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Maternal/Newborn/Child Health

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Retrospective Cohort Study: Clinical Presentation And Outcomes Of Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia At Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya, Charity Ndwiga, Alfred Osoti, Pooja Sripad, George Odwe, Omondi Ogutu, Charlotte E. Warren Jan 2018

Retrospective Cohort Study: Clinical Presentation And Outcomes Of Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia At Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya, Charity Ndwiga, Alfred Osoti, Pooja Sripad, George Odwe, Omondi Ogutu, Charlotte E. Warren

Reproductive Health

Pre-eclampsia has two distinct subtypes: early onset pre-eclampsia, which occurs before 34 weeks of gestation, and late onset pre-eclampsia, which occurs after 34 weeks. Few studies examine and compare early and late onset pre-eclampsia in a low- and middle-income country setting. This study’s goal was to establish a profile of patients with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, especially pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, over a two-year period. At Kenya’s national referral hospital, clinical presentation at admission was examined, as was management of complications, along with maternal and newborn health outcomes in the hospital’s maternity unit, to ascertain any differences in health outcomes for …

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Evaluating Community-Facility Linkage Models To Promote Mother-Infant Retention Along The Hiv Care Continuum, Project Soar Jan 2017

Evaluating Community-Facility Linkage Models To Promote Mother-Infant Retention Along The Hiv Care Continuum, Project Soar

HIV and AIDS

In Malawi, and other resourced-constrained, sub-Saharan African countries with a high HIV burden, several service delivery models have emerged to increase prevention of mother-to-child transmission care retention by strengthening connections between health facilities and their surrounding communities. Yet there has been little documentation of the unique characteristics of each model and their comparative impact on mother-infant pair (MIP) care retention and other health outcomes. This brief describes how Project SOAR is responding to these knowledge gaps by conducting research to identify components of community-based MIP support that are associated with maternal care retention and infant HIV-free survival. This research will …

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Risk Factors For Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia In Belize, Population Council Jan 2017

Risk Factors For Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia In Belize, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Each day around the world, 830 women die from pregnancy- and childbirth-related causes. The second most common cause (after postpartum hemorrhage) is a hypertensive disorder during pregnancy, such as pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E)—life-threatening, pregnancy-induced high blood pressure and excess protein in urine—which can lead to seizures and other fatal complications. One in four preterm infants dies as a result of its mother’s PE/E. These deaths are preventable, yet essential medicines and tools to treat this disorder are often unavailable in low-resource settings. This factsheet provides a graphic overview of the data surrounding this issue with a specific focus on Belize.

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Risk Factors For Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia In Cambodia, Population Council Jan 2017

Risk Factors For Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia In Cambodia, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Each day around the world, 830 women die from pregnancy- and childbirth-related causes. The second most common cause (after postpartum hemorrhage) is a hypertensive disorder during pregnancy, such as pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E)—life-threatening, pregnancy-induced high blood pressure and excess protein in urine—which can lead to seizures and other fatal complications. One in four preterm infants dies as a result of its mother’s PE/E. These deaths are preventable, yet essential medicines and tools to treat this disorder are often unavailable in low-resource settings. This factsheet provides a graphic overview of the data surrounding this issue with a specific focus on Cambodia.

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Risk Factors For Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia In Guatemala, Population Council Jan 2017

Risk Factors For Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia In Guatemala, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Each day around the world, 830 women die from pregnancy- and childbirth-related causes. The second most common cause (after postpartum hemorrhage) is a hypertensive disorder during pregnancy, such as pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E)—life-threatening, pregnancy-induced high blood pressure and excess protein in urine—which can lead to seizures and other fatal complications. One in four preterm infants dies as a result of its mother’s PE/E. These deaths are preventable, yet essential medicines and tools to treat this disorder are often unavailable in low-resource settings. This factsheet provides a graphic overview of the data surrounding this issue with a specific focus on Guatemala.

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Risk Factors For Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia In Nepal, Population Council Jan 2017

Risk Factors For Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia In Nepal, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Each day around the world, 830 women die from pregnancy- and childbirth-related causes. The second most common cause (after postpartum hemorrhage) is a hypertensive disorder during pregnancy, such as pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E)—life-threatening, pregnancy-induced high blood pressure and excess protein in urine—which can lead to seizures and other fatal complications. One in four preterm infants dies as a result of its mother’s PE/E. These deaths are preventable, yet essential medicines and tools to treat this disorder are often unavailable in low-resource settings. This factsheet provides a graphic overview of the data surrounding this issue with a specific focus on Nepal.

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A Systematic Review Of The Treatment And Management Of Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia In Bangladesh, Karen Kirk, Amy Dempsey Jan 2017

A Systematic Review Of The Treatment And Management Of Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia In Bangladesh, Karen Kirk, Amy Dempsey

Reproductive Health

By 2015, at the conclusion of the Millennium Development Goals, Bangladesh had achieved a reduction in maternal deaths, however, despite the progress, there are still between 5,000 and 6,000 maternal deaths every year, with 20 percent the result of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E). To fully understand the key challenges, gaps, and interventions related to the prevention and treatment of PE/E at the national level, Ending Eclampsia conducted a systematic review of papers in Bangladesh published between 2000 and 2015 specifically looking at issues around the quality of care, gaps in the evidence, and barriers to accessing PE/E services. The main …

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Access To Reproductive Health And Hiv Services Among Young Mothers In Tanzania, Francis Obare, Annette Almeida, George Odwe, Jamilla Mwanga, Chi-Chi Undie, Maurice Hiza, Feddy Mwanga Jan 2017

Access To Reproductive Health And Hiv Services Among Young Mothers In Tanzania, Francis Obare, Annette Almeida, George Odwe, Jamilla Mwanga, Chi-Chi Undie, Maurice Hiza, Feddy Mwanga

Reproductive Health

This report presents findings from a Population Council study that examined the experiences of young mothers in Tanzania with accessing reproductive health and HIV services during pregnancy, delivery/pregnancy termination, and the postpartum period. The overall objective of the study was to generate evidence on access to reproductive health and HIV services among young mothers aged 12–19 years in Tanzania in order to inform programming and actions to better meet their needs. It specifically examined their experiences with accessing reproductive health (safe motherhood and contraception) and HIV (testing and counseling, PMTCT, antiretroviral therapy, and early infant diagnosis) services as well as …

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Assessing Community Midwives' Knowledge Of Pe/E Management In Sindh, Pakistan, Population Council Jan 2017

Assessing Community Midwives' Knowledge Of Pe/E Management In Sindh, Pakistan, Population Council

Reproductive Health

The Population Council conducted a landscape analysis in Pakistan to assess the knowledge and practices of trained community midwives in Tando Allahyar, a rural district of Sindh, India on the prevention, detection, and management of pre-eclampsia, severe pre-eclampsia, and eclampsia, as well as gaps and challenges around the prevention and treatment at the provincial and district levels. This brief shares the findings of that assessment, and provides recommendations that would minimize the gaps in maternal health services. In order to implement the key recommendations, the Ending Eclampsia project suggests the establishment of a task force comprised of members of professional …

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Enhancing Frontline Health Workers' Abilities To Improve Mnch Services In Bauchi State Through Task Shifting/Sharing, Sylvia Adebajo, Ekechi Okereke, Friday Joseph Jan 2017

Enhancing Frontline Health Workers' Abilities To Improve Mnch Services In Bauchi State Through Task Shifting/Sharing, Sylvia Adebajo, Ekechi Okereke, Friday Joseph

Reproductive Health

Frontline health workers (FLHWs), including nurses, midwives, community health extension workers, and community health officers, are healthcare providers with the greatest access to clients and patients, and provide initial care to persons in need of health services. In 2014, Nigeria’s 57th National Council on Health approved a task-shifting and sharing (TSS) policy for essential healthcare services as a promising strategy for improving access and efficiency in Nigeria’s health system. Subsequently, FLHWs in Nigeria have been trained for new roles and functions traditionally reserved for mid- or high-level cadres, to optimize available providers and their capacities. This brief reviews the strategy …

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Enhancing Frontline Health Workers' Abilities To Improve Mnch Services In Cross River State Through Task Shifting/Sharing, Sylvia Adebajo, Ekechi Okereke, Friday Joseph Jan 2017

Enhancing Frontline Health Workers' Abilities To Improve Mnch Services In Cross River State Through Task Shifting/Sharing, Sylvia Adebajo, Ekechi Okereke, Friday Joseph

Reproductive Health

There is a shortage of qualified and skilled health professionals providing cost-effective maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) services in Cross River State, Nigeria. Frontline health workers (FLHWs) have the potential to learn new skills as part of a task-shifting and sharing (TSS) policy. This brief highlights the results of the TSS policy in Cross River state: village health workers identify and refer pregnant women in their communities to antenatal clinics and provide oral medications; community health workers perform initial case management and ensure quick referrals to secondary facilities for specialized care; nurses and midwives deliver MNCH interventions that are …

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Florence: A Midwife Success Story, Amy Dempsey Jan 2017

Florence: A Midwife Success Story, Amy Dempsey

Reproductive Health

Ebonyi State is one of three states in Nigeria where the Ending Eclampsia project provides trainings, mentoring, and supportive supervision focused specifically on pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (PE/E) detection, prevention, and treatment measures. This brief reports on the success of one nurse/midwife who attended an Ending Eclampsia–led training on proper detection of pre-eclampsia, administration of the magnesium sulphate for severe cases, and referral of PE/E patients to secondary facilities for management. When there are gaps in providers’ skill sets, partners like Ending Eclampsia, UNICEF, and UNFPA help to bring them up to standard by providing supportive supervision and on-the-job trainings that span a …

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Knowledge And Practices For Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia Care In Bangladesh, Kanij Sultana, Amy Dempsey Jan 2017

Knowledge And Practices For Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia Care In Bangladesh, Kanij Sultana, Amy Dempsey

Reproductive Health

The Bangladesh Maternal Mortality Survey revealed that pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E) is the second most common direct cause of maternal deaths—between 1,000 and 1,200 maternal deaths (20 percent) each year. Early detection and treatment during antenatal care visits are instrumental in reducing deaths from PE/E. In Bangladesh, however, primary healthcare providers have limited knowledge of the condition, and in many cases are unaware of how to detect, manage, and treat it. This research brief presents the findings of a landscape analysis that was conducted to better understand service providers’ maternal health knowledge, attitudes, and practices, particularly around PE/E.

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Increasing Access To Reproductive Health Care Through Improved Service Delivery, Gul Rashida, Iram Kamran, Muhammad Khalil, Zeba Tasneem, Rehan M. Niazi, Mumraiz Khan, Tahira Parveen Jan 2017

Increasing Access To Reproductive Health Care Through Improved Service Delivery, Gul Rashida, Iram Kamran, Muhammad Khalil, Zeba Tasneem, Rehan M. Niazi, Mumraiz Khan, Tahira Parveen

Reproductive Health

The study documented in this report examines the provision and utilization of public and private sector maternal and child health services in Punjab, Pakistan with a focus on family planning (FP) services. It is aimed at enabling a better understanding of the specific demand and supply dynamics leading to low contraceptive prevalence despite unmet need, and the opportunities that must be seized to enhance access to quality family planning services. The report is part of a larger project being implemented by the Population Council with the assistance of the Department for International Development, UK entitled “Sustaining Focus on Provincial Governments …

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Knowledge Of Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia In Bangladesh, Kanij Sultana, Amy Dempsey Jan 2017

Knowledge Of Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia In Bangladesh, Kanij Sultana, Amy Dempsey

Reproductive Health

In Bangladesh between 1,000 and 1,200 women die every year from pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E), contributing to 20 percent of maternal deaths. It is the country’s second leading direct cause of maternal mortality. In addition to the burden of maternal mortality, when a mother dies her baby is at increased risk of dying during the first year of life. To fully understand community perceptions of PE/E, the Population Council conducted a landscape analysis in 12 upazilas in four districts. This brief presents those research findings, and concludes that stronger awareness of the importance of early antenatal care and of seeking …

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Landscape Analysis: Preventing And Managing Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia In Pakistan, Population Council Jan 2017

Landscape Analysis: Preventing And Managing Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia In Pakistan, Population Council

Reproductive Health

The Ending Eclampsia project conducted a landscape analysis to identify policy and program activities, as well as gaps and challenges around the prevention and treatment of PE/E and use of magnesium sulphate at the provincial and district levels in Pakistan. The analysis assessed the practices for PE/E prevention and treatment, prevalence of PE/E, associated complications, and contribution to maternal mortality and morbidity. This landscape analysis was a major study and one of the first of its kind in the country, blending multiple perspectives on provision of care through the public health system for pregnant women facing, or at risk of, …

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Life-Saving Medicines And Equipment In Facilities In Bangladesh, Kanij Sultana, Amy Dempsey Jan 2017

Life-Saving Medicines And Equipment In Facilities In Bangladesh, Kanij Sultana, Amy Dempsey

Reproductive Health

This research brief is a part of a larger landscaping analysis by Population Council, with support from USAID and the MacArthur Foundation. In Bangladesh, in 12 upazilas in four districts, it assessed the capacity of primary health facilities to manage pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E). This brief shares findings from 134 facilities on required infrastructure for providing maternal and newborn health (MNH) services, human resources, facility readiness, and MNH commodities and supplies. Facility readiness is vital to providing quality services to antenatal care (ANC) patients, especially to women with PE/E. Without functioning equipment, ANC/PNC registers, essential medicines, electricity, and running water, …

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Married Young Women And Girls' Family Planning And Maternal Heath Preferences And Use In Ethiopia, Aparna Jain, Elizabeth Tobey, Hussein Ismail, Annabel Erulkar Jan 2017

Married Young Women And Girls' Family Planning And Maternal Heath Preferences And Use In Ethiopia, Aparna Jain, Elizabeth Tobey, Hussein Ismail, Annabel Erulkar

Reproductive Health

Married young women and girls are the primary users of youth-centered sexual and reproductive health services in Ethiopia and, given the health risks associated with early and closely-spaced pregnancies, represent an especially important population to reach with sexual and reproductive health services. This brief looks specifically at the needs and preferences for family planning and reproductive health services among married young women and girls, with recommendations for how to more effectively ensure that they have access to those services.

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Policies For Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia Prevention And Management In Bangladesh, Kanij Sultana, Amy Dempsey Jan 2017

Policies For Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia Prevention And Management In Bangladesh, Kanij Sultana, Amy Dempsey

Reproductive Health

Bangladesh experiences between 5,000 and 6,000 maternal deaths each year. Of those deaths, 20 percent are from pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E), the second most common direct cause of maternal mortality in the country. In Bangladesh, best practices to prevent PE/E using aspirin and calcium and managing it through task sharing and use of magnesium sulphate and anti-hypertensive drugs have not been optimally examined. To appreciate the enormity of the problem, the Population Council conducted a landscape analysis in 12 upazilas in four districts. The study was cross sectional, and data collection activities included in-depth interviews (IDIs) with policymakers, development partners, …

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Reducing Barriers To Accessing Fistula Repair: Establishing A Baseline In Ebonyi, Population Council Jan 2017

Reducing Barriers To Accessing Fistula Repair: Establishing A Baseline In Ebonyi, Population Council

Reproductive Health

As a partner on the Fistula Care Plus (FC+) project, the Population Council is conducting implementation research that tests solutions to treatment barriers. Formative research in Nigeria’s Ebonyi State found that a lack of knowledge among lower-level providers and women and families of how the condition occurs, where treatment is available, and the signs and symptoms of obstetric fistula, as well as transportation costs, affect women’s access to screening and repair. Baseline data reveal the necessity of a comprehensive intervention to address fistula treatment barriers in Ebonyi. Not only do primary healthcare providers lack adequate knowledge of fistula, referral, and …

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Reducing Barriers To Accessing Fistula Repair: Establishing A Baseline In Katsina, Population Council Jan 2017

Reducing Barriers To Accessing Fistula Repair: Establishing A Baseline In Katsina, Population Council

Reproductive Health

As a partner on the Fistula Care Plus (FC+) project, the Population Council is conducting implementation research that tests solutions to treatment barriers. Formative research in Nigeria’s Katsina State found that a lack of knowledge among lower-level providers and women and families of how the condition occurs, where treatment is available, and the signs and symptoms of obstetric fistula, as well as transportation costs, affect women’s access to screening and repair. Baseline data reveal the necessity of a comprehensive intervention to address fistula treatment barriers in Katsina. Not only do primary healthcare providers lack adequate knowledge of fistula, referral, and …

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Reducing Barriers To Accessing Fistula Repair: Establishing A Baseline In Uganda, Population Council Jan 2017

Reducing Barriers To Accessing Fistula Repair: Establishing A Baseline In Uganda, Population Council

Reproductive Health

As a partner on the Fistula Care Plus (FC+) project, the Population Council is conducting implementation research that tests solutions to treatment barriers. Formative research in Uganda found that a lack of knowledge among lower-level providers and women and families of how the condition occurs, where treatment is available, and the signs and symptoms of obstetric fistula, as well as transportation costs, affect women’s access to screening and repair. Baseline data reveal the necessity of a comprehensive intervention to address fistula treatment barriers in Uganda. Not only do primary healthcare providers lack adequate knowledge of fistula, referral, and counseling, but …

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Results From Systematic Literature Review On Pe/E In Bangladesh, Karen Kirk, Amy Dempsey Jan 2017

Results From Systematic Literature Review On Pe/E In Bangladesh, Karen Kirk, Amy Dempsey

Reproductive Health

By 2015, at the conclusion of the Millennium Development Goals, Bangladesh had achieved a reduction in maternal death from 550 per 100,000 live births in 1990, to 170 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 2015. Despite this progress, there are still between 5,000 and 6,000 maternal deaths every year in Bangladesh, where 20 percent are the result of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E). This systematic review of peer-reviewed literature published between January 2000 and July 2016 identified interventions adopted to manage PE/E throughout Bangladesh. Specifically, it looked at issues around quality of care, gaps in the evidence, and barriers to …

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Results From Systematic Literature Review On Pe/E In Nigeria, Amy Dempsey, Karen Kirk Jan 2017

Results From Systematic Literature Review On Pe/E In Nigeria, Amy Dempsey, Karen Kirk

Reproductive Health

Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, are consistently cited as a leading cause of maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. A recent, nationwide cross-sectional survey found that PE/E contributes to 28.2 percent of national maternal deaths. The other main contributors to maternal mortality are hemorrhage and pregnancy-related infection or sepsis. To fully understand the key challenges, gaps, and interventions related to the prevention and treatment of PE/E, the Ending Eclampsia project conducted a systematic review of papers on PE/E in Nigeria published between 2000–15. The methods, results, and recommendations are discussed in this brief.

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Operationalizing National Protocol For Preventing And Managing Pe/E In Community Facilities In Bangladesh, Population Council Jan 2016

Operationalizing National Protocol For Preventing And Managing Pe/E In Community Facilities In Bangladesh, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Considering the maternal deaths associated with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E), the Bangladesh Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, with technical assistance from the Obstetrical and Gynecological Society of Bangladesh, developed a national protocol allowing community providers to provide a magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) loading dose. With the approval of the National Technical Committee of the Directorate General of Family Planning, this study operationalized and assessed the ability of community providers to detect and treat PE/E, and administer the loading dose of MgSO4 before referral to higher-level facilities. The study results presented in this brief indicate that with national protocol, training, and …

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Findings From Landscape Analysis In Nigeria On Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia, Population Council Jan 2016

Findings From Landscape Analysis In Nigeria On Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Maternal and newborn deaths due to pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E) are preventable, yet in Nigeria this is the most significant direct cause of maternal mortality. The Population Council conducted a landscape analysis on PE/E in 2015 in seven states in Nigeria. This brief details the findings on national policy awareness, service provider knowledge and skills, facility capacity and preparedness, quality of care and community knowledge and perceptions. The brief concludes with recommendations based on these findings.

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A Systematic Review Of The Treatment And Management Of Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia In Pakistan, Saleem Shaikh, Ali M. Mir Jan 2016

A Systematic Review Of The Treatment And Management Of Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia In Pakistan, Saleem Shaikh, Ali M. Mir

Reproductive Health

Pakistan is one of the six countries that account for more than 50 percent of the world’s maternal deaths. According to Population Council estimates, each year nearly 8.6 million women become pregnant in the country. Of these, 1.2 million women are likely to face obstetric complications. Each year, there are nearly 14,000 pregnancy-related deaths. Information is lacking on context-specific health-system barriers that prevent optimal use of the lifesaving medicine magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) in Pakistan. Although efforts in Pakistan both at the national and subnational level are ongoing on the prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E), results are generally …

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Kenya: Helping Adolescent Mothers Remain In School Through Strengthened Implementation Of School Re-Entry Policies, Esther Lwanga Walgwe, Nancy Termini Lachance, Harriet Birungi, Chi-Chi Undie Jan 2016

Kenya: Helping Adolescent Mothers Remain In School Through Strengthened Implementation Of School Re-Entry Policies, Esther Lwanga Walgwe, Nancy Termini Lachance, Harriet Birungi, Chi-Chi Undie

Reproductive Health

By applying robust evidence, securing the support of decisionmakers, and engaging stakeholders, STEP UP enabled national and local decisionmakers to better understand the consequences of unintended pregnancy for adolescent girls’ schooling in Homa Bay County, Kenya. STEP UP is playing an important role in informing the implementation of policies within the Kenyan educational sector that will improve educational opportunities for school-age mothers. Through early stakeholder engagement, strong partnerships, the support of implementers and policymakers, effective communication and dissemination strategies, decisionmaker capacity, and the dedication of the adolescent mothers themselves, evidence generated by STEP UP was successfully utilized by key stakeholders. …

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Senegal: The Impact Of A Study On Misoprostol Use And Knowledge Among Pharmacists, Eva Burke, E. Robinson, Nafissatou Diop, Kate Reiss, Katharine Footman, Maaike Van Min, Barbara Reichwein, Ian Askew Jan 2016

Senegal: The Impact Of A Study On Misoprostol Use And Knowledge Among Pharmacists, Eva Burke, E. Robinson, Nafissatou Diop, Kate Reiss, Katharine Footman, Maaike Van Min, Barbara Reichwein, Ian Askew

Reproductive Health

The availability of misoprostol is a key part of improving maternal health in low- and middle-income countries. In Senegal, where the drug is not widely available, pharmacies are one of the few places women can access it. STEP UP conducted a study to understand misoprostol knowledge and provision in these pharmacies. The Ministry of Health’s (MoH) commitment to training public providers and pharmacists on all products on the essential medicines list is a promising step toward bettering the health of women in Senegal. Marie Stopes International (MSI) Senegal continues to work to build the capacity of healthcare providers in the …

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Assessing Maternal And Newborn Health Commodities In Bangladesh, Population Council Jan 2016

Assessing Maternal And Newborn Health Commodities In Bangladesh, Population Council

Reproductive Health

The UN Commission on Life-Saving Commodities for Women and Children aims to increase access to 13 commodities in 50 countries. As part of this global effort, the Population Council conducted a landscape analysis in Bangladesh to review policies, guidelines, availability, and use of these commodities. The landscaping exercise had two objectives: 1) to provide a comprehensive description of maternal and newborn health (MNH) commodity issues from policy to point of care; and 2) to engage stakeholders in rolling out the UN Commission recommendations. Based on its findings the analysis recommends: stronger advocacy with pharmaceutical companies to manufacture a single loading …

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