Sociology Commons^™

Feminist Policy Analysis On Gender Mainstreaming Policy In Indonesian International Peacekeeping Forces, Zahra Ayu Kusuma Ricarvy, Sri Lestari Wahyuningroem

Jurnal Politik

This study analyzes the implementation of gender mainstreaming policies within the Garuda troops using the Feminist Policy Analysis (FPA) approach in the context of Indonesia's commitment to gender equality in peacekeeping operations. Gender mainstreaming policies are expected to ensure equal access, participation, control, and benefits for both women and men within the defense system, as well as minimize gender discrimination. The method used in this research involves policy analysis as regulated in Presidential Instruction No. 9/2000, with a focus on its application in Peacekeeping Missions (IPM). Data were collected through interviews with relevant officials from the Ministry of Defense and …

State Institutions In Northeast Thailand: Lao Ethnics And The Thai Identity, Jacob Ricks

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

In this last chapter on state representation, we focus on a case where there has been an absence of demands. In Northeast Thailand, the large ethnic Lao population has not demanded cultural concessions from the state. In fact, not only have the demands been absent, but most people in the region see themselves as Thai (the broader national identity) or Isan (a moniker meaning “northeast”)—as opposed to ethnically Lao. The absence of the Lao identity has less to do with the absence of civic associations from the bottom up than with the absence of political representation from the top down. …

Age And Ideology: The Emergence Of New Political Cleavages In Thailand’S 2566 (2023) Election, Napon Jatusripitak, Jacob Ricks

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

The Move Forward Party’s victory in Thailand’s 14 May 2566 (2023 CE) election surprised most observers, defying widespread predictions of a Pheu Thai win. Departing from traditional vote-mobilization strategies, Move Forward’s campaign focused largely on social media and broad calls for political reform while eschewing the vote-canvassing networks and economic policy promises that had delivered victory after victory for Pheu Thai. Does Move Forward’s win indicate changes in Thai voting behaviour? Relying on data from an original survey collected the week before and the week after the election, as well as observations from fieldwork, we identify two political cleavages that …

Isn’T There A Better Way To Nominate Presidential Candidates?, Elaine Kamarck

Brookings Scholar Lecture Series

This lecture examines why every four years the major political parties undertake a drawn-out, confusing series of primaries, caucuses, and conventions to determine their presidential nominees. Over the years, a number of rational and more orderly ways to select presidential nominees have been proposed but none of these ideas have been adopted. Brookings Institution scholar Elaine Kamarck, who has written extensively on the topic and served as a presidential and presidential campaign advisor, addresses these topics and more.

What Does One Billion Dollars Look Like?: Visualizing Extreme Wealth, William Mahoney Luckman

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

The word “billion” is a mathematical abstraction related to “big,” but it is difficult to understand the vast difference in value between one million and one billion; even harder to understand the vast difference in purchasing power between one billion dollars, and the average U.S. yearly income. Perhaps most difficult to conceive of is what that purchasing power and huge mass of capital translates to in terms of power. This project blends design, text, facts, and figures into an interactive narrative website that helps the user better understand their position in relation to extreme wealth: https://whatdoesonebilliondollarslooklike.website/

The site incorporates …

A Pearl Ravaged: The Paradox Of Haiti And Its Socioeconomic Origins, Isabel Ishibe Exel

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Saint-Domingue was once the most profitable colony of the Caribbean, the so-called pearl of the Antilles. Nowadays, Haiti is known for being the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, a dramatic shift that raises the question of the factors contributing to Haiti's current state, marked by persistent violence, natural disasters, and political instability. Various discourses have framed Haiti as a country doomed for failure. However, relying on binary concepts such as success and failure is counterproductive to a refined analysis. How, then, should we structure this conversation? My ultimate goal for this work is to provide a nuanced analysis of …

Containerization Of Seafarers In The International Shipping Industry: Contemporary Seamanship, Maritime Social Infrastructures, And Mobility Politics Of Global Logistics, Liang Wu

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

This dissertation discusses the mobility politics of container shipping and argues that technological development, political-economic order, and social infrastructure co-produce one another. Containerization, the use of standardized containers to carry cargo across modes of transportation that is said to have revolutionized and globalized international trade since the late 1950s, has served to expand and extend the power of international coalitions of states and corporations to control the movements of commodities (shipments) and labor (seafarers). The advent and development of containerization was driven by a sociotechnical imaginary and international social contract of seamless shipping and cargo flows. In practice, this liberal, …

The Role Of Mayors In Achieving Brunei Darussalam’S Wawasan 2035, Lessons From China, Brice Tseen Fu Lee, Ayidana Asihaer, Juan Pablo Sims

Journal of Strategic and Global Studies

Brunei Darussalam's national vision, WAWASAN 2035, sets forth ambitious goals for the nation's development, emphasizing a centralized governance paradigm. However, the potential of decentralized governance, as exemplified by China's mayor-led districts, offers a compelling model for achieving national aspirations. This research explores the feasibility and potential benefits of introducing mayors in Brunei's districts, drawing insights from China's successful decentralized governance structure. By fostering inter-district competition and allowing for localized policy tailoring, Brunei can enhance its adaptability and responsiveness to local nuances. Drawing from China's experiences, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of how Brunei might optimize its governance structure to …

Critical Race Religious Literacy: Exposing The Taproot Of Contemporary Evangelical Attacks On Crt, Robert O. Smith, Aja Y. Martinez

Journal of Critical Race and Ethnic Studies

No abstract provided.

Global Criminal Justice Practices And Public Safety, Rachel Hwang

Posters-at-the-Capitol

Popular political discourse in the U.S. assumes that more funding for law enforcement and prison facilities will make civilians safer, presumably by reducing crime and sense of disorder. However, studies have shown that the relationship between these factors may not be as straightforward. With the killing of George Floyd and increased media coverage of police brutality, existing literature focuses mainly on the relationship between police and crime in the U.S. The impact of incarceration (the result of procedural justice) on the community (for whom procedural justice exists) is less known, especially on a global scale. We argue that cycling people …

Understanding The Lgbtq+ Divide: A Review On The Impact Of Geographic Location And Political Climate On Lgbtq+ Patient Care In The United States., Conner Clark

Cooper Rowan Medical Journal

Background:

In the United States, laws and policies are proposed and passed daily that either protect or restrict transgender patients’ access to care. The objective of this study is to review the existing body of literature on the effect of state-level policy on transgender patients’ overall health.

Methods:

Primary literature was identified through PubMed and the National Institutes of Health. Search terms included keywords related to the following concepts: LGBTQ terms, differentiating terms, regional terms, and health outcome terms. Inclusion criteria: Quantifiable studies conducted on the American LGBTQ and Transgender population from January 2015 to April 2023. Exclusion criteria: Studies …

Divisive Or Descriptive?: How Americans Understand Critical Race Theory, Alauna Safarpour, Kristin Lunz Trujillo, Jon Green, Caroline High Pippert, Jennifer Lin, James N. Druckman

Political Science Faculty Publications

Critical Race Theory (CRT) has become a flashpoint of elite political discord, yet how Americans actually perceive CRT is unclear. We theorize that Republican elites utilized a strong framing strategy to re-define CRT as an “empty signifier” representing broader racial and cultural grievances. Using a survey and a pre-registered experiment among U.S. adults (N = 19,060), we find that this strategy worked. Republicans exhibit more familiarity with CRT and hold more negatively valenced (and wide ranging) sentiments toward CRT, relative to Democrats. Moreover, compared to teaching the legacy of racism in schools, Republicans are significantly more opposed to teaching CRT …

A Constellation Approach To Understanding Extremist White Supremacy, Kathleen Blee, Robert Futrell, Pete Simi

Sociology Faculty Articles and Research

Reflecting on long-term intensive ethnographic fieldwork, we sketch a “constellation” framework for understanding U.S. extremist white supremacy. Rather than tracing fluctuating people and organizations to explain the persistence of white supremacist extremism, we suggest that focusing on a core set of practices, ideas, and emotions offers a more complex, nuanced, and useful interpretation. We contrast our constellation framework with more typical “bucket” approaches that tend to compartmentalize a complex reality into categories that do not sufficiently match extremism’s dynamism.

Theorising Political Legitimisation: From Stasis To Processes, Paddy Dolan, Stephen Vertigans, John Connolly

Articles

Legitimacy remains a key concept in political sociology, and perhaps even more so in lay understandings of political processes and structures, as evidenced by conflict over territories and regimes around the world. However, the concept suffers from a rather static representation, and even when addressed in processual form, in terms of specific moments in the process, such as conditions favouring legitimacy or its effects. Building from an Eliasian perspective, we argue for a more processual concept of legitimisation to encompass the dynamic social networks (figurations) that constitute the more unintentional context for deliberate legitimation claims. As networks expand and intensify, …

Detriments To Effective High School Teaching In Kentucky, Christopher Wallace

Mahurin Honors College Capstone Experience/Thesis Projects

This quantitative study examines Kentucky public high school teachers’ perceptions regarding the detriments they and their students face when striving to effectively educate and learn. Data was collected by surveying public high school teachers from across the Commonwealth (n=453). Using Likert-style scales, the survey captures the barriers most detrimental to their students’ assessment outcomes. Concluding questions sought additional personal experiences to elaborate findings. 2023 Kentucky American College Test (ACT) scores represent the dependent variable in the ordinary least squared regression models. Further information regarding administrative effort and points of view was gathered through interviews with four Commonwealth Superintendents. This study …

Data To Disinformation Navigating Fake News & Statistical Manipulation On Social Media, Mason Mcilwain

ENGS 15.11: Design and Education

Over the past decade, concerns about "fake news" and information accuracy have surged. Social media has become a primary source of news and information, especially among younger demographics. While offering numerous advantages, these platforms are often filled with errors and present information through personalized lenses, highlighting the need for conscious consumption and critical thinking when interpreting the meaning of a post. This lesson will utilize lectures, case studies, think pair share, and Socratic discussions.

This lesson can be a stand-alone lesson to increase student awareness of news consumption on social media.

It could also be part of a broader curriculum …

The Impact Of Censorship On Covid-19 Policy Formation In The United States, Victor Wallis

Faculty Works

No abstract provided.

Technical Temporalities Of The Transitional Protest Movements, Talha C. Issevenler

Publications and Research

The concept of political time is unpacked through an analysis of the interactive, technologically mediated field between the state and social movements. The activities of protest movements are set in dialogue with state reason in order to theorize the temporality of political rationality as entangled with political affects (i.e., attachments to past political ideals and unmetabolized/unsymbolized technological propensities).

Boiling Behind Bars: Exploring The Hidden Toll Of Extreme Heat On Mental Health In Texas Prisons, Sandra K. Miller

Social Work Theses - Archive

The State of Texas supports the largest prison system in the US and held 132,859 people in 100 units scattered across the state as of December 2023. Approximately 70% of Texas prison beds are not air conditioned, despite the state’s reputation for dangerously hot, humid summers. The State has officially recorded temperatures inside Texas prison facilities as high as 120 degrees with heat index values of over 150. Although there is a growing body of research on the negative physiological and psychological consequences of extreme heat among the general public, little is known about the physical and emotional toll of …

Historical Reappearance: Tracing The Impacts Of Argentina's Los Desaparecidos To The Rise Of President Javier Milei, Analise Sofia Chain

Undergraduate Honors Theses

In 1976 the Argentine government was taken over by a right wing military junta, attempting to “save” their country from communism. Military officials kidnapped, tortured and killed between 10,000 and 30,000 Argentine citizens, who were thought of as “guerrillas” supporting the leftist government and the late president Juan Perón. These victims are regarded as the disappeared, or Los Desaparecidos; due to the fact their families had no knowledge of where their loved ones were taken, or what was happening to them. Many of these young, liberal advocates were never seen or heard from again, their remains lost to history, and …

“Because I Said So”: How National Leaders Use Rhetoric To Frame The Issues Of National Security And The War On Drugs, Saul Valle

History and Political Science | Senior Theses

In the preamble of the 2024 presidential election seasons in both the United States and Mexico, there has been an increase in aggressive outspoken expression by national leaders regarding how to best handle the issue of drugs and drug use across the Western hemisphere. These types of sweeping policies are often credited to President Richard Nixon, who on June 18th, 1971, initiated his “War on Drugs,” a global policy campaign intended to address the production, distribution, and consumption of the illicit drug trade. Existing scholarship on this topic has extensively analyzed the early years of the American war on drugs …

Identifying Youth Appeals In Alcohol Alternative Social Media Content Through Framing, Melina Oneal

West Chester University Master’s Theses

Proposed regulations for alcohol advertising prevent beverage companies from targeting people under the legal drinking age. However, similar regulations for alcohol alternative beverages are less explored, which could allow alcohol alternative products to create awareness for alcoholic beverages among youth. Alcohol alternatives beverages, including no-alcohol and low-alcohol products, are increasing in popularity and can function as compliments to alcoholic products to decrease the total alcohol volume consumed or as substitutes for alcoholic products. Framing theory can be operationalized through the Content Appealing to Youth Index, an index of content elements found in research literature to be appealing to youth, to …

Unlv Title Iii Aanapisi & Mcnair Scholars Institute Research Journal 2024, Jesica Godinez-Paredes, Kian Hassankhan, Apia Hickman, Robin Ruth Kee, Kevin Ayala Pineda, Briana Melendez, Kalli Ramos, Saturn L. Reyes, Fabian Leija, Selena Pepe, Silva Topchyan, Celeste Ainsley, Mayra Arzate, Jessica Balistreri, Zantana Ephrem, Mirella Jasso, Karl Panou, Nichole Pelaez, Miklo Alcala, Akshay Dave, Mey Mey Heng, Michael Finkle, Janessa Montenegro, Reynafe Naol Aniga, Victor Mejia, Angelica G. Diaz, Anayeli Flores-Garibay, Kari Lee Joe Goold, Samantha Hernandez, Lianelys Cabrera Martinez, Caitlin Reynolds, Kimberly N. Usbeck, Abdulrahman Alahdal, Angelica Diaz, Willaine Mae Kahano, Raquel Jackson, Cecia Ruiz-Hernandez, Kers Ung-Watson, Yessenia Henriquez, Vanessa Marie Booth, Alexia Brown, Darlyn Magana, Bianca Navarro, Nicholas Pereira, Gia Renemae Calip, Lucky Heng, Ralph Sagun, Lucas Abreu, Alexandra Maria Acosta, Tristan Benally, Cosset Hernandez Pena, Adrian Montenegro, Cierra Paaaina-Daquioag, Nicole Torosian, Tracy Fuentes, Julissa Martinez, Medina Mcallister, Michal Newhouse-Van Vlerin, Tiria Carr, Nima Abkenar, Isabella Aceituno, Yuhan Bi, Victoria Campos, Melika Cummings, Zachary J. Johnigan, Alexis Sotolongo-Marin

McNair Journal

Journal articles based on research conducted by undergraduate students in the AANAPISI, LSAMP, and McNair Scholars Program.

Table of Contents

About AANAPISI

Dr. Chris Heavey, Interim President

Dr. Keith Rogers, Vice President for Student Affairs

Ms. Zhanna Aronov, Associate Vice President for Retention & Outreach

Volume 15, Connor Thompson, Emily Steffenhagen, Emily Robertson, Luis Fernando Dos Reis, Emily Farmer, Samuel Villa, Robert Allison, Zachary Chessor, Megan Borden, Austin Burnett, Larry W. Grant Jr., Tristan Marowski, Emma Moore, Pearl Siff

Incite: The Journal of Undergraduate Scholarship

Introduction Dr. Amorette Barber, Director, Office of Student Research

From the Editor Dr. Hannah Dudley-Shotwell

Artist’s Statement Connor Thompson

On Mentorship Dr. John Miller

The Meat of the Matter: Alien, Human, and Animal in Terry Bisson’s “They’re Made Out of Meat” by Emily Steffenhagen

“Please REBLOG!”: An Ethical Analysis of Doxxing, Internet Vigilantism and Racists Getting Fired by Emily Robertson

Journaling: Paper Has More Patience Than People by Luis Fernando Dos Reis

The Effects of Climate Change on the Archaeological World by Emily Farmer

Lowered Seat Height Does Not Impair Wingate Performance in Untrained Cyclists by Samuel Villa, Robert Allison, …

พลังแห่งการอดอาหารประท้วง : การอดอาหารประท้วงทำงานอย่างไร?, เสกสิทธิ์ แย้มสงวนศักดิ์

Journal of Social Sciences

บทความนี้ศึกษาการอดอาหารประท้วง (hunger strike) ผ่านการรวบรวมและประมวลข้อค้นพบจากงานศึกษาต่าง ๆ บทความอภิปรายใน 3 ประเด็นที่เกี่ยวเนื่องกัน ได้แก่ ประการแรก โต้แย้งต่อความเข้าใจที่ว่า การอดอาหารประท้วงจะทำงานได้ผลก็เฉพาะในบางเงื่อนไขอย่างการอดอาหารในบริบทประชาธิปไตยหรือการใช้การอดอาหารต่อผู้ที่รักในตัวผู้อดอาหาร  ประการที่สอง เสนอว่าการอดอาหารประท้วงทำงานอย่างไร  และ ประการสุดท้าย การสำรวจปัจจัยที่เกี่ยวข้องกับความสำเร็จของการอดอาหารประท้วง  บทความสำรวจภาพรวมกรณีการอดอาหารประท้วงสมัยใหม่เพื่อยืนยันว่า การอดอาหารประท้วงถูกใช้ในบริบทที่หลากหลาย  รวมทั้งในเชิงผลลัพธ์การอดอาหารประท้วงอาจนำไปสู่การได้รับการตอบสนองข้อเรียกร้องแม้ภายใต้ระบอบเผด็จการ  บทความเสนอว่า การอดอาหารประท้วงมีกลไกการทำงานที่สำคัญประกอบด้วย การระดมความสนใจในการสื่อสาร, การระดมการสนับสนุนและความเห็นอกเห็นใจ, การบีบบังคับ, และการเบี่ยงเบนสถานะ ความรับผิด เหล่านี้ทำให้การอดอาหารประท้วงยังคงทำงานได้แม้ถูกใช้ในบริบทที่ไม่เป็นประชาธิปไตยหรือใช้ต่อผู้ที่เห็นว่า ผู้อดอาหารเป็นศัตรู

ความชุก ลักษณะทางประชากรและทางคลินิกของเหตุการณ์สังหารหมู่และกราดยิงในประเทศไทย ระหว่างปี พ.ศ. 2537-2566 และข้อเสนอแนะจากการวิเคราะห์ทางจิตเวชศาสตร์, พร ทิสยากร, ธันวัน เจริญไชยเนาว์, เหมือนเพชร ราชายนต์, วิชยุตม์ เพศยนาวิน, พิมพ์ประพันธ์ อุไรกุล

Journal of Social Sciences

เหตุการณ์สังหารหมู่และกราดยิงที่เกิดขึ้นในประเทศไทยสร้างความสูญเสีย ส่งผลกระทบต่อสังคมอย่างมาก งานวิจัยนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อสร้างฐานข้อมูลของการเกิดเหตุการณ์สังหารหมู่และกราดยิงในประเทศไทย วิเคราะห์ปัจจัยที่เกี่ยวข้อง และเสนอแนะข้อคิดเห็นจากมุมมองทางจิตเวชศาสตร์ ผู้วิจัยทำการศึกษาเชิงพรรณนาแบบย้อนหลังโดยรวบรวมเหตุการณ์สังหารหมู่และกราดยิงในประเทศไทยระหว่างปี พ.ศ. 2537 - 2566 โดยใช้คำจำกัดความทางวิชาการสากล แล้วเก็บข้อมูลลักษณะทางประชากรและทางคลินิก รวมถึงปัจจัยที่เกี่ยวข้องกับเหตุการณ์ ผู้ก่อเหตุและเหยื่อ ผลการวิจัยพบมีเหตุการณ์สังหารหมู่และกราดยิงเกิดขึ้นรวม 78 ครั้งใน 30 ปีที่ผ่านมา โดยเป็นเหตุการณ์สังหารหมู่ 65 ครั้ง และเหตุการณ์กราดยิง 49 ครั้ง ผู้ก่อเหตุสังหารหมู่ส่วนใหญ่เป็นเพศชาย (89.23%) ใช้อาวุธปืนก่อเหตุ (66.16%) มีประวัติการใช้สารเสพติด (27.69%) มีประวัติการฝึกใช้ปืน (20%) มีประวัติโรคทางจิตเวชที่มีความเสี่ยงสูงต่อการก่อความรุนแรง (7.7%) มีผู้เสียชีวิต 348 รายจากเหตุการณ์รวมทั้งหมด โดยสรุปคือเหตุการณ์สังหารหมู่และกราดยิงในประเทศไทยเกิดขึ้นเป็นประจำและมีแนวโน้มเพิ่มมากขึ้น ปัจจัยสำคัญของเหตุการณ์สังหารหมู่ในประเทศไทยคือการเข้าถึงและฝึกใช้อาวุธปืน ปัญหายาเสพติด ส่วนประวัติโรคทางจิตเวชพบไม่มาก การสร้างฐานข้อมูลและศึกษาเหตุการณ์เหล่านี้ทางวิชาการต่อไป อาจนำไปสู่แนวทางป้องกันที่ดียิ่งขึ้นในอนาคต

The Female Force: Gender Salience And Political Interests In The 2011 Tunisian Revolution, Katherine Meagor

Scripps Senior Theses

To acknowledge the role of women and their rights in Tunisian society, the 2011 Tunisian Revolution offers a case study for the multi-faceted dimensions of political movements that affect civil society. With the understanding that women exercised political agency differently and were affected by the changing political opportunity structure, this study aims to address the following questions: how did women navigate their female gender identity and political interests during the 2011 Tunisian Revolution? How did gender identity affect female participation during the Revolution? How did the Revolution prompt activism among women? How did the intersection of various identities contribute to …

Essays On Public And Nonprofit Financial Dynamics, Yunjun Kim

Theses and Dissertations--Public Policy and Administration

This dissertation consists of three essays that explore different dimensions of financial dynamics in the public and nonprofit sectors. Each chapter examines how the fiscal behavior of neighboring jurisdictions, policy interventions, and financial practices influence fiscal decision-making and financial performance within these entities.

In the first essay, I investigate yardstick competition in local government spending in South Korea by leveraging the exogenous variation introduced by by-elections. This approach allows me to estimate the influence of neighboring jurisdictions on local expenditures. Contrary to previous empirical studies from other countries, my findings reveal no significant interdependence in spending among South Korean municipalities, …

Studying Conspiracy Theory After The (Current) Rise Of Right-Wing Populism, Mark Fenster

UF Law Faculty Publications

The American historian Richard Hofstadter intended his still-influential essay on the “Paranoid Style in American Politics,” which initiated the modern study of conspiracy theories, as a response to the mid-1950s rise of right-wing populism in the US. Reflecting on the lessons we can learn from the insights and weaknesses of Hofstadter’s timely intervention into contemporary politics, as well as the author’s three decades studying conspiracy theories, the chapter asks how current academic work, which takes place within and responds to another rise in rightwing populism, should understand and intervene in the present and prepare for the future.

ระบอบอำนาจนิยมที่มีการเลือกตั้ง : กรอบแนวคิด, การเลือกตั้งในระบอบอำนาจนิยม และการควบคุมบงการ, อุเชนทร์ เชียงเสน

Journal of Social Sciences

บทความนี้เป็นการสำรวจแนวความคิดที่อธิบายปรากฎการณ์ระบอบการเมืองโลกหลัง “คลื่นลูกที่สามของประชาธิปไตย” ซึ่งพบว่าประเทศจำนวนมากไม่ได้เป็นไปตามกระบวนทัศน์การเปลี่ยนผ่านไปสู่ประชาธิปไตย  แต่ตกอยู่ภายใต้ระบอบการเมืองที่เรียกว่า “อำนาจนิยมที่มีการเลือกตั้ง (Electoral Authoritarianism)” ที่เป็นการปกครองแบบอำนาจนิยมแต่ยังคงมีการเลือกตั้งแบบหลายพรรคและสถาบันการเมืองแบบประชาธิปไตยไว้ นอกจากนั้นยังพยายามอภิปรายถึงบทบาทของการเลือกตั้ง ที่โดยทั่วไปแล้วจะเป็นเครื่องมือในระบอบประชาธิปไตยหรือเป็นกลไกสำคัญในการทำให้เป็นประชาธิปไตย ได้กลายเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของการปกครองแบบอำนาจนิยม เพื่อสร้างความชอบธรรมและการยอมรับจากประชาคมทั้งในและนอกประเทศ และสุดท้าย สำรวจวิธีการควบคุมบงการการเลือกตั้งและสถาบันการเมืองเพื่อรักษาอำนาจของผู้ครองครองแบบอำนาจนิยมไว้ต่อไป