization to facilities, …
F. Scott Fitzgerald As A "Hot Nietzschean": The Influence Of Friedrich Nietzsche's Philosophy In This Side Of Paradise, The Beautiful And Damned, And The Great Gatsby, Lindsey Carman
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Beginning in 1915, F. Scott Fitzgerald was exposed to the ideas of Friedrich Nietzsche under the guidance of mentors and from his personal reading lists. While reading Nietzsche, Fitzgerald's concern with the rise of cultural pessimism in 1920s America appeared in his fiction. Interestingly, both the philosopher and author explore the decline of Western culture in the twentieth century––a period of identity crises that affected America and Europe. This thesis investigates Fitzgerald's misreading of Nietzschean ideas that appears in his fiction to highlight the author's interest in explaining the cause of America's decline. In particular, this thesis appropriates a Nietzschean …
Neither Teacher Nor Scholar: Identity And Agency In A Graduate Teacher's Life, Caitlin Pierson
Neither Teacher Nor Scholar: Identity And Agency In A Graduate Teacher's Life, Caitlin Pierson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This thesis examines how graduate student teachers (GTA's) employ agency in order to establish and perform professional identities. Understanding agency as interactional, performative, and acting in a way "unintended by power" (Butler, 1997, p. 15), this thesis examines the spatial practices and performances of a graduate student teacher through a mixed methods approach combining video recordings with autoethnography. This project begins by using Lefebvre's (1991) social imaginary to examine the potent arguments being made to and about GTA's from their shared office, using visual rhetorical analysis to examine how this space communicates ideas of identity and place that work at …
Cost And Environmental Impacts Of Leachate Nitrogen/Phosphorus Management Approaches, Alaa Alanezi
Cost And Environmental Impacts Of Leachate Nitrogen/Phosphorus Management Approaches, Alaa Alanezi
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Landfill leachate is a challenging wastewater to discharge into municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), the most common approach for leachate management, due to the presence of contaminants that may affect the performance of the treatment plant. Treatment, disposal, and transportation of leachate are expensive and therefore a concern. Currently, sidestream treatment is becoming increasingly common in WWTPs prior to returning the liquid to the plant influent. For this research, a new treatment scheme is introduced combining centrate and leachate to reduce contaminants, recover phosphorous and nitrogen through struvite precipitation, and reduce energy requirements through anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox). By combining …
Three Studies Examining The Potential For Relational Reasoning To Enhance Expertise In Complex Audit Domains, Matthew Holt
Three Studies Examining The Potential For Relational Reasoning To Enhance Expertise In Complex Audit Domains, Matthew Holt
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation consists of three studies that explore the potential for relational reasoning to advance research on the facilitation of expertise in complex audit domains. Study One seeks to explicate the potential that theory and methods from relational reasoning and associated research have to advance the audit expertise research stream. The implications for future research on facilitating auditing expertise are discussed in synchrony with future research questions, including whether or not such strategies will be effective in domains with more than minor relational complexity. Studies Two and Three experimentally examine the use of metacognitive skills intended to enhance relational knowledge, …
Childhood Experiences And Domestic Violence: The Role That Interpartner Violence Plays In Relationship Functioning And Parenting Behaviors In Adulthood., J'Nelle Stephenson
Childhood Experiences And Domestic Violence: The Role That Interpartner Violence Plays In Relationship Functioning And Parenting Behaviors In Adulthood., J'Nelle Stephenson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
It is estimated that approximately 25% of women and 7.6% of men report experiencing violence from their romantic partner during their lifetime. Additionally, in households where interpartner violence occurs, there are between 3.3 and 10 million children in the United States alone. It is important to understand the cycle of domestic violence that can occur, as it can inform us about expected outcomes across time. This study examined mothers' childhood exposure to their own parents' domestic violence. It was hypothesized that childhood exposure to domestic violence would be related to unhealthy intimate relationships and to the development of maladaptive parenting …
Three Studies Examining Auditors' Use Of Data Analytics, Jared Koreff
Three Studies Examining Auditors' Use Of Data Analytics, Jared Koreff
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation comprises three studies, one qualitative and two experimental, that center on auditor's use of data analytics. Data analytics hold the potential for auditors to reallocate time spent on labor intensive tasks to judgment intensive tasks (Brown-Liburd et al. 2015), ultimately improving audit quality (Raphael 2017). Yet the availability of these tools does not guarantee that auditors will incorporate the data analytics into their judgments (Davis et al. 1989; Venkatesh et al. 2003). The first study investigates implications of using data analytics to structure the audit process for nonprofessionalized auditors. As the public accounting profession continues down a path …
Safety Investigation Of Traffic Crashes Incorporating Spatial Correlation Effects, Khalid Alkahtani
Safety Investigation Of Traffic Crashes Incorporating Spatial Correlation Effects, Khalid Alkahtani
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
One main interest in crash frequency modeling is to predict crash counts over a spatial domain of interest (e.g., traffic analysis zones (TAZs)). The macro-level crash prediction models can assist transportation planners with a comprehensive perspective to consider safety in the long-range transportation planning process. Most of the previous studies that have examined traffic crashes at the macro-level are related to high-income countries, whereas there is a lack of similar studies among lower- and middle-income countries where most road traffic deaths (90%) occur. This includes Middle Eastern countries, necessitating a thorough investigation and diagnosis of the issues and factors instigating …
Advancements In Liquid Chromatography For The Determination Of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds In Environmental Samples, Hugh Hayes
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this dissertation is to provide a new and improved analytical methodology for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) in environmental samples. Hundreds of PAHs and PASHs are present in the environment and have great toxicological importance and the chemical determination of these components is a priority. The complete normal-phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) retention behavior has been explored for these compounds. Retention indices were determined for 124 PAHs, 62 methyl-PAHs (MePAHs), 67 PASHs, and 80 alkyl-PASHs on an aminopropyl (NH2) stationary phase which represents the most comprehensive study of polycyclic aromatic …
Compiler Design Of A Policy Specification Language For Conditional Gradual Release, Manasa Kashyap Harinath
Compiler Design Of A Policy Specification Language For Conditional Gradual Release, Manasa Kashyap Harinath
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Securing the confidentiality and integrity of information manipulated by computer software is an old yet increasingly important problem. Current software permission systems present on Android or iOS provide inadequate support for developing applications with secure information flow policies. To be useful, information flow control policies need to specify declassifications and the conditions under which declassification must occur. Having these declassifications scattered all over the program makes policies hard to find, which makes auditing difficult. To overcome these challenges, a policy specification language, 'Evidently' is discussed that allows one to specify information flow control policies separately from the program and which …
A Causal Comparative Analysis Of A Computer Adaptive Mathematics Program Using Multilevel Propensity Score Matching, Justin Seabolt
A Causal Comparative Analysis Of A Computer Adaptive Mathematics Program Using Multilevel Propensity Score Matching, Justin Seabolt
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a computer adaptive mathematics program, i-Ready® Mathematics Instruction in Central Florida School District (CFSD) using a variety of quantitative analyses. In particular, students in the fifth grade at CFSD were examined in relation to the gains made on their end-of-year statewide mathematics assessment, known as the Florida Standards Assessment (FSA Math). Per i-Ready®, students who use i-Ready® Mathematics Instruction for a minimum of 45 minutes per subject per week for at least 25 weeks show significantly greater gains than those who do not (Curriculum Associates, 2017b). Therefore, two propensity …
Analyses And Comparisons Of Three Lexical Features In Native And Nonnative Academic English Writing, Xiaoli Yu
Analyses And Comparisons Of Three Lexical Features In Native And Nonnative Academic English Writing, Xiaoli Yu
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Built upon the Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis (CIA) framework, this corpus-based research analyzes three lexical features (lexical diversity, lexical sophistication, and cohesion) in native and nonnative English writers' academic writing and examines the potential differences in lexical performance 1) between native and nonnative English writers and 2) across all writers from various language backgrounds. The differences in lexical performance in academic writing between native and nonnative English writers and the unique characteristics of writers from different language backgrounds suggest the necessity of targeted academic writing instruction based upon learner needs. Using text length as the covariate, two Multivariate Analysis of Covariate …
The Tragic City: Black Rebellion And The Struggle For Freedom In Miami, 1945-1990, Porsha Dossie
The Tragic City: Black Rebellion And The Struggle For Freedom In Miami, 1945-1990, Porsha Dossie
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This thesis examines the creation of South Florida's tri-ethnic racial hierarchy during the postwar period, from 1945-1990. This racial hierarchy, coupled with discriminatory housing practices and police violence, created the necessary conditions for Dade County's first deadly uprising in 1968. Following the acquittal of several officers charged in the killing of an unarmed black businessman, a second uprising in 1980 culminated in three days and three nights of violent street warfare between law enforcement and black residents in Miami's northwest Liberty City neighborhood. The presence of state sanctioned violence at the hands of police in Liberty City set the stage …
Categorical Range Reporting In 2d Using Wavelet Tree, Swathi Kanthareddy Sumithra
Categorical Range Reporting In 2d Using Wavelet Tree, Swathi Kanthareddy Sumithra
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The research involved optimizing the space and bounding the output time by the output size in categorical range reporting of points within the given rectangle query Q in two dimension using wavelet trees and range counting. The time taken to report those points and space to tore n points in set S can be done using wavelet tree and range counting. Consider set S consisting of n points in two-dimension. An orthogonal range reporting query rectangle Q = [a,b] x [c,d] on set S is sent to report the set of points in S which interacts with the query rectangle[Q]. …
Sleep Disturbances Among Firefighters: The Impact Of Shift Work On Sleep And Cognition, Jeremy Stout
Sleep Disturbances Among Firefighters: The Impact Of Shift Work On Sleep And Cognition, Jeremy Stout
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
A comprehensive sleep assessment of 45 firefighters was conducted over 9- days in an effort to determine the impact of their 24 hour work and 48 hour off work schedule on their sleep duration, sleep quality, processing speed, sustained attention, vigilance, and mental health. Chronic patterns of poor sleep are associated with an increased likelihood of performing poorly on tasks that require processing speed and sustained attention/vigilance which could lead to firefighters' suboptimal work performance or an increased risk of injury. Firefighters completed sleep actigraphy, self- report measures, as well as neuropsychological sub-tests at their beginning of their shift and …
Managing Io Resource For Co-Running Data Intensive Applications In Virtual Clusters, Dan Huang
Managing Io Resource For Co-Running Data Intensive Applications In Virtual Clusters, Dan Huang
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Today Big Data computer platforms employ resource management systems such as Yarn, Torque, Mesos, and Google Borg to enable sharing the physical computing among many users or applications. Given virtualization and resource management systems, users are able to launch their applications on the same node with low mutual interference and management overhead on CPU and memory. However, there are still challenges to be addressed before these systems can be fully adopted to manage the IO resources in Big Data File Systems (BDFS) and shared network facilities. In this study, we mainly study on three IO management problems systematically, in terms …
An Examination Of Beta Diversity Indices And Their Predictors In Two Large-Scale Systems, Philip Schroeder
An Examination Of Beta Diversity Indices And Their Predictors In Two Large-Scale Systems, Philip Schroeder
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Biodiversity is what conservation biology was developed to conserve. It is the physical manifestation of life as a concept and, be it for practical or idealistic reasons, all conservationists seek to protect or, in some cases, enhance it. Because of its monolithic importance to the field, much effort has been expended trying to better measure and understand it. Recently, greater attention has been paid to the partition of diversity; the observation that the total diversity of a system (γ) can be broken down into within-site diversity (α) and between-site diversity (β). In particular, it has been noticed that the β …