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Articles 121 - 150 of 445
Full-Text Articles in Science and Technology Policy
Building New-Style Protected Area System With Chinese Characteristics And Promoting Innovative Development Of The Man And The Biosphere Programme, Zhen Yan
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Through innovative efforts to develop a national park-centered protected area system, China has made notable progress in science-based classification, protected areas consolidation and optimization, development and management, legal safeguards, and monitoring and oversight. These achievements have provided robust support for implementing the Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB), fostering a Chinese paradigm thereof. This paradigm features coordinated large-scale ecological conservation and improved livelihoods, integrated trans-boundary protection alongside monitoring and oversight, sustained advances in scientific research, and a balance between strict protection and rational utilization. Going forward, China will press ahead with building the world’s largest national park system, to serve …
Fruitful Cooperation Between China And Unesco In New Era, Changwei Qin
Fruitful Cooperation Between China And Unesco In New Era, Changwei Qin
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, especially since President XI Jinping’s historic visit to the UNESCO Headquarters and his important speech delivered at the visit, China-UNESCO cooperation has achieved fruitful results. This study outlines China and UNESCO’s joint efforts and cooperation in promoting exchange and mutual learning among civilizations, implementing UNESCO’s priority strategies, as well as the outcomes of cooperation in the fields of education, science, culture, and communication and information.
Achievement Of Chinese Biosphere Reserves Network And Suggestions For Its Development, Yaping Zhang, Ding Wang, Qiang Fang, Xiangjun Chen
Achievement Of Chinese Biosphere Reserves Network And Suggestions For Its Development, Yaping Zhang, Ding Wang, Qiang Fang, Xiangjun Chen
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
As the largest national platform for China’s implementation of UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB), the establishment of the Chinese Biosphere Reserves Network (CBRN) marks the Programme’s entry into a phase of integrated development in China. By leveraging regional and thematic networks of MAB, organizing multi-thematic training courses, constructing a multi-level talent cultivation system, hosting annual conference, running publications, promoting public communication with social media, strengthening the introduction and application of high technology, and establishing base for strategic research, CBRN has made significant achievements in international cooperation, capacity building, cultivation of youth talents, awareness raising, experience sharing, information exchange, …
Future Development Strategy And Action Plan For World Network Of Biosphere Reserves, Yu Wei, Xiaoli Shen, Yueyu Zou, Keping Ma
Future Development Strategy And Action Plan For World Network Of Biosphere Reserves, Yu Wei, Xiaoli Shen, Yueyu Zou, Keping Ma
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Global environmental governance is currently encountering serious challenges. The lack of integration between biodiversity conservation and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has imposed significant stress on the Earth system. Ecologically significant regions, particularly those with limited resources, are confronted with issues such as weak governance structures and restricted developmental opportunities. As the core platform of the Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB), the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) serves as a global model for reconciling conservation with sustainable development. Nevertheless, it continues to face major obstacles, including insufficient alignment with international frameworks, inadequate financial and human resource allocation, limited coordination …
Contribution Of Biosphere Reserves To Global Biodiversity Conservation And Climate Change, Zhiyun Ouyang, Yunong Yao, Jun Tang, Weihua Xu, Xiaosong Li, Li Zhu, Lei Cao, Mingli Lin, Yueyu Zou
Contribution Of Biosphere Reserves To Global Biodiversity Conservation And Climate Change, Zhiyun Ouyang, Yunong Yao, Jun Tang, Weihua Xu, Xiaosong Li, Li Zhu, Lei Cao, Mingli Lin, Yueyu Zou
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Biosphere Reserves are areas recognized by UNESCO that represent key terrestrial, coastal, and marine ecosystems. These areas are strictly protected and designed to fulfill three primary functions: conserving biodiversity, promoting sustainable development, and supporting scientific research and education. As of now, 759 biosphere reserves have been established in 136 countries and regions worldwide, supporting the livelihoods of approximately 236 million people. The total area of biosphere reserves covers 7.67 million km2, accounting for 4.10% of global terrestrial area, 5.08% of freshwater surface, and 0.21% of marine areas. The reserves encompass diverse ecosystems, including 2.22 million km2 of forests, 2.24 million …
Goals Of Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework And Solutions By China’S Biosphere Reserve Network, Guangchun Lei
Goals Of Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework And Solutions By China’S Biosphere Reserve Network, Guangchun Lei
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Biodiversity is the core element of earth life system, and it is also the source of food, drinking water, health, security, and social welfare for people. Biodiversity contains critical genetic resources that help people to response to future uncertainties, in particular, hold solutions to climate change. However, due to population outbreak, technology advancement, and unsustainable production and consumption, the earth ecosystem has been under significant development pressure, which indicated by human ecological footprint of 170% that earth ecosystem can provide, which led to continuous loss of biodiversity. If such trend continues, the sixth massive biodiversity extinction will unavoidable. This study …
Practical Experience And Achievements In Sustainable Development Of World Network Of Biosphere Reserves, Weihua Xu, Zuchen Ma, Günter Köck, Wenlu Chen, Zhiyun Ouyang
Practical Experience And Achievements In Sustainable Development Of World Network Of Biosphere Reserves, Weihua Xu, Zuchen Ma, Günter Köck, Wenlu Chen, Zhiyun Ouyang
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
As the core of the UNESCO “Man and the Biosphere Programme” (MAB), the World Network of Biosphere Reserves holds irreplaceable strategic value in harmonizing ecological conservation with regional sustainable development. Based on the four strategic objectives outlined in the Strategy for the Man and the Biosphere Programme (2015–2025), this study systematically analyzes the innovative practices across representative global reserves, revealing critical pathways and implementation outcomes for the sustainable development of biosphere reserves. The research demonstrates that the scientific conservation measures—including the establishment of biodiversity monitoring systems, systematic habitat restoration, and the development of genetic resource conservation networks—have significantly enhanced biodiversity …
Governing Human-Nature Harmony In Protected Area Communities: Global Lessons From Unesco’S Mab Network And Evidence From China’S Biosphere Reserves, Baorong Huang, Xuetian Hu, Ling Tang, Qingyu Lu
Governing Human-Nature Harmony In Protected Area Communities: Global Lessons From Unesco’S Mab Network And Evidence From China’S Biosphere Reserves, Baorong Huang, Xuetian Hu, Ling Tang, Qingyu Lu
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Building human-nature harmonious communities is foundational to effective protected-area governance. Drawing on fifty years of global practice under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme, this study distills four practice-oriented insights: establishing co-management committees to secure the institutional basis; developing ecological branding to add value to ecological products and raise household incomes; cultivating ecological flagships to enhance international reputation and attract investment; and safeguarding cultural diversity to strengthen residents’ sense of belonging and support for management. Case materials are integrated from 34 biosphere reserves in China and an observational indicator framework is constructed and a survey-based assessment is conducted for …
Man And The Biosphere: Life Community Of Ethno-Biography, Zhaorong Peng
Man And The Biosphere: Life Community Of Ethno-Biography, Zhaorong Peng
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Against the backdrop of escalating ecological crises and biodiversity loss, UNESCO’s “Man and the Biosphere Programme” highlights the interdisciplinary value of global ecological governance. As an epistemological projection of the concept of a “community of life” ethno-biography—a synthesis of anthropology and natural history—emphasizes interspecies reciprocity and systemic interconnection, articulating the underlying logic of life as a shared biosphere. This perspective advocates a shift from anthropocentrism toward an ecological ethic of restraint, underscoring the equal survival rights of all species. Through multilateral cooperation and localized implementation, the Man and the Biosphere framework offers a practical platform for the ethno-biographic approach, with …
Scientific Research Supports Biosphere’S Conservation —Case Study Of Dinghushan World Biosphere Reserve, Hanping Xia, Juxiu Liu, Xiankai Lu, Hai Ren
Scientific Research Supports Biosphere’S Conservation —Case Study Of Dinghushan World Biosphere Reserve, Hanping Xia, Juxiu Liu, Xiankai Lu, Hai Ren
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Based on a brief review of the Dinghushan National Nature Reserve/Dinghushan World Biosphere Reserve, this study comprehensively reviews its scientific research progress in the past 70 years, including three stages: early ecological investigation and biodiversity monitoring; mid-term research on ecosystem structure, function, and dynamics; and recent comprehensive studies. The study also analyzes the role of scientific research in supporting biodiversity conservation, local community sustainable development, and mitigation and adaptation to global climate change in the reserve. Finally, five inspirations and suggestions are proposed to support biosphere conservation through scientific research: (1) research-based conservation has strong vitality; (2) enhancing the level …
Empowering Ecological Monitoring With Science And Technology, Driving Conservation And Development Through Innovation—A Case Study Of Wolong World Biosphere Reserve, Tingmei He, Shufeng Wang, Fan Wu, Yongfeng Wang
Empowering Ecological Monitoring With Science And Technology, Driving Conservation And Development Through Innovation—A Case Study Of Wolong World Biosphere Reserve, Tingmei He, Shufeng Wang, Fan Wu, Yongfeng Wang
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Ecological monitoring can provide basic data and decision-making support for ecological environment management and policy formulation. The technologies and methods adopted in ecological monitoring by the Wolong National Nature Reserve, located in Sichuan, China, hold extensive representativeness and influence on a global scale. Based on a review of the main monitoring practices of the Wolong World Biosphere Reserve, this paper presents the adoption of different technical paths and collaborative applications in the “sky-Earth-space integrated” monitoring, as well as the practices in promoting the “Five Ones” goals (i.e., one set of data, one platform, one set of algorithms, one cloud, and …
Integrating Protection And Development Issues Through Expansion: A Case Study Of Tianmushan-Qingliangfeng World Biosphere Reserve, Wei Wang
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
In September 2025, the Fifth UNESCO World Congress of Biosphere Reserves will be held in Hangzhou, China. The delegates will engage in detailed discussions on key issues, including the harmonious coexistence of humans and nature, as well as balanced conservation and development. This congress will also develop a strategic and action plan for the next phase of the world biosphere reserves. The Tianmushan-Qingliangfeng World Biosphere Reserve represents China’s first successful application for world biosphere reserve achieved through an expansion process. Here, this study first elucidates the value and significance of expanding world biosphere reserves. Subsequently, drawing on the practical experience …
Transboundary Conservation Of Biosphere: Case Study From Xishuangbanna World Biosphere Reserve, Lin Wang, Lifan Wang, Xiaoyan Yi, Yun Yang, Ruichang Quan
Transboundary Conservation Of Biosphere: Case Study From Xishuangbanna World Biosphere Reserve, Lin Wang, Lifan Wang, Xiaoyan Yi, Yun Yang, Ruichang Quan
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Transboundary conservation, as a pivotal strategy in addressing the global biodiversity crisis, plays a critical role in maintaining ecological connectivity and promoting regional ecological security and sustainable development. Under the initiative of the Xishuangbanna World Biosphere Reserve and with bilateral governmental support from China and Laos, a contiguous transboundary protected area spanning approximately 220 km and encompassing 200 000 hectares was established along their shared border in 2012. This study elucidates the importance of transboundary conservation. Using the Xishuangbanna World Biosphere Reserve as a case study, the joint efforts between China and Laos are examined, and the effectiveness in the …
Developing Integrated Protected Area Communities: Insights From Gaoligongshan Unesco Biosphere Reserve, China, Jianwei Chen, Ling Tang, Ying’An Zhang, Shihai Yu, Hui Yang, Yuanmengran Chu
Developing Integrated Protected Area Communities: Insights From Gaoligongshan Unesco Biosphere Reserve, China, Jianwei Chen, Ling Tang, Ying’An Zhang, Shihai Yu, Hui Yang, Yuanmengran Chu
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
The integrated protected area community (IPAC) model is a Chinese innovation in protected area governance, emerging from the convergence of national policy support, local government implementation, and community participation. Rather than relying solely on administrative jurisdiction or geographic proximity, IPAC uses protected areas as institutional hubs to align ecological conservation with community development and regional collaboration. Based on the case of the Gaoligongshan UNESCO biosphere reserve, this study examines how policy coordination, stakeholder integration, and ecological value realization are operationalized under the IPAC approach, highlighting an integrated mechanism that combines state-led planning, multi-entity co-governance, and ecological product valorization. The Gaoligongshan …
Aesthetics Of Life’S Continuity: Local Experiences And Chinese Wisdom In Sustainable Development Of Maolan Biosphere Reserve, Ying Zhang, Jingcheng Ran, Dengli Yu
Aesthetics Of Life’S Continuity: Local Experiences And Chinese Wisdom In Sustainable Development Of Maolan Biosphere Reserve, Ying Zhang, Jingcheng Ran, Dengli Yu
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) emphasizes that biosphere reserves should serve as “learning sites for sustainable development”. Ecological conservation should not be separated from human life, but instead be integrated with community development, cultural continuity, and educational advancement. Guided by this principle, the Maolan Biosphere Reserve in Guizhou has grounded its efforts in the traditional ecological culture of its multi-ethnic local communities. It transforms ecological ethics and aesthetic experiences into shared ecological values and innovative governance mechanisms, thereby forging a path of ecological civilization that integrates nature conservation, cultural identity, and livelihood improvement.
Hu Baonan: Qingliangfeng National Nature Reserve—Scientific Conservation Of Endangered Species, Editorial Office Of Bulletin Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences
Hu Baonan: Qingliangfeng National Nature Reserve—Scientific Conservation Of Endangered Species, Editorial Office Of Bulletin Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
No abstract provided.
Dabuxilatu, Hong Meijing: Ecological And Cultural Symphony In Saihanwula World Biosphere Reserve, Inner Mongolia, Editorial Office Of Bulletin Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences
Dabuxilatu, Hong Meijing: Ecological And Cultural Symphony In Saihanwula World Biosphere Reserve, Inner Mongolia, Editorial Office Of Bulletin Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
No abstract provided.
Shu Zufei: Exploration Of “Harmony Between Humans And Nature” In Chebaling World Biosphere Reserve, Editorial Office Of Bulletin Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences
Shu Zufei: Exploration Of “Harmony Between Humans And Nature” In Chebaling World Biosphere Reserve, Editorial Office Of Bulletin Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
No abstract provided.
Ma Yu: Niubeiliang World Biosphere Reserve: Nature Education For Future, Editorial Office Of Bulletin Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences
Ma Yu: Niubeiliang World Biosphere Reserve: Nature Education For Future, Editorial Office Of Bulletin Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
No abstract provided.
Yang Kun, Xing Huaibo: Ten Years’ Journey Of Hanma World Biosphere Reserve, Editorial Office Of Bulletin Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences
Yang Kun, Xing Huaibo: Ten Years’ Journey Of Hanma World Biosphere Reserve, Editorial Office Of Bulletin Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
No abstract provided.
China In Global Digital Trade Governance: Towards A Development-Oriented Agenda?, Yujia He, Ka Zeng
China In Global Digital Trade Governance: Towards A Development-Oriented Agenda?, Yujia He, Ka Zeng
Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce Faculty Publications
Existing literature on the behaviour of rising powers in global trade governance has yielded inconclusive evidence about their role and impact. This article contributes to this literature by examining China's role in global digital trade governance, an issue area which so far has not received sufficient scholarly attention. Specifically, it addresses the following question: as a self-proclaimed leader of the developing world in digital development, to what extent do its preferences and negotiation approach align with the interests of other developing countries? Analysing China's participation in three sets of negotiations using process tracing, the article argues that China's dual identity …
Developing Green Design, Leading Green And Low-Carbon Society, Yongxiang Lu
Developing Green Design, Leading Green And Low-Carbon Society, Yongxiang Lu
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Green design refers to a design principle and method that comprehensively considers energy and resource conservation, emission reduction, and environmental impact during the product manufacturing and operation process in the product design stage. It strives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions throughout the entire product lifecycle. In the era of information networks, green design is supported by big data, AI network collaborative design, network detection and monitoring, etc. It involves selecting energy-saving processes, green and low-carbon materials, and optimizing product geometry design and surface treatment to achieve efficient resource utilization and minimize waste. For example, selecting environmentally friendly materials through networked …
Challenges And Recommendations For Building Open Source Innovation Ecosystem For Large-Models In China, Xin Wen, Chao Zhang, Rui Guo, Kaihua Chen, Ze Feng, Qigang Zhu
Challenges And Recommendations For Building Open Source Innovation Ecosystem For Large-Models In China, Xin Wen, Chao Zhang, Rui Guo, Kaihua Chen, Ze Feng, Qigang Zhu
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Addressing the current technological development issues that constrain the development of China’s large-scale model industry is needed to promote the continuous prosperity and development of the industry and enhance its international competitiveness. The study analyzes the significance of the open-source innovation ecosystem for the development of large-scale models in China. Based on reviewing the international experience of constructing the open-source innovation ecosystem, it further dissects the problems and challenges faced by the construction of the open-source innovation ecosystem for large-scale models in China and puts forward targeted suggestions. The study finds that the open-source innovation ecosystem for large-scale models in …
Research And Practice Of Digital Institute And Its System Framework, Jianjun Yu, Yue Wang, Kongmin Wang, Zhuomin Shi
Research And Practice Of Digital Institute And Its System Framework, Jianjun Yu, Yue Wang, Kongmin Wang, Zhuomin Shi
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
In the era of the digital economy, digital scientific research and digital government are both crucial components, serving as application scenarios enabled by new information technologies. Currently, the new generation of information technologies, especially artificial intelligence and big data, is instrumental in modernizing governance at scientific research institutions within Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). They notably drive paradigm shifts in scientific activities and accelerate the digital transformation of these institutions. The digital system formed by the digital transformation of management processes in scientific activities at research institutes is defined as the digital institute. This study analyzes the impact of digital …
Innovative Development Of China' Energy Models In Digital Economy Era, Junlian Gao, Bo Zhang, Guosheng Zhang, He Liu
Innovative Development Of China' Energy Models In Digital Economy Era, Junlian Gao, Bo Zhang, Guosheng Zhang, He Liu
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
In the era of the digital economy, the explosive growth of massive data and emerging technologies has brought new opportunities and challenges to the development of energy models. This study is grounded in the historical context and current trends of energy model development, revisits the basic connotations of energy models and their narrow and broad distinctions, and analyzes the latest research progress and technological frontiers of both types of models from a global perspective. Focusing on domestic practices, it clarifies the urgent needs for China’s energy model development in the digital economy era, including achieving independent innovation, aligning with national …
Research And Implications Of The Us Clean Energy Strategy, Lanchun Li, Qing Liu, Wei Chen, Yun Tang, Jun Chen
Research And Implications Of The Us Clean Energy Strategy, Lanchun Li, Qing Liu, Wei Chen, Yun Tang, Jun Chen
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
As the world enters a new period of carbon neutrality, the US government is actively building a clean energy innovation ecosystem through both internal and external measures. Systematically tracking and in-depth analysis of the intent, structure, approach, and other characteristics of the new phase of the US clean energy strategy is of practical significance to Chinese energy revolution. The US focuses on the strategic objectives of science and technology innovation, energy security, and infrastructure, and has constructed an innovation ecology characterized by technology lists, planning blueprints, full-chain research, and innovative subjects from the perspective of whole-government coordination, cross-institutional decision-making, deep …
Effective Carbon Cost Constraints: Unity Of Environmental Effectiveness, Cost Effectiveness, And Incentive Effectiveness, Yongping Sun, Jingning Jiang, Xinyu Zhang
Effective Carbon Cost Constraints: Unity Of Environmental Effectiveness, Cost Effectiveness, And Incentive Effectiveness, Yongping Sun, Jingning Jiang, Xinyu Zhang
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
The carbon market serves as a crucial policy tool in the pursuit of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. It holds significant importance in driving the innovation of green and low-carbon technologies in China, facilitating the realization of nationally determined contributions, and bolstering China’s global leadership in climate action. The core function of the carbon market is carbon pricing, which can only be effective and achieve various objectives like carbon emissions reduction and sustainable development when carbon costs are reasonably constrained. Environmental effectiveness, cost effectiveness, and incentive effectiveness are three important dimensions to evaluate the effectiveness of the carbon market, …
Considerations On How Does Public Scientific Research Institution Deal With Open Source Intellectual Property Problems, Yungang Bao, Xiaojuan Li
Considerations On How Does Public Scientific Research Institution Deal With Open Source Intellectual Property Problems, Yungang Bao, Xiaojuan Li
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
Open source plays a positive role in terms of innovation iteration, ecological expansion, and international development. Nevertheless, when trying to open source scientific research achievements, or to participate in the construction of open-source communities, public scientific research institutions encounter open source related problems such as losses of state-owned assets, disposal of intellectual property right, legal risks prevention and control, etc. The authors put forward proposals from the following aspects: donation of open source projects, selection of open source license, and construction of open source Patent Pool.
Technology Governance And Governance Technology: From Perspective Of Regulatory Research On Blockchain Digital Assets, Yikai Wu, Guoan Li
Technology Governance And Governance Technology: From Perspective Of Regulatory Research On Blockchain Digital Assets, Yikai Wu, Guoan Li
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
The Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan takes blockchain as one of the key industries of the digital economy, and a number of ministries and commissions have also made clear deployments to accelerate the innovative application of blockchain, promote the digital transformation of the industry, and promote the high-quality development of the economy and society in the policy documents related to the informatization of the industry. The regulation and governance of blockchain digital assets cannot be separated from the understanding and analysis of blockchain technology itself, and observing the development mechanism of blockchain digital assets from the scientific and technological …
Authority Vs. Incentives: Comparison Of Central And Local Government Policies To Promote Openness Of Scientific Facilities And Instruments, Dingyi You, Shuai Xiao, Chen Zhang, Hao Wen, Dacheng Song, Runtong Guo, Ke Wen, Qiang Wei, Zhi Yu, Tianming Li
Authority Vs. Incentives: Comparison Of Central And Local Government Policies To Promote Openness Of Scientific Facilities And Instruments, Dingyi You, Shuai Xiao, Chen Zhang, Hao Wen, Dacheng Song, Runtong Guo, Ke Wen, Qiang Wei, Zhi Yu, Tianming Li
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)
The openness of scientific facilities and instruments is a part of open science, which can help improve the efficiency of resource utilization and promote more research outputs. Policies is a key driving force for the openness, but studies to analyze such policies are still lackluster. This study conducted a text analysis of 23 central government policies and 65 local government policies in the time-tool framework, and found two types of authority tools: mandatory openness and duplicate review, as well as various incentive tools to give positive and negative payment. It reveals that provincial governments follow and tighten the screws of …