Demography, Population, and Ecology Commons^™

New Immigrants Echo Nation's Diverse History, Chester Smolski

Smolski Texts

"Having just eaten our way through Thanksgiving and having watched our school children do a variety of activities dealing with Indians and English settlers sharing the first bountiful harvest, we sometimes think that the English were the first Europeans to settle in what is now the United States. Nothing could be further from the truth."

Census Bureau Seeks Partners In Business, Chester Smolski

Smolski Texts

"By now you should have seen the advertisements for the U.S. Census Bureau to apprise us of the forthcoming census on April 1, 2000. And there will be plenty more since the Bureau has budgeted $167 million on this push for public awareness, something it has never perviously paid to do."

Amid Declining Populations, N.E. Planners Meet, Chester Smolski

Smolski Texts

"The day-long regional meeting of the American Planning Association recently held in Providence drew a variety of planners from the three southern New England states. Coming form the town, city, state and regional planning agencies, private organizations as well as the academic community, the planners addressed a number of issues, ranging from suburban stress to the latest computer technologies."

U.S. Census Nears; Results To Be Questioned, Chester Smolski

Smolski Texts

"It is the largest peacetime activity of the United States government, and since its inception in 190 takes place every 10 years. It will employ, at its peak, 860,000 workers who will receive a major portion of the $4.5 billion that Congress recently appropriated for the task. And the total population will be recorded for one day, a far cry from the 18 months that were necessary for U.S. Marshals who tried to find everyone in 1790."

The Rural Rebound, Kenneth M. Johnson

Sociology

No abstract provided.

People Make The World Go 'Round, And, Maybe, Shrink, Chester Smolski

Smolski Texts

"The United Nations will mark October 12 this year as a special occasion, for this is the approximate time when the world's population will reach 6 billion, a milestone that almost coincides with the millennium."

Inroads To Technology: Evening The Playing Field For The 21st Century - Prag Publication, Center For Urban Research And Learning, Policy Research Action Group, Derek Pasnick, Maureen Hellwig, Carol Hibler, Martin Mercado, Kent Unruh, Suzanne Whelden

Center for Urban Research and Learning: Publications and Other Works

Community access to technology has become a critical issue in the discussion of sustainable community development and the economic viability of communities in the 21st century. The Policy Research Action Group (PRAG), a now-retired portion of CURL, established the Community Access to Technology Working Group to explore community access and training with regards to technology in the context of universal access within the city of Chicago. Additionally, the group sought to find out how technology resources are distributed in Chicago with particular emphasis on access at community centers, schools and libraries. The group's final report outlines the numbers and findings …

Inequities In Rural Transportation, Tom Seekins Ph.D., Diana Spas, Maryann Hubbard, University Of Montana Rural Institute

Independent Living and Community Participation

The lack of transportation is one of the most frequently cited problems of rural residents. Federal funds to support public transportation have historically been inequitably allocated between urban and rural areas. This inequity has a particularly significant impact on people with disabilities who live in rural areas. While the 1998 authorization of the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) increased the total amount of funds for public support of transportation and increased the funds available for rural transportation and transportation for the elderly and individuals with disabilities, the discrepancy between urban and rural transportation allocations remains significant. About …

Population Sampling Issue Still Bedevils, Chester Smolski

Smolski Texts

"How do you count, with accuracy, 275 million mobile people? That is the task of the U.S. Census Bureau in the year 2000. Unfortunately, the courts rather than the professionals have made this decision.

"On January 25, 1999, in the case of Department of Commerce v. United States House of Representatives, No. 98-404, the nation's highest court ruled that statistical sampling of the population for the next census in the year 2000 cannot be used to apportion seats to the house of Representatives."

Supplemental Security Income - An Underused Resource For Disabled Tanf Recipients In Illinois, Center For Urban Research And Learning, Michael A. O'Connor

Center for Urban Research and Learning: Publications and Other Works

This paper reviews the literature that assesses the incidence of severe impairments among parents and children receiving AFDC and TANF, and projects that analysis to estimate the number of persons eligible for, but not receiving SSI in the Illinois TANF caseload. The paper also reviews current investment in screening for eligibility and pursuing SSI benefits for TANF recipients, and articulates a rationale for further investment. Prior research supports an estimate that between 8-12,000 children, and 4- 18,000 parents in the Illinois TANF caseload are SSI eligible but not enrolled. This paper describes strategies and costs necessary to promote full enrolment …

Centers For Independent Living: Rural & Urban Distribution, Tom Seekins Ph.D., Bill Innes, Alexandra Enders, University Of Montana Rural Institute

Independent Living and Community Participation

Our research indicates that there is a total of 336 centers for independent living scattered across the nation. Title VII of the Rehabilitation Act funds many – but not all – of them. Federally-funded CILs typically receive funds from several other sources as well. All 336 meet the standards for CILs. Map 1 shows the distribution of CILs by their location in metropolitan or non-metropolitan counties.

Only In Ri: Housing Booms, Population Sags, Shifts, Chester Smolski

Smolski Texts

"House sales in the state are at an all-time high. Some towns have imposed housing impact fees and caps on building permits to slow population growth that exceeds 20 percent. Communities are trying to save open space because 26,000 acres of raw land has gone into new development over the last 20 years. And all of this taking place in one of only two states to have lost population in the last seven years!"

Evaluation Of The Nebraska Community Development Block Grant Administration Certification Program, Center For Public Affairs Research (Cpar)

Publications

The Nebraska Community Development Block Grant Administration Certification Program, in its fourth year of operation, certifies individuals who administer local grants received from the Nebraska Department of Economic Development (DED). Funds are provided by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Included in the certification program, managed by the University of Nebraska at Omaha (UNO), are annual certification workshops, recertification workshops, and advanced training modules that are part of the recertification process.

UNO and DED decided in 1998 to undertake a comprehensive evaluation of the certification program. UNO contracted with the Institute for Social and Economic Development (ISED) and …

Intergenterational Readings/Resources (1994-1998), Anita Johnson, Danielle Quinnette

Bibliographies

This selective bibliography of intergenerational materials reflects the mission and activities of Generations Together, an intergenerational studies unit of the University of Pittsburgh's Center for Social and Urban Research. The items selected for inclusion focus on the literature that describes" ... mutual beneficial interaction between young and old through community outreach, education, research, and dissemination of knowledge." (Generations Together. 1999. "Mission Statement")

This list covers the five-year period of 1994-1998 and follows an earlier bibliography that covered the period 1980-1994. The two bibliographies are similar in size, mirroring the growth of intergenerational studies as a dynamic field of research and …

The Secure Program: Safety Enhanced Communities Utilizing Resident Endeavors - Final Report, Center For Urban Research And Learning, Richard Block, Adriana Gonzalez, Laura Herrin, David Katz

Center for Urban Research and Learning: Publications and Other Works

This report describes a collaborative project between the Illinois Housing Development Authority (IHDA) and the Center for Urban Research and Learning (CURL) at Loyola University Chicago. The project, entitled Safety Enhanced Communities Utilizing Resident Endeavors (SECURE), is designed to evaluate the effectiveness of physical security improvements in affordable housing developments. The project began in August of 1997 and was completed in December of 1998.

The focus of the SECURE program was to address the growing security needs and concerns among residents who live in transitional neighborhoods with relatively high crime rates. The SECURE project studied four affordable housing developments in …

Assessing The Potential Demand For And Effectiveness Of Integrating Sti/Hiv Management Services With Zimbabwe National Family Planning Council's Clinic-Based Family Planning Services, Baker Ndugga Maggwa, Ian Askew, Hazel M.B. Dube, Caroline S. Marangwanda, Sithokozille Simba, Ahmed Latif

Reproductive Health

HIV/AIDS is a threat to individual lives and the national economies of many sub-Saharan African countries, despite efforts to contain its spread. The region also suffers from high levels of other reproductive tract infections (RTIs), some of which increase the risk of sexual transmission of HIV. The control of RTIs is therefore seen not only as an important reproductive health care strategy, but as a key strategy in reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS. Most national health care programs in the region are actively seeking cost-effective ways of implementing an RTI management program that would reduce and prevent RTIs and HIV. …

Investigación Operativa En Planificación Familiar: Lecturas Selectas, James R. Foreit, Tomas Frejka

Reproductive Health

Desde que existen los programas de planificación familiar existe la investigación sobre este tema. En el nivel teórico, los investigadores examinan el efecto de la fertilidad sobre la salud y el desarrollo socioeconómico y estudian los determinantes de la fecundidad para los individuos y la poblaciones. En el nivel de las políticas, los estudios exploran el papel que juegan los programas de planificación familiar en la modificación de la fecundidad y la salud. El desarrollo de nuevos anticonceptivos se acompaña de pruebas clínicas y pre-introductorias en el contexto de los programas. Se llevan a cabo encuestas para medir los cambios …

Investing In Youth: Testing Community-Based Approaches For Improving Adolescent Sexual And Reproductive Health, Tamara Fetters, Fines Munkonze, Julie Solo

Reproductive Health

The world is now sustaining the largest number of youth in human history; today there are nearly 900 million 10–19-year-olds and their health and livelihood issues are becoming increasingly important to policymakers worldwide. In Zambia, as in many other countries, young people face severe problems, including limited access to jobs, secondary education, and health care. The social, economic, and peer pressures that youth face often lead to high levels of sexual activity, often with subsequent negative impacts on their sexual and reproductive health. In spite of the magnitude of the reproductive health problems facing youth, they still have limited access …

L'Approche De L'Analyse Situationnelle Pour L'Évaluation Des Services De Planification Familiale Et De Santé De La Reproduction: Manuel De Recherche, Robert A. Miller, Andrew A. Fisher, Kate Miller, Lewis Ndhlovu, Baker Ndugga Maggwa, Ian Askew, Diouratie Sanogo, Placide Tapsoba

Reproductive Health

Une bonne prestation de services de planification familiale mettant l'accent à la fois sur l'accès et la qualité est la clé des objectifs interdépendants de satisfaction des besoins individuels et la réalisation du succès programmatique. L'analyse de situation (AS) fournit un lien nécessaire entre le responsable de programme et la cliente qu'il essaie de servir. Les données recueillies par l’AS offrent une image représentative du fonctionnement des composantes et permettent de «voir» l'expérience de la cliente. Les analyses situationnelles aident le responsable de programme à atteindre le plus grand but en termes de gestion—celui d’une administration efficace d'un service de …

Completing The Demographic Transition, John Bongaarts, Rodolfo A. Bulatao

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Despite ongoing declines in fertility in many countries, the population of the world is experiencing a period of rapid expansion, and its size is expected to exceed 10 billion by the end of the demographic transition. Three causes of this growth are identified and quantified: 1) fertility above the replacement level of two surviving children per woman, 2) continuing declines in mortality, and 3) population momentum resulting from a young age structure. A set of simple analytic expressions is proposed for estimating these factors from standard demographic indicators. Population momentum is shown to be the main cause of future growth …

Measuring Living Standards With Proxy Variables, Mark R. Montgomery, Michele Gragnolati, Kathleen A. Burke, Edmundo Paredes

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Very few demographic surveys in developing countries gather information on household income or consumption expenditure, despite the theoretical importance of these measures. Consequently, researchers have been forced to rely on ad hoc collections of proxy measures for living standards, and the properties of these proxies have not been systematically analyzed. In this research, we ask what hypotheses can be tested using proxy variables, and evaluate the performance of proxy measures in relation to consumption expenditures per adult, our preferred measure of living standards. We find that the proxy variables commonly employed in demographic research are very weak predictors of consumption …

The Decline Of Female Circumcision In Egypt: Evidence And Interpretation [Arabic], Omaima El-Gibaly, Barbara L. Ibrahim, Barbara Mensch, Wesley H. Clark

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Female circumcision is widespread in Egypt. Research suggests that the practice persists because of a belief that circumcision will moderate female sexuality, that it will assure a girl’s marriageability, and that it is sanctioned by Islam. Using data from a nationally representative survey of adolescents, this paper investigates the prevalence and social correlates of circumcision among girls aged 10-19, the circumstances surrounding the procedure, and the attitudes of adolescents towards it. While the vast majority of adolescents are circumcised, a life table analysis indicates that girls today are at least 10 percentage points less likely to undergo female circumcision than …

Urbanization And Related Socio-Economic Problems In Ibadan Area, Central Bank Of Nigeria

CBN Occasional Papers

This paper traces the evolution of urbanization in Ibadan area to political, institutional, economic and social factors. It broadly classifies the socio-economic problems of urbanization in Ibadan area into environmental crisis, crime/violence and urban poverty. Relying on secondary data and published materials, it identifies the major environmental problems as solid waste, flooding and water pollution, with the sanitation and eating habits of the people playing a great role in all of them. Dispossession-related crimes, particularly stealing and theft, are considered the most prominent of all the recorded crimes while violent crimes (mostly assaults) are found to be relatively few. For …

The Quantity-Quality Transition In Asia, Mark R. Montgomery, Mary Arends-Kuenning, Cem Mete

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Societies in which fertility is falling and human capital investment per child increasing are experiencing a “quantity-quality transition.” Such transitions imply, over the long term, both slower rates of labor force growth and higher levels of human capital per worker. They are fundamental to economic development. Yet, these transitions are neither automatic or self-propelling. Their momentum depends on competing forces acting at both the family and the macroeconomic levels; the balance can easily tip against further transition. Family decisions about schooling are largely motivated by its private economic returns. These returns are determined in labor markets, and here the logic …

Reproductive Decisionmaking In The Context Of Hiv/Aids In Ndola, Zambia, Naomi Rutenberg, Ann E. Biddlecom, Frederick A.D. Kaona

Reproductive Health

Family planning (FP) programs are increasingly being considered as a logical focal point for STD and HIV/AIDS prevention services because they serve large numbers of women at risk, address the sensitive issue of sexual behavior and fertility control, and the methods for preventing unwanted pregnancy and disease can be the same. FP programs, by providing contraceptive methods, are currently one of the few sources of assistance in the sub-Saharan African region for preventing perinatal transmission of HIV, while the promotion of barrier methods contributes to the prevention of heterosexual transmission. Given this potential, research is needed to understand how the …

Mortality Decline And The Demographic Response: Toward A New Agenda, Mark R. Montgomery

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

A central proposition of demographic transition theory is that declines in infant and child mortality can encourage subsequent declines in fertility. Even the earliest formulations of the theory recognized that fertility decline would occur only with a lag, but neither theory nor empirical work has explored the length of such lags. This paper urges that individual perceptions and beliefs about mortality risks, conspicuously absent from the demographic research agenda, be studied directly. It proceeds to link mortality perceptions to health care decisionmaking and investments in children. The paper concludes by calling for a new agenda on mortality decline. This agenda …

Case Finding And Case Management Of Chlamydia And Gonorrhea Infections Among Women: What We Do And Do Not Know, Nicole Haberland, Beverly Winikoff, Nancy L. Sloan, Christiana Coggins, Christopher J. Elias

Reproductive Health

As the world grapples with the HIV pandemic, the implementation of the agenda determined by the International Conference on Population and Development (1994) at Cairo, and the matter of providing health services of adequate quality in an ethical, gender-sensitive manner, new questions are arising about how to attend to reproductive tract infections, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs), among women. This paper reviews the results of validation studies of syndromic algorithms, other nonlaboratory clinically based tools, and risk scoring for finding women infected with chlamydia and gonorrhea, particularly among those attending family planning and antenatal clinics in developing countries. The results …

The Spread Of Primary Schooling In Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications For Fertility Change, Cynthia B. Lloyd, Carol E. Kaufman, Paul C. Hewett

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Caldwell has hypothesized that the onset of the fertility transition would be linked with the achievement of “mass formal schooling.” In sub-Saharan Africa, a region where some countries have begun the fertility transition but many have not, the extent of progress toward mass schooling has not yet been assessed. This paper fills a gap in the literature using newly available Demographic and Health Survey data to assess schooling patterns and trends for 17 sub-Saharan African countries. As background to that assessment, the paper includes a literature review, an overview of the recent history of African education, and an evaluation of …

Estimating Costs Of Post-Abortion Services. General Hospital Aurelia Valdivieso, Oaxaca, Mexico, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Health care systems around the world are facing problems providing quality care with increasingly constrained resources. While modern practices and diagnostic tests have made pregnancy a much less risky event than in the past, not all pregnancies have a favorable outcome. Spontaneous abortion occurs in 15–45% of all known pregnancies, and studies show that 25% of all obstetric/gynecology hospital admissions are for incomplete abortion. Given the high level of resources devoted to treating this condition, it is imperative to develop cost-effective methodologies to provide quality care. Unsafe abortion performed by untrained and inexperienced providers is the fourth leading cause of …

Zimbabwe: Los Métodos De Detección De Itr En Mujeres No Son Cost-Efectivos, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Las infecciones del tracto reproductivo (ITR) son frecuentes en Zimbabwe. Muchas de estas infecciones aumentan el riesgo de contraer el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). En 1998, el Consejo Nacional de Planificación Familiar de Zimbabwe (en inglés, ZNFPC) realizó un estudio de IO para evaluar la viabilidad de integrar el diagnóstico y tratamiento de ITR en su oferta de servicios. La población estudiada estaba constituida por 1,634 clientas de tres clínicas de ZNFPC. Se preguntó a las usuarias si presentaban dolor en la región abdominal inferior, flujo vaginal y otros síntomas de ITR; asimismo, se les examinó para detectar la …