Psychiatry and Psychology Commons^™

The Impact Of A Support Group For Mentors, Joel Bates

Senior Honors Theses

In recent years, mentoring has been recognized by organizations and researchers as having great importance and potential. One of the three major mentoring fields, youth mentoring has been utilized and noted as a source of support and benefit for youth. Although some reviews are conflicted, the literature has largely shown this practice of guiding youth to be effective in helping to produce improved outcomes for children later in life. Researchers have also found evidence for the benefits of mentoring for mentors that can be explained within the context of Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development. The program that was studied for …

The Effects Of Antiepileptic Inducers In Neuropsychopharmacology, A Neglected Issue. Part I: A Summary Of The Current State For Clinicians, Jose De Leon

Psychiatry Faculty Publications

The literature on inducers in epilepsy and bipolar disorder is seriously contaminated by false negative findings. This is part i of a comprehensive review on antiepileptic drug (AED) inducers using both mechanistic pharmacological and evidence-based medicine to provide practical recommendations to neurologists and psychiatrists concerning how to control for them. Carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin, are clinically relevant AED inducers; correction factors were calculated for studied induced drugs. These correction factors are rough simplifications for orienting clinicians, since there is great variability in the population regarding inductive effects. As new information is published, the correction factors may need to be modified. …

Association Between Traumatic Events And Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Results From The Esemed-Spain Study, B Olaya, J Alonso, Lukoye Atwoli, R C. Kessler, G Vilagut, J M. Haro

Internal Medicine, East Africa

Background: The relative importance of traumatic events (TEs) in accounting for the social burden of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) could vary according to cross-cultural factors. In that sense, no such studies have yet been conducted in the Spanish general population. The present study aims to determine the epidemiology of trauma and PTSD in a Spanish community sample using the randomly selected TEs method.

Methods: The European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD)-Spain is a cross-sectional household survey of a representative sample of adult population. Lifetime prevalence of self-reported TEs and lifetime and 12-month prevalence of PTSD were evaluated …

Hoarding And Emotional Reactivity: The Link Between Negative Emotional Reactions And Hoarding Symptomatology, A. M. Shaw, K. R. Timpano, G. Steketee, D. F. Tolin, Randy O. Frost

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Hoarding disorder (HD) is characterized by difficulty discarding, clutter, and frequently excessive acquiring. Theories have pointed to intense negative emotional reactions (e.g., sadness) as one factor that may play a critical role in HD's etiology. Preliminary work with an analogue sample indicated that more intense negative emotions following emotional films were linked with greater hoarding symptoms. Symptom provocation imaging studies with HD patients have also found evidence for excessive activation in brain regions implicated in processing emotions. The current study utilized a sample with self-reported serious hoarding difficulties to examine how hoarding symptoms related to both general and hoarding-related emotional …

Piecing The Puzzle Together With The Use Of Physical Therapy, Mikayla Pruitt

Honors Projects

For my Honors Project I decided to create a set of exercise cards for children with autism. The front of each card had a picture symbolizing the exercise/activity, and on the back included directions, supplies and tips to complete the activity. The following is a selection of a few exercise cards from each of the four exercise sections, as well as the title card, table of contents cards, information cards, and source cards.

The Preparatory Set: A Novel Approach To Understanding Stress, Trauma, And The Bodymind Therapies, Peter Payne, Mardi A. Crane-Godreau

Dartmouth Scholarship

Basic to all motile life is a differential approach/avoid response to perceived features of environment. The stages of response are initial reflexive noticing and orienting to the stimulus, preparation, and execution of response. Preparation involves a coordination of many aspects of the organism: muscle tone, posture, breathing, autonomic functions, motivational/emotional state, attentional orientation, and expectations. The organism organizes itself in relation to the challenge. We propose to call this the "preparatory set" (PS). We suggest that the concept of the PS can offer a more nuanced and flexible perspective on the stress response than do current theories. We also hypothesize …

Is Psychiatry Only Neurology? Or Only Abnormal Psychology? Déjà Vu After 100 Years, Jose De Leon

Psychiatry Faculty Publications

Forgetting history, which frequently repeats itself, is a mistake. In General Psychopathology, Jaspers criticised early 20th century psychiatrists, including those who thought psychiatry was only neurology (Wernicke) or only abnormal psychology (Freud), or who did not see the limitations of the medical model in psychiatry (Kraepelin). Jaspers proposed that some psychiatric disorders follow the medical model (Group I), while others are variations of normality (Group III), or comprise schizophrenia and severe mood disorders (Group II). In the early 21st century, the players' names have changed but the game remains the same. The US NIMH is reprising both Wernicke's brain mythology …

Identification Of Candidate Genes For Psychological Resilience To Develop An Additive Genetic Resilience Index: An Integrative Review, Kosuke Niitsu, Julia F. Houfek

Posters and Presentations: College of Nursing

Problem: Most individuals experience at least one potentially traumatic event (PTE), such as tornado, in their lifetime. When exposed to PTEs, some individuals are more vulnerable to psychopathology, such as Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). In contrast, other individuals are better able to cope with PTEs and maintain their psychological health. Such individuals are often described as psychologically resilient. Resilience is heritable, influenced by multiple genes including the Serotonin-Transporter-Linked Polymorphic Region (5-HTTLPR), the most studied candidate gene. Because resilience is polygenic, it is important to consider the influence of multiple genes in addition to 5-HTTLPR when studying the heritable component of …

Good Fences Make For Good Neighbors But Bad Science: A Review Of What Improves Bayesian Reasoning And Why, W. Trey Hill

Psychology Faculty Publications

Bayesian reasoning, defined here as the updating of a posterior probability following new information, has historically been problematic for humans. Classic psychology experiments have tested human Bayesian reasoning through the use of word problems and have evaluated each participant’s performance against the normatively correct answer provided by Bayes’ theorem. The standard finding is of generally poor performance. Over the past two decades, though, progress has been made on how to improve Bayesian reasoning. Most notably, research has demonstrated that the use of frequencies in a natural sampling framework—as opposed to single-event probabilities—can improve participants’ Bayesian estimates. Furthermore, pictorial aids and …

Alcohol Screening And Brief Intervention Program In A University Health Service, Teresa Conklin

Seton Hall University DNP Final Projects

Alcohol misuse in the United States is a public health concern. Inappropriate alcohol consumption poses an enormous threat to the physical, social, and economic well-being of the American public. Young adults, specifically college students, are at particularly high risk for alcohol misuse. National organizations have endorsed efforts to identify and advise individuals who engage in risky drinking behaviors. Students who visit Seton Hall University Health Services for routine health care are an ideal group to engage in alcohol screening and education. The purpose of this project is to introduce and evaluate an alcohol screening and brief intervention program in a …

Otra Vez El Mar Y La Psicología De Carl Gustav Jung, Ángela Martín Pérez

The Quiet Corner Interdisciplinary Journal

Poco antes de su muerte, el profesor Carl Gustav Jung aceptó realizar un trabajo de divulgación de sus ideas que se publicó bajo el nombre de El hombre y sus símbolos. En esta obra, el psicólogo suizo recupera su estudio de la estructura de la personalidad, que él entendía compuesta por cinco elementos conceptualizados por el Ego, la Persona, la Sombra, el Anima o Animus y el Sí Mismo. En el proceso de desarrollo del sí mismo, el sujeto se rodea de ciertas circunstancias en las que descubre su Persona, se enfrenta con la Sombra y se encuentra con …

Learning Language In Autism: Maternal Linguistic Input Contributes To Later Vocabulary, Janet Bang, Aparna Nadig

Faculty Research, Scholarly, and Creative Activity

It is well established that children with typical development (TYP) exposed to more maternal linguistic input develop larger vocabularies. We know relatively little about the linguistic environment available to children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and whether input contributes to their later vocabulary. Children with ASD or TYP and their mothers from English and French-speaking families engaged in a 10 min free-play interaction. To compare input, children were matched on language ability, sex, and maternal education (ASD n = 20, TYP n = 20). Input was transcribed, and the number of word tokens and types, lexical diversity (D), mean length …

Brief Report: Evidence Of Ingroup Bias On The Shooter Task In A Saudi Sample, Timothy P. Schofield, Timothy Deckman, Christopher P. Garris, C. Nathan Dewall, Thomas F. Denson

Psychology Faculty Publications

When predominantly White participants in Western countries are asked to shoot individuals in a computer game who may carry weapons, they show a greater bias to shoot at outgroup members and people stereotyped as dangerous. The goal was to determine the extent to which shooter biases in the Middle East would vary as a function of target ethnicity and culturally appropriate or inappropriate headgear. Within a sample of 37 male Saudi Arabian residents, we examined shooter biases outside of Western nations for the first time. Targets in this task were either White or Middle Eastern in appearance, and wore either …

Belief About Nicotine Selectively Modulates Value And Reward Prediction Error Signals In Smokers, Xiaosi Gu, Terry Lohrenz, Ramiro Salas, Philip R. Baldwin, Alireza Soltani

Dartmouth Scholarship

Little is known about how prior beliefs impact biophysically described processes in the presence of neuroactive drugs, which presents a profound challenge to the understanding of the mechanisms and treatments of addiction. We engineered smokers' prior beliefs about the presence of nicotine in a cigarette smoked before a functional magnetic resonance imaging session where subjects carried out a sequential choice task. Using a model-based approach, we show that smokers' beliefs about nicotine specifically modulated learning signals (value and reward prediction error) defined by a computational model of mesolimbic dopamine systems. Belief of "no nicotine in cigarette" (compared with "nicotine in …

Horror Vacui: Emptiness Might Distinguish Between Major Suicide Repeaters And Nonmajor Suicide Repeaters: A Pilot Study, Hilario Blasco-Fontecilla, Enrique Baca-Garcia, Philippe Courtet, Rebeca Garcia Nieto, Jose De Leon

Psychiatry Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Somatic Experiencing: Using Interoception And Proprioception As Core Elements Of Trauma Therapy, Peter Payne, Peter A. A. Levine, Mardi A. Crane-Godreau

Dartmouth Scholarship

Here we present a theory of human trauma and chronic stress, based on the practice of Somatic Experiencing(®) (SE), a form of trauma therapy that emphasizes guiding the client's attention to interoceptive, kinesthetic, and proprioceptive experience. SE™ claims that this style of inner attention, in addition to the use of kinesthetic and interoceptive imagery, can lead to the resolution of symptoms resulting from chronic and traumatic stress. This is accomplished through the completion of thwarted, biologically based, self-protective and defensive responses, and the discharge and regulation of excess autonomic arousal. We present this theory through a composite case study of …

The Role Of Parental Cognitive, Behavioral, And Motor Profiles In Clinical Variability In Individuals With Chromosome 16p11.2 Deletions, Andres Moreno-De-Luca, David W. Evans, K B. Boomer, Ellen Hanson, R Bernier, R. P. Goin-Kochel, S. M. Myers, Thomas D. Challman, Daniel Moreno-De-Luca, Mylissa M. Slane, Abby E. Hare, W K. Chung, J. Spiro, W. A. Faucett, C. L. Martin, David H. Ledbetter

Faculty Journal Articles

Importance Most disorders caused by copy number variants (CNVs) display significant clinical variability, often referred to as incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. Genetic and environmental sources of this variability are not well understood.

Objectives To investigate the contributors to phenotypic variability in probands with CNVs involving the same genomic region; to measure the effect size for de novo mutation events; and to explore the contribution of familial background to resulting cognitive, behavioral, and motor performance outcomes in probands with de novo CNVs.

Design, Setting, and Participants Family-based study design with a volunteer sample of 56 individuals with de novo 16p11.2 …

Piloting A Psychotherapy Group For Transgender Clients: Description And Clinical Considerations For Practitioners, Nicholas C. Heck, Leslie C. Croot, Jennifer S. Robohm

Psychology Faculty Research and Publications

The likelihood that a psychologist will work with a transgender client is greater today than ever before; however, many psychologists report being unfamiliar with the challenges faced by this population. Training programs provide minimal exposure to transgender issues by way of coursework and practicum experiences, and many barriers prevent transgender persons from accessing quality mental health care. The provision of group psychotherapy services in psychology training clinics may help reduce barriers to treatment, but there is little literature to guide professionals interested in facilitating such a group. In response, this article provides psychologists with a description of an experiential/process psychotherapy …

The Neurophysiology Of Intersensory Selective Attention And Task Switching, Jeremy W. Murphy

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Our ability to selectively attend to certain aspects of the world and ignore others is fundamental to our day-to-day lives. The need for selective attention stems from capacity limitations inherent in our perceptual and cognitive processing architecture. Because not every elemental piece of our environment can be fully processed in parallel, the nervous system must prioritize processing. This prioritization is generally referred to as selective attention. Meanwhile, we are faced with a world that is constantly in flux, such that we have to frequently shift our attention from one piece of the environment to another and from one task to …

Jackson, Hope Celeste, B. 1972 (Fa 786), Manuscripts & Folklife Archives

Folklife Archives Finding Aids

Finding aid and full text paper (click Additional Files below) for Folklife Archives Project 786. This collection features a term paper and DVD relating to the pagan folklife in the United States. The project was completed by Western Kentucky University student Hope Celeste Jackson for credit in an “Introduction to Folk Studies” class.