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A Structural And Functional Comparison Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nucleocapsid Protein (Ncp7) And Other Retroviral Nucleocapsid Proteins, Christopher Richard Cavender
A Structural And Functional Comparison Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nucleocapsid Protein (Ncp7) And Other Retroviral Nucleocapsid Proteins, Christopher Richard Cavender
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a retrovirus belonging to the lentivirus genus of the orthoretrovirinae family. HIV-1 is widely known for causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans and being responsible for 1.8 million deaths due to AIDS associated illnesses in 201016.
Novel Partner Notification Approaches In New York State, And Antibiotic Resistance In The Management Of Chlamydia Trachomatis Infections, Christopher Frank Davis
Novel Partner Notification Approaches In New York State, And Antibiotic Resistance In The Management Of Chlamydia Trachomatis Infections, Christopher Frank Davis
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia) is the most frequently reported notifiable disease in the United States. This dissertation provides an evaluation of chlamydia treatment and control through three different lenses: 1) patient views on a novel strategy to facilitate treatment, 2) student perceptions about materials to promote treatment of sexual partners, and 3) evidence regarding recurrent infection etiology.
Ribavirin-Resistant St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Populations Display Phenotypic And Genotypic Characteristics Of High-Fidelity Rna Polymerase Variants, Sara B. Griesemer
Ribavirin-Resistant St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Populations Display Phenotypic And Genotypic Characteristics Of High-Fidelity Rna Polymerase Variants, Sara B. Griesemer
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) is mosquito-borne member of the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus that is closely related to West Nile virus (WNV). Both viruses have potential to cause neuroinvasive disease in humans, and currently there is no vaccine or approved antiviral therapy. SLEV is maintained in nature through transmission between mosquitoes and birds, with humans acting as dead-end hosts. Despite their genetic and antigenic similarities, WNV and SLEV display different characteristics. WNV is known as a "generalist"; it is geographically widespread and can infect a wide variety of hosts, causing over 37,000 human cases in 48 U.S. states since …
Microfluidic-Assisted Atomic Force Microscopy For The Mechanical Characterization Of Soft Biological Materials, Aaron Peter Mosier
Microfluidic-Assisted Atomic Force Microscopy For The Mechanical Characterization Of Soft Biological Materials, Aaron Peter Mosier
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Viable methods for bacterial biofilm remediation require a fundamental understanding of biofilm mechanical properties and their dependence on dynamic environmental conditions. Mechanical test data, quantifying elasticity or adhesion, may be used to perform physical modeling of biofilm behavior, thus enabling the development of novel remediation strategies. To achieve real-time, dynamic measurements of these properties, a novel analysis platform consisting of a microfluidic flowcell device has been designed and fabricated for in situ analysis using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The flowcell consists of microfluidic channels for biofilm establishment that are then converted into an open …
Intra And Interhost Dynamics Shaping Arbovirus Adaptation And Evolution, Alexander T. Ciota
Intra And Interhost Dynamics Shaping Arbovirus Adaptation And Evolution, Alexander T. Ciota
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), which are predominately mosquito-borne and almost exclusively RNA viruses, are maintained in nature in complex transmission cycles involving blood sucking invertebrates and vertebrate hosts. Although over 120 arboviruses are human pathogens responsible for causing a significant and expanding global health burden, a detailed understanding of the complex interactions between these pathogens and their hosts, particularly invertebrate hosts, is lacking. Defining these interactions is necessary if we are to understand the selective pressures and, therefore, evolutionary, adaptive, and epidemiological potential of arboviruses. This requires experimental infection and evolution studies, particularly in vivo, with natural hosts. The results presented …
Virus Capsids As Nanoscale Delivery Vessels Of Photoactive Compounds For Site-Specific Photodynamic Therapy, Brian Alexander Cohen
Virus Capsids As Nanoscale Delivery Vessels Of Photoactive Compounds For Site-Specific Photodynamic Therapy, Brian Alexander Cohen
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The research presented in this work details the use of a viral capsid as an addressable delivery vessel of photoactive compounds for use in photodynamic therapy. Photodynamic therapy is a treatment that involves the interaction of light with a photosensitizing molecule to create singlet oxygen, a reactive oxygen species. Overproduction of singlet oxygen in cells can cause oxidative damage leading to cytotoxicity and eventually cell death. Challenges with the current generation of FDA-approved photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy primarily stem from their lack of tissue specificity. This work describes the packaging of photoactive cationic porphyrins inside the MS2 bacteriophage capsid, followed …
Evaluation Of A Biopesticide Against Invasive Species For Native Species Restoration, Denise Ann Mayer
Evaluation Of A Biopesticide Against Invasive Species For Native Species Restoration, Denise Ann Mayer
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Since their introduction in the 1980s, dreissenid mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and D. rostriformis bugensis) rapidly spread throughout North America and have had severe impacts on the ecology of freshwater ecosystems. A project was initiated in the early 1990s at the New York State Museum's Field Research Laboratory to discover and develop natural products to control industrial biofouling by dreissenid mussels. A strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf-CL145A), isolated from the sediment of a North American river, was found to be effective at killing dreissenids. The strain was patented for this use.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 : Interactions With The Cellular Proteasome And Microrna Pathways, Daniel Joseph Munson
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 : Interactions With The Cellular Proteasome And Microrna Pathways, Daniel Joseph Munson
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) is a human pathogen that is estimated to have infected 60-80% of the population worldwide, causing oral lesions, encephalitis, and blindness. Infection results in life-long latency of the virus, with periods of reactivation and symptomatic disease. Early in infection, HSV-1 induces the formation of replication compartments and VICE (virus induced chaperone enriched) domains within the nucleus. Adjacent to VICE domains, we observed foci which contained Mss1, a cellular protein normally associated with the proteasome. Mss1 belongs to the AAA-ATPase family of proteins, which have been shown to function in DNA repair, transcription, translation, and …
The Immune Response In The Central Nervous System During West Nile Virus Persistence, Barbara Sharon Stewart
The Immune Response In The Central Nervous System During West Nile Virus Persistence, Barbara Sharon Stewart
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
West Nile virus (WNV) persists in a wide array of hosts ranging from mice to humans. In convalescent humans, WNV RNA persists in urine for up to 6.7 years, and IgM antibody against WNV persists in serum for up to 12 months post-inoculation (p.i.). Previous work using the mouse model demonstrated that WNV persists in central nervous system (CNS) tissues as infectious virus and as RNA for up to 4 months and 6 months p.i., respectively. In this study, we sought to elucidate the mechanism for viral persistence in the CNS using the mouse model. Characterization of the leukocyte infiltrate …
Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Staphylococcus Spp. In Environmental Settings, Stephen Shost
Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Staphylococcus Spp. In Environmental Settings, Stephen Shost
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Ninety staphylococci carrying the mecA gene, including 17 strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), were isolated from environmental settings within New York State. Waterborne staphylococci harboring mecA were isolated from multiple sources: the Hudson River near a combined sewage overflow; urban streams; freshwater and marine beaches; a swimming pool; swimming pool decks; combined sewage; as well as wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) primary sewage influent, mixed liquor, aeration water, and final (unchlorinated) effluent. Environmental MRSA strains were isolated from beach water (n=3); swimming pool deck water (n=1); Hudson River water (n=2); combined sewage (n=3); as well as wastewater treatment plant mixed …
Effect Of Anti-Lipopolysaccharide Iga Antibodies On The Virulence And Physiology Of Salmonella Enterica And Shigella Flexneri, Stephen J. Forbes
Effect Of Anti-Lipopolysaccharide Iga Antibodies On The Virulence And Physiology Of Salmonella Enterica And Shigella Flexneri, Stephen J. Forbes
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies directed against the serotype-specific, O-antigen of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are the primary determinants of mucosal immunity to enteric bacterial pathogens, including of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Shigella flexneri. While the singular importance of SIgA in preventing enteric infections is recognized, the underlying mechanisms by which these antibodies protect the mucosal epithelium remains poorly understood. In this study, I demonstrated that Sal4, a protective, anti-LPS specific monoclonal IgA, is a potent inhibitor of S. Typhimurium flagella-based motility and type three secretion (T3S) mediated entry into epithelial cells. Sal4's effects on motility and invasion occurred rapidly (<15 min), and were independent of agglutination. I also present evidence the protective anti-LPS, monoclonal IgA, IgAC5, reduced S. flexneri T3S of IpaB and IpaC. Concurrent with the IgA-induced reduction in T3S, there was a decrease in both the proton motive force and ATP levels in both bacterial species examined. I also report that Sal4 and IgAC5 have effects on the bacterial envelope. Scanning, transmission, and cyro-electron microscopy revealed dramatic antibody-mediated alterations in the topology of the outer membrane (OM) of S.Typhimurium and S. flexneri. Furthermore, Sal4-treatment caused a ~5 fold increase in O-antigen, and elevated levels of lipid A, released into culture supernatants, consistent with the loss of LPS. Correspondingly, the OM of antibody-treated bacteria was ~50% more permeable than control cells. Based on these data, I proposed that Sal4 binding to the LPS destabilizes the outer leaflet of the OM of S. Typhimurium, thereby compromising the integrity of the bacterial envelope, disrupting bioenergetics by physical and/or mechanical stress, and arresting both flagella-based motility and T3S. This study reveals a previously unrecognized capacity of SIgA to "disarm" enteric pathogens in mucosal secretions, thereby preventing colonization and invasion of the intestinal epithelium.
Identification Of B-Cell Epitopes On Domain 4 Of Anthrax Protective Antigen, Cassandra D. Kelly-Cirino
Identification Of B-Cell Epitopes On Domain 4 Of Anthrax Protective Antigen, Cassandra D. Kelly-Cirino
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Protective Antigen (PA) is the receptor binding subunit common to both Lethal (LT) and Edema (ET) toxins, which contribute to the mortality associated with Bacillus anthracis infection. While recombinant PA (rPA) is likely to be an important constituent of second generation anthrax vaccines, evaluating the effectiveness of candidate vaccines is currently difficult, because the specific B cell epitopes involved in toxin neutralization have not been completely defined. The only well characterized antibody, 14B7, has been shown to disrupt the association of PA with the anthrax toxin receptors (ATR) by binding to domain 4 of PA. I hypothesized that other domain …
Generation And Maintenance Of Protective Igm Responses During Intracellular Bacterial Infection, Rachael Denise Racine
Generation And Maintenance Of Protective Igm Responses During Intracellular Bacterial Infection, Rachael Denise Racine
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
It is widely accepted that IgM provides the first line of defense against during microbial infection prior to the generation of high-affinity, isotype-switched antibodies, which is the hallmark of long-lived lived immunity and immunological memory. The overall objective of these studies was to address the role of IgM in the generation and maintenance of protective immunity during intracellular bacterial infection. We have identified a population of CD11clo plasmablasts that were responsible for nearly all of the antigen-specific IgM production in the spleen. Moreover, selective depletion of the CD11c-expressing B cells during acute infection resulted in a complete loss in the …
The Impact Of Environment On Virulence Of The Pathogenic Yeast Cryptococcus Gattii, Deborah Jean Springer
The Impact Of Environment On Virulence Of The Pathogenic Yeast Cryptococcus Gattii, Deborah Jean Springer
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Four serotypes of Cryptococcus are responsible for most human and animal infections. C. gattii , serotype B and C, are the primary the causative agent of cryptococcosis in immune competent individuals whilst, C. neoformans var. neoformans serotype D, and C. neoformans var. grubii serotype A are most prevalent in immunocompromised hosts world-wide. C. gattii is recognized as a species distinct from C. neoformans based on differences in clinical manifestations, morphology, biological characteristics, and environmental niche. We used the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana plants and plant derived substrates as a model to explore C. gattii interactions in its ecological niche. C. …