Science and Technology Policy Commons^™

The Questionable Use Of Custom In Intellectual Property, Jennifer E. Rothman

All Faculty Scholarship

The treatment of customary practices has been widely debated in many areas of the law, but there has been virtually no discussion of how custom is and should be treated in the context of intellectual property (IP). Nevertheless, customs have a profound impact on both de facto and de jure IP law. The unarticulated incorporation of custom threatens to swallow up IP law, and replace it with industry-led IP regimes that give the public and other creators more limited rights to access and use intellectual property than were envisioned by the Constitution and Congress. This article presents a powerful critique …

R&D Policy In The United States: The Promotion Of Nanotechnology, Philip Shapira, Jue Wang

Philip Shapira

This case study reviews the evolution of nanotechnology policies and programmes in the United States with a particular focus on three thematic areas: governance, interactions among R&D policies, and interaction between R&D policy and non-R&D policies. Federal R&D policy in nanotechnology has moved through several stages, including initial exploration before the 1980s, the promotion of scientific and technological breakthroughs in the 1980s, policy development in the 1990s and multiagency national initiatives in the 2000s. Since 2001, the major federal R&D policy mechanism in nanotechnology in the US has been the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). NNI promotes policy deliberation and, most …

Defining A Research Domain In An Emerging Technology: Vaccine Research In The State Of Georgia, Shannon Barker, Jan Youtie, Philip Shapira

Philip Shapira

This paper presents an approach for measuring emerging technologies in the context of mature industries. In particular, this article focuses on vaccine-related research. Although vaccines comprise an established industry, new developments in biotechnology have led to emerging area in vaccine R&D, including therapeutic vaccines; subunit and DNA-based vaccines; advances in vaccine delivery; and new methodologies for vaccine design, manufacturing, and testing. Defining this field is challenging because it spans multiple disciplines, including biotechnology, public health, and epidemiology. To gain an understanding of the field as it is related to biomedical research, we focused our study parameters to concentrate on these …

Session 1 - Cold War Technoscience In Nevada: The Nevada Test Site Oral History Project, Mary Palevsky

International Symposium on Technology and Society

During the Cold War, the United States conducted over 1000 nuclear weapons tests. Of those, 928 took place at the Nevada Test Site (NTS). One hundred tests were in the atmosphere and 921 underground at the 1375 square mile site located 65 north of Las Vegas. Nevada Test Site Oral History Project (NTSOHP) researchers have conducted over 300 hours of interviews with individuals affiliated with and impacted by the NTS, documenting the diversity of experience among many communities of voices including: weapons scientists, test site officials, laborers, contractors and support personnel, the military, American Indians, communities downwind of the NTS, …

Procedure Planning For Science Activities, C. A. Schneider, W. W. Watson

Publications (YM)

This procedure establishes responsibilities and process for preparation, review, approval, revision/cancellation, and distribution of work plans for scientific investigation activities, including modeling, scientific laboratory and field testing activities, scientific analyses, and other science related documents and technical products. Plans for other activities may be completed in accordance with the requirements of this procedure, as directed by management.

El Staff Presidencial En México. Del Secretario Particular A Las Oficinas De La Presidencia, J. R. Joel Flores-Mariscal

J. R. Joel Flores-Mariscal

No abstract provided.

Reward Systems And Nsf University Research Centers: The Impact Of Tenure On University Scientists’ Valuation Of Applied And Commercially-Relevant Research, Craig Boardman, Branco Ponomariov

Branco Ponomariov

No abstract provided.

Applied Cultural Theory As A Tool In Policy Analysis, Robert Hoppe

Robert Hoppe

No abstract provided.

Vom Rechenautomaten Zum Elektronischen Medium: Eine Kurze Geschichte Des Interaktiven Computers, Michael Friedewald

Michael Friedewald

No abstract provided.

Keeping The Internet Neutral?: Tim Wu And Christopher Yoo Debate, Tim Wu, Christopher S. Yoo

All Faculty Scholarship

"Net neutrality" has been among the leading issues of telecommunications policy this decade. Is the neutrality of the Internet fundamental to its success, and worth regulating to protect, or simply a technical design subject to improvement? In this debate-form commentary, Tim Wu and Christopher Yoo make clear the connection between net neutrality and broader issues of national telecommunications policy.

Role Strain In University Research Centers, Craig Boardman, Barry Bozeman

Craig Boardman

We examine interview data from 21 science and engineering faculty affiliated with both academic departments and university research centers. Our results indicate that such scientists experience "role strain" but that resources provided by the centers provide sufficient inducement for affiliation. An important faculty development issue is whether the increments in resources are sufficient to offset the fragmentation of activities likely associated with role strain.

The Precautionary Principle In Context: Us And Eu Scientists’ Prescriptions For Policy In The Face Of Uncertainty, Carol Silva, Hank Jenkins-Smith

Hank C Jenkins-Smith

Objective. Our objective is to explain how scientists interpret less-than-certain scientific findings to inform policymakers’ choices on controversial science policy issues. We focus on two particularly difficult policy cases concerning global climate change and low-dose radiation protection. Methods. Our method is to analyze data from a unique multination survey of scientists to analyze the ways their views about what is scientifically correct are translated into judgments about appropriate policy. The surveys asked scientists, randomly drawn from U.S. and E.U. subscribers to the journal Science, to indicate the ‘‘most likely’’ relationships between greenhouse gas emissions and average global temperatures and between …

Reward Systems And Nsf University Research Centers: The Impact Of Tenure On University Scientists’ Valuation Of Applied And Commercially-Relevant Research, Craig Boardman, Branco Ponomariov

Craig Boardman

Over the past three decades, U.S. science policy has shifted from decentralized support of small, investigator-initiated research projects to more centralized, block grant-based, multidisciplinary research centers. No matter one's take on the "revolutionary" nature of this shift, a major consequence is that university scientists, now more than ever, are subject to multiple and often conflicting demands. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of having tenure on university scientists' consideration of these demands, particularly the demand for applied and commercially relevant research. For this study, the authors examine scientists who work in a particular type of university …

Knowledge, Technology Trajectories, And Innovation In A Developing Country Context: Evidence From A Survey Of Malaysian Firms, Deepak Hegde, Philip Shapira

Philip Shapira

The Precautionary Principle In Context: Us And Eu Scientists’ Prescriptions For Policy In The Face Of Uncertainty, Carol L. Silva, Hank C. Jenkins-Smith

Carol L. Silva

Objective. Our objective is to explain how scientists interpret less-than-certain scientific findings to inform policymakers’ choices on controversial science policy issues. We focus on two particularly difficult policy cases concerning global climate change and low-dose radiation protection. Methods. Our method is to analyze data from a unique multination survey of scientists to analyze the ways their views about what is scientifically correct are translated into judgments about appropriate policy. The surveys asked scientists, randomly drawn from U.S. and E.U. subscribers to the journal Science, to indicate the ‘‘most likely’’ relationships between greenhouse gas emissions and average global temperatures and between …

Privacy, Identity And Security In Ambient Intelligence: A Scenario Analysis, Michael Friedewald, Elena Vildjiounaite, Yves Punie, David Wright

Michael Friedewald

The success of Ambient Intelligence (AmI) will depend on how secure it can be made, how privacy and other rights of indi- viduals can be protected and how individuals can come to trust the intelligent world that surrounds them and through which they move. This article addresses these issues by analysing scenarios for ambient intelligence applications that have been developed over the last few years. It elaborates the assumptions that promotors make about the likely use of the technology and possibly unwanted side effects. It concludes with a number of threats for personal privacy that become evident.

Global Research Competition Affects Measured U.S. Academic Output, Diana M. Hicks

Diana Hicks