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Articles 1051 - 1080 of 1106
Full-Text Articles in Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration
Entrepreneurs, Income Taxes, And Investment, Robert Carroll, Douglas Holtz-Eakin, Mark Rider, Harvey Rosen
Entrepreneurs, Income Taxes, And Investment, Robert Carroll, Douglas Holtz-Eakin, Mark Rider, Harvey Rosen
Center for Policy Research
This paper investigates the effect of entrepreneurs’ personal income tax situations on their capital investment decisions. We examine the income tax returns of a sample of sole proprietors before and after the Tax Reform Act of 1986 and determine how the substantial reductions in marginal tax rates for the relatively affluent associated with that law affected their decisions to invest in physical capital. We find that individual income taxes exert a statistically and quantitatively significant influence on investment decisions. In our sample, a 5 percentage point increase in marginal tax rates would reduce the proportion of entrepreneurs who make new …
Selected Government Performance Outcomes For The City Of Syracuse: Comparisons Of The Six Residential Tnt Sectors In The Areas Of Crime, Fire, Streets, Trash, And Parks, Syracuse University. Maxwell School. Community Benchmarks Program
Selected Government Performance Outcomes For The City Of Syracuse: Comparisons Of The Six Residential Tnt Sectors In The Areas Of Crime, Fire, Streets, Trash, And Parks, Syracuse University. Maxwell School. Community Benchmarks Program
Community Benchmarks Program
The report describes data compiled between January 1997 and March 1998 and suggests follow-up studies and actions. It also explains how benchmarks can be used to both improve government services as well as to provide a framework for community problem-solving in the areas of: 1) crime control, 2) fire protection, 3) park safety and maintenance, 4) street maintenance and snow removal, and 5) waste collection.
Discrimination In Qualitative Actions By Real Estate Brokers, Jan Ondrich, Alex Stricker
Discrimination In Qualitative Actions By Real Estate Brokers, Jan Ondrich, Alex Stricker
Center for Policy Research
Discrimination occurs when people in a particular class are systematically treated less favorably than other equally qualified people. This study focuses on racial and ethnic discrimination in qualitative actions by real estate brokers, such as showing a customer a housing unit that was advertised in the newspaper. The data come from the Housing Discrimination Study, which conducted over 2,000 fair housing audits of real estate brokers in 25 metropolitan areas in 1989. Each audit consists of a visit to a real estate agency by a white person and either a black or Hispanic person with similar socio-economic characteristics. Using Chamberlain’s …
Armut : Der Mensch Lebt Nicht Vom Brot Allein : Wege Zur Soziokulturellen Existenzsicherung, Isidor Wallimann, Susanne Schmid
Armut : Der Mensch Lebt Nicht Vom Brot Allein : Wege Zur Soziokulturellen Existenzsicherung, Isidor Wallimann, Susanne Schmid
Books
While the usual discussion about the poverty of the minimum financial security speaks, the authors ask what it could mean for to be living in a secure socio-cultural minimum. The fact is that poverty can be both "caused" by various forms of exclusion, as well as the socio-cultural exclusion promotes or "causes".
Financing Higher Standards In Public Education: The Importance Of Accounting For Educational Costs, William Duncombe, John Yinger
Financing Higher Standards In Public Education: The Importance Of Accounting For Educational Costs, William Duncombe, John Yinger
Center for Policy Research
Performance standards have been at the center of recent debates on educational reform. Many states have implemented new performance standards, often based on student test scores, and a district's state aid is sometimes linked to its success in meeting the standards. This focus on performance is designed primarily to promote better student achievement by holding schools accountable. However, a school's performance is influence not only by the actions of its administrators and teachers but also by factors outside its control, such as the nature of its student body. Thus, a focus on performance is inevitably unfair, especially to cities, unless …
Patients As Consumers: Making The Health Care System Our Own., David J. Lansky
Patients As Consumers: Making The Health Care System Our Own., David J. Lansky
Center for Policy Research
I ask you to think about our health care system. Think beyond the issues that are in front of us today: the anxiety we have about managed care, obtaining our own health care and paying for it, the survival of Medicare, and the unpredictable impact of government regulations. Think about our *health*, what we want from our health care system, what we're spending all this money for, and what we care about for ourselves and for our families. The challenge we face in the next five, ten, or fifteen years is to place the American health care system under the …
New Conundrums: Public Policy And The Emerging Health Care Marketplace, James R. Tallon
New Conundrums: Public Policy And The Emerging Health Care Marketplace, James R. Tallon
Center for Policy Research
There is a fundamentally new dynamic in American health care, one that has yet to be fully experienced but that threatens to leave a large portion of the American population without access to the quality health care they have received in the past. While the federal government has not completely abandoned the goal of assuring universal health care, a goal that dates back to the creation of Medicare and Medicaid in the 1960s and even earlier, the mechanisms to pursue that goal have changed. The implicit contract between government and health care providers--mostly doctors and not-for-profit hospitals--under which subsidized care …
The Outlook For Onondaga County's Finances: Baseline Scenario, William Duncombe, Bernard Jump Jr.
The Outlook For Onondaga County's Finances: Baseline Scenario, William Duncombe, Bernard Jump Jr.
Center for Policy Research
This is the third of four reports to the Onondaga Lake Management Conference about the economic and fiscal implications for Onondaga County of court-mandated expenditures for sewer-related remediation of Onondaga Lake.
How The Fruits Of Growth Were Distributed Among Working-Age Families In The United States And Germany In The 1980s, Richard V. Burkhauser, Amy D. Crews, Mary C. Daly
How The Fruits Of Growth Were Distributed Among Working-Age Families In The United States And Germany In The 1980s, Richard V. Burkhauser, Amy D. Crews, Mary C. Daly
Center for Policy Research
We use cross-sectional and longitudinal data from Germany (Socio-Economic Panel) and the United States (Panel Study on Income Dynamics) to show how the income distribution changed over the 1980s business cycle in these two countries. Consistent with other researchers we find income inequality in the United States increased over the peak years of the 1980s business cycle and that the middle of the income distribution shrank. However, we also find that the great bulk of the disappearing middle shifted to the right— became richer— over the period. Hence, it was disproportionate gains from growth rather than the “immiseration” of the …
Expensive Children In Poor Families: Out-Of-Pocket Expenditures For The Care Of Disabled And Chronically Ill Children And Welfare Reform, Anna Lukemeyer, Marcia K. Meyers, Timothy M. Smeeding
Expensive Children In Poor Families: Out-Of-Pocket Expenditures For The Care Of Disabled And Chronically Ill Children And Welfare Reform, Anna Lukemeyer, Marcia K. Meyers, Timothy M. Smeeding
Center for Policy Research
This study explores one aspect of the costs experienced by low-income families with one or more special needs children: direct, out-of-pocket expenses for items related to the child’s disability, such as special foods, transportation to medical clinics, or medical costs not covered by insurance. We find that almost half (46 percent) of a sample of California AFDC families with special needs children experienced some special expenses in the preceding month. About 20 percent of these low-income families experienced total costs exceeding $100. Families with severely disabled children were more likely to experience costs and tended to experience higher costs. While …
Placing A Lid On Marginal Tax Rates: A New Way To Simplify The Income Tax Structure, John Yinger
Placing A Lid On Marginal Tax Rates: A New Way To Simplify The Income Tax Structure, John Yinger
Center for Policy Research
Thanks to the phasing out of exemptions and excess itemized deductions and to the alternative minimum tax, the federal income tax rate schedule is difficult to draw, to understand, and to connect with any tax principle. Moreover, some taxpayers now face unreasonably high marginal tax rates. This paper proposes a new approach that simplifies the income tax system at its point of intersection with taxpayers; sets absolute upper and lower bounds on true marginal tax rates; and allows for the phasing out of any or all exemptions, deductions, or other tax preferences according to clear principles. This approach can achieve …
The Economic And Fiscal Impact Of Lake Remediation On Onondaga County, William Duncombe, Shannon Felt, James R. Follain, Bernard Jump Jr.
The Economic And Fiscal Impact Of Lake Remediation On Onondaga County, William Duncombe, Shannon Felt, James R. Follain, Bernard Jump Jr.
Center for Policy Research
This is the fourth and final report to the Onondaga Lake Management Conference about the economic and fiscal implications for Onondaga County of court-mandated expenditures for sewer-related remediation of Onondaga Lake. Exactly how much remediation will cost and what, precisely, will be the technical specifications of the plan that is finally approved by the court are both still to be decided. Yet, there is little doubt that an undertaking of the dollar magnitude contemplated for lake remediation has the potential to affect the fiscal condition of the county and the future health of the local economy.
The Cost Of Caring: Childhood Disability And Poor Families, Marcia K. Meyers, Anna Lukemeyer, Timothy M. Smeeding
The Cost Of Caring: Childhood Disability And Poor Families, Marcia K. Meyers, Anna Lukemeyer, Timothy M. Smeeding
Center for Policy Research
Children in poor families are at heightened risk for disabilities and chronic health problems, and care for these children can impose substantial costs on families and public programs. Although the prevalence and costs of disabilities among poor children have important policy implications, they have been largely overlooked in research on poverty and welfare and on the costs of childhood disabilities. This paper analyzes the prevalence of childhood disabilities and chronic illness among welfare recipient families in California and the probability families caring for these children experience higher out-of-pocket costs and material hardship then do other similar families.
A Review And Forecast Of The Onondaga County Economy, Shannon Felt, James R. Follain, Suzanne Mccoskey
A Review And Forecast Of The Onondaga County Economy, Shannon Felt, James R. Follain, Suzanne Mccoskey
Center for Policy Research
The purpose of this paper is to review the economy of Onondaga County and to offer a forecast of its future until the year 2035. This information will be used in forming a plan to improve the quality of Onondaga Lake. Understanding the past and the forecastable future is crucial to the formation of this plan and to anyone with a stake in the county’s future economic growth. To create this review and forecast, we used the REMI model, a multi-equation model of a local or regional economy and is a tool that is widely used in studies of this …
Onondaga County's Economic Performance Since 1980 And Prospects For The Next Decade, William Duncombe, Wilson Wong
Onondaga County's Economic Performance Since 1980 And Prospects For The Next Decade, William Duncombe, Wilson Wong
Center for Policy Research
The last three decades have been a time of transition for the economy of Onondaga County. After its poor performance in the 1970s, it rebounded during most of the 1980s. Since then the county economy has stagnated and even declined in key sectors. This report probes behind these aggregate trends to shed light on the nature of the changing county economy. To put these trends in perspective, the county's performance is compared to that of other metropolitan areas and regions in New York State and several fast growing metropolitan areas in the South. Understanding the reasons for Onondaga County's current …
Entmündigung Und Emanzipation Durch Die Soziale Arbeit : Individuelle Und Strukturelle Aspekte, Stefan Eugster, Esteban Pineiro, Isidor Wallimann
Entmündigung Und Emanzipation Durch Die Soziale Arbeit : Individuelle Und Strukturelle Aspekte, Stefan Eugster, Esteban Pineiro, Isidor Wallimann
Books
Entmündigung und Emanzipation durch die Soziale Arbeit explores the effects of different aspects of the social work profession. It specifically examines how social work can emancipate or incapacitate people.
American Income Inequality In A Cross-National Perspective: Why Are We So Different?, Timothy M. Smeeding
American Income Inequality In A Cross-National Perspective: Why Are We So Different?, Timothy M. Smeeding
Center for Policy Research
Increasingly the rich nations of the world face a common set of social and economic issues: the cost of population aging, a growing number of single parent families, the growing majority of two-earner families, increasing numbers of immigrants from poorer nations, and in particular, rising economic inequality generated by skill-based technological change, international trade and other factors. All of these nations have also designed systems of social protection to shield their citizen against the risk of a fall in economic status due to unemployment, divorce, disability, retirement, and death of a spouse. The interaction of these economic and demographic forces …
Stochastic Modeling Of Active Life And Its Expectancy, Douglas A. Wolf, Sarah B. Laditka
Stochastic Modeling Of Active Life And Its Expectancy, Douglas A. Wolf, Sarah B. Laditka
Center for Policy Research
The concept of “active” (or “disability-free”) life, and its average value, has proven to be a useful index of public health and of quality of life for populations. A question of great interest in recent years is whether recent trends towards longer life expectancy have been accompanied by comparable increases in active life expectancy. Past research on patterns and trends of active and “inactive” life has focused almost exclusively on the expectancy—or, the average value—of years spent with and without disability. This measure is useful for actuarial calculations, for example analysis of the insurance value of programs that provide long-term …
Who Minimum Wage Increases Bite: An Analysis Using Monthly Data From The Sipp And Cps, Richard V. Burkhauser, Kenneth A. Couch, David C. Wittenburg
Who Minimum Wage Increases Bite: An Analysis Using Monthly Data From The Sipp And Cps, Richard V. Burkhauser, Kenneth A. Couch, David C. Wittenburg
Center for Policy Research
In this paper we use an estimating equation from the research of leading proponents of the view that minimum wage increases do not cause employment losses. Rather than using annual data from the May Current Population Survey (CPS), we test this hypothesis using monthly data from both the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) and the CPS. We find the traditional result that neoclassical theory would predict: minimum wage increases create employment losses that are concentrated among less valued workers. Minimum wage increases have an insignificant effect on the employment of prime age workers (aged 25 to 61), but …
Where Do The Rents Go? Land Ownership In An Urban Model, Stephen Ross, John Yinger
Where Do The Rents Go? Land Ownership In An Urban Model, Stephen Ross, John Yinger
Center for Policy Research
Despite the predominance of homeownership, general equilibrium urban models assume that rents flow to absentee landlords or are redistributed to residents. This paper explores open urban models with more realistic forms of land ownership, namely ownership of shares in a land corporation and individual home ownership. These models, which produce capital gains and losses for residents, can yield different comparative static results than previous open models, with post-shock bid functions that are flatter at the periphery or steeper at the center. Moreover, shocks to these models cannot in general be analyzed without knowing the characteristics of all the urban areas …
Recounting Winners And Losers In The 1980s: A Critique Of Income Distribution Measurement Methodology, Richard V. Burkhauser, Amy D. Crews, Mary C. Daly
Recounting Winners And Losers In The 1980s: A Critique Of Income Distribution Measurement Methodology, Richard V. Burkhauser, Amy D. Crews, Mary C. Daly
Center for Policy Research
The 1980s have been characterized as a time when the “rich got richer and the poor got poorer.” Using a cross-over point methodology used in several recent studies, we show how sensitive the measurement of winners and losers can be to seemingly small differences in methodological practice. Specifically, we show sensitivity to the years compared, the income sharing unit chosen, and the inflation index used. Our results show that these and other studies of economic well-being exaggerate losses by mixing cyclical with cross-cycle effects
Financial Capital, Human Capital, And The Transition To Self-Employment; Evidence From Intergenerational Links, Thomas Dunn, Douglas Holtz-Eakin
Financial Capital, Human Capital, And The Transition To Self-Employment; Evidence From Intergenerational Links, Thomas Dunn, Douglas Holtz-Eakin
Center for Policy Research
The environment for business creation is central to economic policy, as entrepreneurs are believed to be forces of innovation, employment and economic dynamism. We use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS) to investigate the relative importance of financial and human capital exploiting the variation provided by intergenerational links. Specifically, we estimate the impacts of parental wealth and human capital on the probability that an individual will make the transition from a wage and salary job to self-employment. We find that young men’s own financial assets exert a statistically significant, but quantitatively modest effect on the transition to self-employment. In …
An Estimation Of Three Sets Of Indicators Of Financial Risk Among Multifamily Properties, Amy S. Bogdon, James R. Follain
An Estimation Of Three Sets Of Indicators Of Financial Risk Among Multifamily Properties, Amy S. Bogdon, James R. Follain
Center for Policy Research
A lack of information about the financial condition of multifamily properties has hindered the development of a secondary mortgage market in multifamily mortgages and federal policies to finance multifamily housing. The purpose of this paper is to improve our understanding of the financial condition of multifamily properties. The centerpiece of the analysis is the 1991 RFS [U.S. Bureau of the Census]. Three sets of indicators of financial distress are examined in this paper. The first is interest rate related risk. We find that twenty five percent of the properties with mortgages have contract interest rates at least 87 basis points …
Individuals' Lifetime Use Of Nursing Home Services: A Dynamic Microsimulation Approach, Sarah B. Laditka
Individuals' Lifetime Use Of Nursing Home Services: A Dynamic Microsimulation Approach, Sarah B. Laditka
Center for Policy Research
Despite the projected growth in the number of older Americans who will use nursing home services as the baby boom generation ages, there is little information about the total amount of time we can expect people to reside in nursing homes. I estimate individuals’ lifetime use of nursing home services using data from the 1984-1990 Longitudinal Study of Aging and the 1982, 1984, and 1989 National Long-Term Care Survey. A Markov model of functional status was used to estimate monthly functional status transition probabilities. Discrete-time hazard models were estimated to determine characteristics that were associated with nursing home use. Microsimulation …
The Demand For Home Mortgage Debt And The Income Tax, James R. Follain, Robert M. Dunsky
The Demand For Home Mortgage Debt And The Income Tax, James R. Follain, Robert M. Dunsky
Center for Policy Research
The goal of this paper is to learn more about the demand for the amount of mortgage debt owed by United States home owners. Mortgage debt is defined to be the amount of outstanding household debt secured by the owner’s principal residence; mortgages for second homes and other real estate are not considered, but second mortgages and home equity loans are. The analysis focuses on the behavior of individual households and examines variations in the their demand for mortgage debt with respect to a variety of characteristics such as household income, age, education, and other characteristics of the household. Of …
Work, Welfare, And The Burden Of Disability: Caring For Special Needs Of Children In Poor Families, Marcia K. Meyers, Anna Lukemeyer, Timothy M. Smeeding
Work, Welfare, And The Burden Of Disability: Caring For Special Needs Of Children In Poor Families, Marcia K. Meyers, Anna Lukemeyer, Timothy M. Smeeding
Center for Policy Research
This paper addresses issues which arise at the juncture of welfare and disability policies. Using preliminary data from a recent survey of current and recent AFDC recipients in California, we find that disabilities and chronic health problems affect the mothers or children in 43 percent of all households in the AFDC system. The presence of one or more children with disabilities or chronic illnesses is found to have an impact on the economic well-being of families, with increased levels of direct hardship reported by families caring for one or more severely impaired children. Potential causes of higher levels of hardship …
Do Housing Programs For Low-Income Households Improve Their Housing?, Amy D. Crews
Do Housing Programs For Low-Income Households Improve Their Housing?, Amy D. Crews
Center for Policy Research
The primary goals of the 1937 Housing Act were to provide safe and sanitary housing and to reduce crowding for low-income households. During the nearly 60 years since, the effective goals have expanded to include lowering housing costs, and by extension, to increasing nonhousing consumption. This paper examines the effect these programs have had on the overall consumption behavior of participants. Using data from the 1987 American Housing Survey (AHS), the results indicate that federal housing programs have little effect on the housing consumption of participants (4.4 percent increase), but an enormous effect on their nonhousing consumption (141 percent increase). …
Ruthless Prepayment? Evidence From Multifamily Mortgages, James R. Follain, Jan Ondrich, Gyan P. Sinha
Ruthless Prepayment? Evidence From Multifamily Mortgages, James R. Follain, Jan Ondrich, Gyan P. Sinha
Center for Policy Research
Estimates of a prepayment function for multifamily mortgages are reported in this paper. These are among the first attempts to estimate such a function; most previous work along these lines focuses on single family mortgages. A further distinguishing aspect of the paper is its attempt to incorporate the impact of unobservable factors on the mortgage refinancing decision. A variant of the maximum likelihood procedure first developed by Meyer (1987) is employed. The results indicate an overall positive duration dependence for the conditional prepayment rate. The estimated response of prepayments to a change in the market rate of interest is significant …
Selbstverwaltung: Entwicklungen Und Perspektiven, Soziale Bewegungen, Krisen Und Soziale Ökonomie, Mathias Hasler, Franziska Amstutz, Simone Seiler, Olivier Mounir, Bernard Gailloz, Isidor Wallimann
Selbstverwaltung: Entwicklungen Und Perspektiven, Soziale Bewegungen, Krisen Und Soziale Ökonomie, Mathias Hasler, Franziska Amstutz, Simone Seiler, Olivier Mounir, Bernard Gailloz, Isidor Wallimann
Books
Self-Managed Firms in Switzerland: Developments and Perspectives, social Movements, Crisis and the Social Economy
Supporting The Employment Of Mothers: Policy Variation Across Fourteen Welfare States, Janet C. Gornick, Marcia K. Meyers, Katherin E. Ross
Supporting The Employment Of Mothers: Policy Variation Across Fourteen Welfare States, Janet C. Gornick, Marcia K. Meyers, Katherin E. Ross
Sociology - All Scholarship
Despite their broadly similar political and economic systems, the rates and patterns of mothers' employment vary considerably across industrialized countries. This variation raises questions about the role played by government policies in enabling mothers to choose employment and, in turn, in shaping both gender equality and family economic well-being. This paper compares fourteen OECD countries, as of the middle-to-late 1980s, with respect to their provision of policies that support mothers' employment: parental leave, child care, and the scheduling of public education. Newly gathered data on eighteen policy indicators are presented; these indicators were chosen to capture support for maternal employment, …