Science and Technology Policy Commons^™

The End Of Unmeasured Exploitation: How A.S.M., C.A.S., And S.I.A. Challenge Digital Attention Capitalism, Delante Clark

Graduate Scholarship and Creative Works

Digital attention capitalism generates value through the capture and monetization of human attention, yet it has historically lacked standardized mechanisms for measuring attention-related harm. This paper argues that the Attention Safeguard Models (A.S.M.), Cognitive Attentional Standards (C.A.S.), and Sociological Impact Assessment (S.I.A.) collectively challenge this system by introducing an integrated framework for classifying, measuring, and evaluating digital attention harm and its societal consequences. C.A.S. provides standardized measurement of digital attention harm, A.S.M. identifies and classifies patterns of attentional disruption and manipulation, and S.I.A. evaluates broader impacts on institutions, communities, civic engagement, education, social cohesion, and inequality. Together, these systems transform …

A Historian And A Sociologist Walk Into A Bar: A Data Archive For Social Sciences And Digital Humanities Hosted At A National Archives Institution, Benjamin Peuch, Oliver Lenaerts, Rolande Depoortere, Johan Van Der Eycken, Youssef Ouahalou

Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies

In October 2020, a new service was launched at the State Archives of Belgium, the Social Sciences and Digital Humanities Archive (SODHA). It is the result of several years of feasibility research into the viability of a data archive for social sciences and digital humanities in the research landscape of Belgium. SODHA acts as a service provider for the Consortium of European Social Science Data Archive (CESSDA ERIC) and takes up the task of preserving and disseminating research data in any of the disciplines that constitute the aforementioned fields.

SODHA is a latecomer compared to other similar organizations in Europe …

Historical Origins Of China’S Independent Knowledge System Of Scientific And Technological Innovation, Qijun Xie, Yulong Jie, Xiangyang Li, Jun Su

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Constructing China’s independent knowledge system of scientific and technological (S&T) innovation is a major proposition for the country’s S&T undertakings in the new era. Such a system has taken shape gradually in long-term practice, as external constraints shifted and domestic capabilities grew. Taking historical tracing as its basic approach, this study defines the connotation of the independent knowledge system of S&T innovation. It argues that autonomy in S&T innovation means subjectivity and originality in knowledge production, with the initiative in development kept in the country’s own hands, and that it is embodied in three links, namely, knowledge production, disciplinary institutionalization, …

Construction Of Innovation Culture With Chinese Characteristics For The New Era: Historical Evolution, Realistic Challenges And Optimization Pathways, Yixiao Pan, Li Zhang, Jiani Zhang, Xiaoming Sheng

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The ability of scientific and technological innovation represents a nation’s core competitiveness, and the construction of an innovation culture serves as the fundamental guarantee for consolidating and enhancing innovation capabilities. The innovation culture with Chinese characteristics has gradually taken shape in the long-term practice of China’s scientific and technological development, going through stages such as germination and foundation-laying, gradual formation, strategic deepening, and high-quality development. It features distinct characteristics such as a people-centered approach, self-reliance and self-improvement, openness and collaboration, as well as creation and sharing, which significantly differ from Western innovation cultures. Currently, international scientific and technological competition is …

Generation Logic And Original Contribution Of Technological Innovation Path With Chinese Characteristics In The New Era, Wei Wu, Jiahao Feng, Xianchun Xu

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The path of scientific and technological innovation with Chinese characteristics in the new era is a path toward scientific and technological modernization gradually forged by the Communist Party of China in leading China’s science and technology endeavors, grounded in the country’s basic national conditions and responding to the questions of the times. It represents an important achievement in adapting the Marxist view of science and technology to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. This path has made a historic leap from self-reliance to independent innovation and further to greater self-reliance and strength in science and technology, thereby …

Regional Innovation Layout In China In The New Era: Practical Progress, Key Issues, And Development Strategies, Weiyu Duan, Xiaohui Qu, Kaihua Chen, Jie Lin

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Regional innovation layout is the spatial anchor point for supporting and enhancing the overall effectiveness of the national innovation system. It is also an important carrier for transmitting the national innovation strategy to local areas, optimizing the allocation of innovation resources, and transforming regional comparative advantages. Since the beginning of the new era, with the in-depth implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy, China’s regional innovation layout has been continuously adjusted and optimized. Overall, this process has followed a dynamically optimized logic evolving from “points” to “areas” and further to “system” building, successively passing through three stages: the construction and functional …

Development Of China’S National Innovation System In The New Era: Practice, Key Issues, And Future Development, Yujie Zhang, Mingxun Xu, Kaihua Chen

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Advancing high-level self-reliance and strength in science and technology and accelerating efforts to build China into a leading country in science and technology have placed new demands on the development of China’s national innovation system and the enhancement of its overall performance in the new era. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has continuously advanced the development of its national innovation system, with its actor structure, functional linkages, and operating mechanisms becoming increasingly developed and system-level capabilities and overall performance receiving growing attention. As the 15th Five-Year Plan period marks a critical phase in …

Rationale, Key Issues, And Pathways For China’S Polar Fisheries Development, Yichong Dong, Chuwei Wang, Jingmei Li

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Polar fisheries are a strategic issue that requires forward-looking planning for China’s efforts to build a strong maritime country and participate in global ocean governance. This study examines the roles of polar fisheries in relation to climate change, the greater food approach, safeguarding maritime rights and interests, and the transformation of marine fisheries, and explains the rationale for China’s polar fisheries development. It argues that China still faces weaknesses in key areas, including scientific evidence generation, equipment and technological support, whole-industry-chain coordination, and the design of institutional solutions. Accordingly, the study proposes pathways for polar fisheries development, including building a …

From Science: The Endless Frontier To Science: A New Golden Age : Why Scientific Capability Needs To Be Reinterpreted, Jun Zhao

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The publication of Science: The Endless Frontier in 1945 established the institutional foundations of modern science by advocating sustained governmental support for basic research, scientific autonomy, and long-term investment in knowledge creation. Eighty-one years later, the White House report Science: A New Golden Age, together with recent reforms of the United Kingdom’s science governance system, reflects a broader transformation in how leading technological nations understand scientific capability. Drawing on a comparative analysis of recent policy adjustments in the United States and the United Kingdom, this study argues that the rapid advances in artificial intelligence, the growing complexity of scientific problems, …

From Support To Leadership: Long-Term Nature And Functional Evolutionary Of Relationship Between China’S Science And Technology Modernization And National Modernization, Chunliang Fan

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The long-term nature of scientific and technological innovation is closely related to the structural interaction between science and technology modernization and national modernization. This study proposes an analytical framework based on two dimensions—modes of interaction and functional evolution—to explain the long-term relationship between these two processes. It is shown that in different stages of development, the interaction between the national development system and the science and technology system takes different structural forms, while the role of science and technology evolves from primarily supporting national development to gradually leading and shaping development directions in key areas. Taking China as an example, …

Sustainable Development Of National Park Communities In China: Conditions, Challenges, And Implementation Paths, Baorong Huang, Xuetian Hu, Ling Tang, Zhi Wang, Zhi Zhang

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Promoting the sustainable development of communities in national parks is essential to the high-quality construction of the world’s largest national park system in China. Drawing on systematic social surveys of communities within national parks and candidate areas, this study outlines the key characteristics of these communities and analyzes their current development status, challenges, and constraints. It proposes a fivefold approach to advancing sustainability. Namely, (1) conceptually, by establishing a theoretical and cognitive framework for human–nature coexistence and overcoming antagonistic perceptions between parks and communities; (2) strategically, by fostering model villages and green development zones led by communities; (3) institutionally, by …

Empirical Study Of Impact Of National Science And Technology Program On Development Of New Energy Vehicle Industry, Dan Du, Xiaoyong Shi, Yong Cao, Yang Yang, Yao Yang

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The national science and technology program serves as the primary instrument for the government to support scientific and technological innovation through financial funding. This study employs impact assessment methods to conduct an empirical study on the path of technological development in the field of new energy vehicles and its economic impact supported by the national science and technology program, and explores the role of scientific and technological support in forming new quality productive forces. It was found that the task layout of the national science and technology program has expanded from the midstream of the industrial chain to both upstream …

Main Challenges To China’S Scientific Research Instrument Innovation From Perspective Of The United States Export Controls, Jing Li, Daixie Chen, Qinghua Lin, Guohua Xiao

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

China has long been heavily dependent on imports of scientific research instruments, making this sector particularly vulnerable to intensified technological containment by the United States and other Western countries and their efforts to maintain technological dominance. Since the Donald Trump’s tenure as the 45th president of the United States began in 2017, the United States has frequently used export controls to suppress China’s scientific and technological progress, posing great security risks to China. Based on a review of the development of scientific research instrument innovation in China, this article analyzes the updates and trends of the United States export controls …

Power Of Connection: China’S New Paradigm For Open S&T Cooperation Via Global Networks Of Young Scientists, Meng Wang, Shaoshan Liu, Siok Yee Chan, Chunbo Gao, Francesco Maurelli, David Govoni

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

As China rises in the global innovation landscape, relying solely on attracting talent back home (“bringing in”) is no longer sufficient to meet the demands of the new stage of S&T development. Greater emphasis must be placed on “going out” to strengthen the influence in international rules and standards. Early-career scientists, at the peak of creativity and international mobility, are the pivotal group driving this transition. This study proposes a four-in-one framework, Talent–Open Source–Standards–Scenarios, which highlights leveraging global youth science networks to transform engineering practices into contributions to international rule-making. In terms of implementation, the study takes the Global Young …

International Experience And China’S Strategies For Enterprise Participation In Cultivating Young Innovative Talents, Guoqiang Wang, Mengdi Pei

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

As enterprises strengthen their role of innovation drivers, their participation in cultivating young innovative talent has become a key means to enhance youth innovation, reinforce corporate innovation capacity, and align talent development with industry needs. This study examines the policy instruments and implementation pathways through which enterprises participate in the training of young innovative talent, and conducts a comparative analysis of relevant experiences in the United States, Germany, and Japan. The findings indicate that Germany has developed a collaborative model integrating environmental and supply-side instruments through institutional embedding; the United States has established a demand-led model centered on market-based incentives; …

On-Device Computing Systems For Embodied Ai: Current Research Status And Strategic Directions, Shaoshan Liu, Zhenhua Zhu, Yiming Gan, Yu Wang, Yuan Xie

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Embodied AI is emerging as a key paradigm empowering general-purpose autonomy, but it requires on-device computing systems that simultaneously support high-throughput “cognition–planning” tasks and millisecond-level real-time “perception–control” loops. Converging solutions now coalesce around three pillars: (1) dataflow- and chiplet-based architectures, (2) memory-centric heterogeneous dies, and (3) RISC-V customizable cores with open tool-chains. This study distills the latest technical progress, pinpoints the remaining core technical bottlenecks, and charts an actionable course for academia, industry, and policymakers. The study calls for unified benchmarking and standardization, open-source software–hardware ecosystems, memory-centric dataflow architectures, and efficient on-device deployment of embodied foundation models. Finally, it outlines …

Construction And Application Of Clinical Evidence Framework For Brain-Computer Interface, Wenxiu Qi, Cheng Zhou

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Brain-computer interface systems are emerging neurotechnologies that are gradually moving from laboratory research toward clinical application. However, their inherent features, including small sample sizes, heterogeneous technical pathways, and rapid product iteration, make it difficult to integrate safety and efficacy data across studies or to conduct meaningful cross-study comparisons. These challenges not only hinder the cumulative development of evidence in evidence-based medicine, but also complicate the assessment of clinical access and regulatory review. In addition, subjective evidence, such as patient experience, remains insufficiently captured in existing evaluation frameworks. It is therefore necessary to examine the structure of evidence for brain-computer interface …

Evolution Of Economic Geography’S Focus On Resource Studies: Historical Trajectory, Research Progress, And Emerging Trends, Yanxiang Fan, Canfei He

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Amid the intertwined contexts of global climate change, the reshaping of the geopolitical landscape, and China’s economic transformation, complex issues in the resource sector have increasingly come to the fore, highlighting the urgent need for systematic research from the perspective of economic geography. This study constructs an interactive analysis framework of core–extended dimensions to systematically review the developments and trends in resource research from an economic geography perspective. This study establishes a two-layer theoretical analysis framework of core and extended dimensions. The core dimension includes four aspects: resource elements in regional economic development, resource flows in global trade networks, resource …

Impact And Mechanisms Of Social Economic Status On Accessibility Of Public Services, Youlang Zhang, Yefei Yu, Xufeng Zhu

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Balanced and equitable access to public services is a core element of high-quality development and is frequently emphasized in policy documents. Nevertheless, existing literature lacks attention to the conceptual elaboration and micro-level mechanisms of the accessibility of individual public services. Social economic status serves as a comprehensive and widely meaningful indicator of differences among individuals. This study argues that accessibility reflects the degree of adaptation between supply and demand in public services based on government-citizen interactions. The study proposes a unified analytical framework including public resources and capabilities on the demand side and administrative procedures on the supply side, aiming …

Evolution And Optimization To Open Sharing Of Research Instruments In Central Research And Education Institutions Of China: Statistical Analysis Based On Their Evaluation Results, Huixiang Wu, Chengli Qu

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

As fundamental resources of scientific and technological innovation, large research infrastructures and instruments play vital roles in the social development. Strengthening the open sharing of such resources is of great importance to the promotion of social innovation capacities and the refinement of Chinese national innovation system. Based on the evaluation results of central research and education institutions from 2018 to 2025, this study reviewed their progress in the sharing of large research instruments from 2017 to 2024, accompanied with limited exploration of its evolution regularity. The statistical results show that: (1) at the macro-level, key indicators are steadily increasing and …

Question Of Scientific And Technological Innovation: Theoretical Responses In The New Era, Yunping Huang

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

China’s exploration of scientific and technological innovation in the new era has followed the path of positive interaction between theoretical innovation and practical innovation. The theoretical insights formed in this process constitute the scientific answers of contemporary Chinese Marxism and 21st-century Marxism to the questions of China, the world, the people, and the times in the field of sci-tech innovation. It answers the questions of China by adhering to making scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening a strategic support for national development. Based on this, it has formed a new understanding of the relationship between sci-tech innovation and national development, …

Cyberspace Collaborative Awareness: A Model For Unity Of Effort In Homeland Defense, Mike Knapp, Sean Atkins, Matthew Mclaughlin

Joint Force Quarterly

The increasing frequency and severity of cyberattacks against U.S. critical infrastructure continue to confound homeland defense efforts. Defending against state cyber campaigns that threaten the nation’s most critical systems requires a new awareness model that can enable unity of effort across public and private actors. Examining homeland defense awareness in other domains reveals principles and approaches that can inform the development of a collaborative awareness model in cyberspace. This new framework acknowledges the interconnectedness of government and commercial networks and the independent goals of each player in the domain. Doing so provides a viable path to achieving shared domain awareness …

Nihilistic Violence Aesthetics In Public Online Communication, Heath Nicholas Landress

Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences

Public online communication has increasingly included violence-related content that is meme-based, ironic, visually stylized, multimodal, and only partially ideological. This comprehensive literature review synthesized research on online extremism, extremist memes, toxic multimodal content, dehumanizing digital communication, nihilistic violent extremism, warning behaviors, platform affordances, and youth-facing online environments. The purpose was to clarify what the literature had established; identify where the scholarship remained fragmented; and map research domains relevant to social, behavioral, public safety, and human services scholarship. The review used a structured, comprehensive literature review strategy supported by integrative synthesis procedures. The final corpus contained 34 scholarly sources, including 32 …

Advancing Clean Mobility: Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Bus Workforce Development For Transit Agencies, Manideep Tummalapudi, Shantanu Kumar, Jaskaran Singh

Mineta Transportation Institute

Hydrogen fuel cell electric buses (FCEBs) are rapidly transforming public transportation in the United States. However, while transit agencies are investing heavily in new zero-emission vehicles and fueling infrastructure, far less attention has been paid to the workforce needed to operate and maintain them. As agencies accelerate toward ambitious climate and fleet transition goals, they are also confronting a critical challenge: preparing workers for an entirely new set of technologies, safety requirements, and operational demands. This study addresses that gap by systematically identifying the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) required for FCEB vehicle operators and maintenance technicians, assessing current training …

Pathways And Strategies For Intelligent Economy To Drive High-Quality Development, Yiming Wang

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The intelligent economy is a new economic model driven by artificial intelligence, representing a revolutionary shift in the technological-economic paradigm that promotes qualitative advancement in production factors, production functions, and production models. Through data-driven approaches, human-machine collaboration, cross-sector integration, and co-creation and sharing, the intelligent economy empowers high-quality development. In response to the transformations brought by the intelligent economy in terms of technology, factors, industries, ecosystems, and governance, systematic measures should be taken across scientific innovation, factor allocation, industrial transformation, ecosystem building, and governance systems to foster the emergence of new forms of the intelligent economy and inject strong momentum …

Theoretical Analysis And Promotion Path Of Coordinated Digital-Intelligent And Green Transformation In Manufacturing Industry, Chaokai Xue, Xiaohui Qu, Laijun Wang, Yifan Yang

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The coordinated digital-intelligent and green transformation in the manufacturing industry serves as a key lever for accelerating the sector’s progress towards intelligence, greenization, and integration. This study defines the connotation and key characteristics of the coordinated digital-intelligent and green transformation, constructs a theoretical analysis framework, identifies its current status and challenges, and proposes a promotion pathway based on above work. Drawing upon theories from digital economics, environmental economics, and industrial economics, this study develops an analytical framework characterized by scenario-driven dynamics, technology-enabled transformation, organizational collaboration, and environmental support. It further proposes actionable pathways, including enhancing scenario supply capacity, accelerating the …

Global Trends In Coordinated Digital-Intelligent And Green Transformation Of Manufacturing: Experience And Implications, Haiping Zhao, Yaxin Zhao, Lingshuo Song, Ling Jian, Jun Wang, Shuwei Zang, Xiujie Wu

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The coordinated digital-intelligent and green transformation of manufacturing is emerging as a major direction for advancing the transformation and upgrading of the global manufacturing sector and reshaping industrial competitive advantages. This study systematically analyzes the evolution of this transformation worldwide, the transformation pathways adopted by different economies, and the strategic priorities of key industries. It then examines Germany, the United States, and Japan as representative cases to illustrate their respective approaches and practices. Drawing on China’s existing development foundations and current shortcomings, the study puts forward corresponding policy recommendations. The findings reveal that the global coordinated transformation has progressively moved …

Field Research And Policy Recommendations On Coordinated Digital-Intelligent And Green Transformation Of China’S Traditional Manufacturing Industry—Evidence From Key Traditional Manufacturing Industries In Shandong Province, Dingding Xiao, Peng Hui, Shaoni Liu, Xinxin Du, Laijun Wang, Guilong Zhu, Wenbo Guo

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The coordinated digital-intelligent and green transformation of traditional manufacturing is an important pathway for upgrading traditional industries and accelerating the development of a modern industrial system. Based on field research involving more than 20 representative enterprises in Shandong Province across automobile manufacturing, coal processing, textiles, and petrochemicals, this study systematically examines the practical progress, typical models, major constraints, and policy needs associated with this transformation. The findings show that China’s traditional manufacturing sector is shifting from isolated upgrading to system integration, from production-focused transformation to full life-cycle coordination, and from individual-enterprise initiatives to industrial-chain collaboration. Nevertheless, it still faces insufficient …

Progress, Experience, And Recommendations From Pilot Programs For Coordinated Digital-Intelligent And Green Transformation In Ten Regions Of China, Yingtong Chen, Yupeng Shi, Bin Li, Xue Niu, Qiang Ji, Lin Xiang

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Coordinated digital-intelligent and green transformation is an important pathway for advancing high-quality manufacturing development. Focusing on the first batch of comprehensive pilot programs for coordinated digital and green transformation launched in 2023, this study combines literature review, text analysis, and comparative case analysis to examine the practices and phased outcomes of ten pilot regions. It identifies three pathways—digital-enabled green transformation, green-driven digital transformation, and integrated digital-green development—and summarizes key experiences in institutional design, infrastructure restructuring, platform innovation, and tool empowerment. The findings show that the pilot regions have adopted differentiated approaches based on their industrial foundations, resource endowments, and development …

Development Assessment And Strategic Recommendations For Integrated Digital-Intelligent And Green Technology In China’S Manufacturing Industry, Hongyan Zhang, Yuting Peng, Yajing Sun, Peng Zhou, Yanfei Zhao, Xiangjun Yang, Chao Zhang

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

The manufacturing industry is currently under the dual pressure of coordinated digital–intelligent and green transformation, and promoting the deep integration of these two dimensions has become a strategic choice for enhancing industrial competitiveness. Clarifying the current status and future directions of convergence technologies that integrate digital intelligence and green development can help optimize the coordinated transformation pathways for manufacturing, thereby providing strong support for high-quality economic development. Therefore, this study focuses on the technological foundation underpinning the transformation, delineating the development landscape of integrated digital-intelligent and green technologies in manufacturing industry from a patent perspective. The study analyzes the current …