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Articles 151 - 180 of 217
Full-Text Articles in Developmental Psychology
Urie Bronfenbrenner, Wallace Fullerton, Donna Devaughn Kreskey
Urie Bronfenbrenner, Wallace Fullerton, Donna Devaughn Kreskey
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Urie Bronfenbrenner (born April 29, 1917, Moscow, Russia – died September 25, 2005, Ithaca, New York, U.S.) was a Russian-born American developmental psychologist. He is best known for ecological systems theory. This theory explains human development as the result of nested relationships between the individual and family, friends, schools, neighborhoods, society, and the time period in which the individual lived. Bronfenbrenner described these contexts as, matryoshka, or Russian nesting dolls. The individual was layered within multiple contexts, or systems and each system was represented by one of the nested dolls. The ecological system of each individual was built from five …
Adopted Children, Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Adopted Children, Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Views about the manner and nature of human development have changed across time (Psyking.net 2016). Some of these views have been religious (e.g., creationism) and some of these views have been more biological (e.g., preformationism). Regardless of the focus of the view, how we believe human beings develop has a profound effect on our expectations for those beings. One early view of human development from a biological perspective was Preformationism. This is explained as, “A notion that was widespread among pioneer biologists in the 18th century was that the fetus, and hence the adult organism that develops from it, is …
Metacognition, Erika Fulton, Tina Miyake
Metacognition, Erika Fulton, Tina Miyake
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Metacognition is thinking about cognition or thinking about thinking. It includes what you know about how your own cognition and cognition in general work. Metacognition also involves the judgments we make about our cognition and how accurate those judgments are. Metamemory and metacomprehension are the most studied areas of metacognition and refer to the judgments we make about our memory and about our reading comprehension, respectively.
Person Perception In Childhood And Adolescence, William Goulart, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Person Perception In Childhood And Adolescence, William Goulart, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Prior to the early 1970s little was known about how children viewed others. Previous research had focused on the types of thoughts children had about others, rather than how they arrived at and how to categorize these impressions. Additionally, it was assumed that understanding the development of impression formation in childhood would prove useful for understanding impression formation in adulthood.
Nursing Homes, Julian Garcia, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Nursing Homes, Julian Garcia, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Nursing homes are a type of residential care that typically provide continual nursing care for elderly people. Residential care refers to long-term care given to either adults or children who stay in a residential setting rather than their own home. Individuals who benefit most from nursing homes are those who do not need to be in a hospital but cannot live independently or be cared for at home. While nursing homes are most typically associated with the elderly, younger adults with different physical or mental disabilities may also benefit from them. The services at nursing homes often vary depending on …
Childbirth Approaches, Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Childbirth Approaches, Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
There are various approaches to childbirth, apart from the typical approach of vaginal delivery (e.g., typically done in a hospital). Another approach is a cesarean, which can classified as either an emergency or planned procedure. In the case where an emergency cesarean is needed a vaginal birth would have been detrimental to health of the mother and/or the fetus. A planned cesarean is requested ahead of time due to medical indication or requested by the mother. When requested by the mother the delivery is considered an elective surgical procedure, since it was requested without any medical or obstetrical indication. Cesareans …
Success And Intelligence, Halie B. Hamilton, Nathan C. Weed
Success And Intelligence, Halie B. Hamilton, Nathan C. Weed
Essays in Developmental Psychology
One of the most famous studies tracking the relationship between intelligence and success was conducted by Louis Terman. Terman’s Gifted Child Study began in the 1920s and followed nearly 1500 gifted children throughout their lives. To qualify, the children had to have an IQ of at least 140. The children were followed into adulthood to see how their intelligence was related to social and personal adjustment. Terman found that his sample showed not only positive academic outcomes, but also tended to be healthier, taller, and stronger than children with lower IQs. These positive effects persisted into adulthood. Two-thirds earned bachelor’s …
Empty Nest Syndrome, Kelsey Grodner, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Empty Nest Syndrome, Kelsey Grodner, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Empty nest is a stage in development when children leave the parental home, thus leaving it “empty.” This stage occurs when children are at the age or point in life where they are ready to become independent and create a life of their own. Parents have various reactions to this change. Many parents look forward to this transition and view it as a highly positive event, while others have a more difficult time and deal with what is commonly called the “empty nest syndrome.” Empty syndrome is typically considered a maladaptive reaction to this transition, however this significant phase of …
Dependent Care, Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Dependent Care, Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The term dependent care is an umbrella for several types of care regarding family members. One can be the caretaker for disabled children, disabled adult children, or elderly parents. It is expected of parents to perform a supportive role to make sure that children get the services they need from the appropriate health care professionals. Caring for children is only made more difficult when the child, or one of the children has a disability. It is becoming common practice for children with disabilities to be cared for at home in developing countries. Where the complex medical and physical needs of …
Love, Kelsey Grodner, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Love, Kelsey Grodner, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Many have sought to understand the mystifying concept of love including psychologists, philosophers, and theologians. Most research on love focuses on the early bonding between a mother and her infant, and uses this as the exemplar for how any love relationship is formed and maintained throughout the life span. Early in development, the first understanding of love is gathered through the warm connections, nurture and affection experienced through the interaction between the child and parents or caregivers. Many theorists have suggested that the type and success of this early interaction informs how future emotional bonds and relationships are molded throughout …
Mirror Test Of Infant Self-Awareness, Jenna Bekkala, Naomi J. Aldrich
Mirror Test Of Infant Self-Awareness, Jenna Bekkala, Naomi J. Aldrich
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Our understanding of self, or belief in one’s being as distinct from others, has been a subject of inquiry throughout human history. Discussions of self-concept would not appear in the empirical literature, however, until the mid-19th century. After likening an orangutan’s response to teasing as that of a “naughty child”, Charles Darwin began to question orangutans’ selfconcept by observing reactions to their own mirror images. Darwin’s use of the mirror to gauge self-awareness, a method eventually applied to his own infant son (Darwin, 1877), would remain the most frequently used assessment of self-concept for the next century.
Attachment Theory: John Dollard And Neal Miller, Carla Cabrera, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Attachment Theory: John Dollard And Neal Miller, Carla Cabrera, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
No abstract provided.
Bio-Physiological Development During Adulthood, Maria Boix Braga, Charles J. Golden, Lisa K. Lashley
Bio-Physiological Development During Adulthood, Maria Boix Braga, Charles J. Golden, Lisa K. Lashley
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Defining adulthood, and what the criteria truly is to be able to consider oneself an adult, varies from culture to culture. Biologically, adulthood can also be defined as the period in which full physical and intellectual maturity has been attained. It is a period that is defined slightly differently depending on the source, but it is agreed that it tends to be considered the life period between ages 18 and 60. However, the definition of adulthood can have varying legal and sociocultural factors as well. For example, the legal definition of an adult is a person who has reached the …
Experimental Studies, Alexander Beaujean, Allison D. Gutierrez
Experimental Studies, Alexander Beaujean, Allison D. Gutierrez
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The concept of an experiment has undergone many changes in psychology's relatively short existence, and its essential features are still debated. Psychologists agree that it involves (a) systematically observing and recording phenomena; (b) explicitly describing the conditions under which the observations occurred, and (c) analyzing the resulting data to look for meaningful relations. The major area of disagreement is whether manipulation of phenomena is required.
Correlational Studies, Alexander Beaujean, Hannah Greeley
Correlational Studies, Alexander Beaujean, Hannah Greeley
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Correlational studies are a type of research design that involves examining the relation among two or more phenomena. The design's distinguishing features are (a) data are collected more or less simultaneously, or at least treated as if they were collected at a single point in time; and (b) there is no manipulation of phenomena (e.g., assigning participants into groups).
Longitudinal Studies, Alexander Beaujean
Longitudinal Studies, Alexander Beaujean
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Longitudinal studies provide information about phenomena constancy and change. Their core feature is that the phenomena under investigation are observed repeatedly in the same participants (e.g., persons, animals, organizations), which requires collecting data at multiple time points (called waves). The participants, phenomena observed, duration of study, and number of waves can greatly differ between studies. For example, longitudinal studies with animals often gather data across many waves, but the entire study may only last a few days or weeks. By contrast, longitudinal studies with humans typically gather data at just a few waves but may last years or decades.
Infant Memory, Jenna Beffel, Naomi J. Aldrich
Infant Memory, Jenna Beffel, Naomi J. Aldrich
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Until the second half of the 20th century, the ability to recall information was thought to emerge between 2- and 10-years-of-age. Resulting from repression of our earliest sexual urges, immature neural mechanisms, or an impoverished sense of self and linguistic skills, infantile amnesia represents the predominant view of infancy at the time; a period in which the child possessed remarkably limited mental abilities, thus experiencing the world as nothing more than “one great blooming, buzzing confusion” (James, 1890). The research contributions of Dr. Carolyn Rovee-Collier over the next seventy years succeeded in altering this perspective.
Infant Imitation And Social Interaction, Caroline Bartes, Naomi J. Aldrich
Infant Imitation And Social Interaction, Caroline Bartes, Naomi J. Aldrich
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Today imitation (i.e., copying another’s behaviors) is recognized as the fundamental mechanism by which cultural knowledge is socially transmitted across generations (Gergely & Csibra, 2006). Indeed, inquiries into children’s imitation have been at the forefront of developmental science nearly since its inception. Piaget suggested that at its core, imitation acted as the child’s representation of self-in-action before the representation of self-in-thought (Piaget & Inhelder, 1966/1969). While Piaget discussed the presence of reflexive imitation within the first months of life (e.g., a baby crying upon hearing another baby’s cry), he reasoned that children could not imitate others’ gestures until the end …
Sequential Studies, A. Alexander Beaujean
Sequential Studies, A. Alexander Beaujean
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Sequential studies combine aspects of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies in order to overcome some of inherent problems in both designs. Longitudinal studies can provide rich information about phenomena change, but have two major disadvantages: (a) they can require substantial resources, and (b) they can confound effects of age, cohort (i.e., influences due to shared historical experiences), and time-of-data-collection effects (i.e., events that co-occur with the data collection occasions). Cross-sectional studies require fewer resources, but only provide limited information about developmental change.
Cross-Sectional Studies, Alexander Beaujean, Allison D. Gutierrez
Cross-Sectional Studies, Alexander Beaujean, Allison D. Gutierrez
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Cross-sectional studies are a type of research design used to understand time-related constancy and change in phenomena using data collected more or less simultaneously from different groups (called cohorts) of participants (e.g., people, animals, organizations). The cohorts vary on the basis of age or some other temporal phenomena (e.g., developmental stage, grade in school), so the combined sample is thought to represent the focal phenomena in the population at different times (i.e., a cross section). Differences among the cohorts are used to approximate developmental changes.
Prosocial Reasoning, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Prosocial Reasoning, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Prosocial behavior is best described as a general range of actions that are intended to benefit individuals other than one’s self. Some of these prosocial actions include helping, comforting, and sharing with others (Batson & Powell, 2003). More specifically, prosocial behavior is better understood as one’s voluntary action that is solely meant to benefit others. Prosocial reasoning is the motivating influences for an individual to engage in a prosocial behavior. Some research suggests that reasoning behind prosocial behavior is a motivation toward altruism, a principle in which one individual is selfless and engages in behaviors that help others, despite personal …
Newborn Senses, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Newborn Senses, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
When babies are born, they possess all five senses-taste, hearing, sight, touch and smell; however, some senses are more developed than others. Newborns had previously been an enigma to scientists and little was known about their intelligence, motives, and capabilities. Neuroscientists are now able to map out a timeline of when senses are developed during and after gestation; this has given the scientific community and parents everywhere a better understanding of newborns and their ability to process their environment.
Newborn Reflexes, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Newborn Reflexes, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Reflexes are characterized as involuntary movements or actions and are a key indicator of a healthy brain and nervous system in newborn babies. There are five primitive reflexes that are common for infants who do not experience central nervous system (CNS) deficits. Furthermore, newborn reflexes are also considered to add adaptive value by increasing their chances of survival.
Divorce, Effects On Relationships, Nicholas Boston, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Divorce, Effects On Relationships, Nicholas Boston, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Divorce has been seen to have significant impacts on relationships both within and outside of families. In terms of friendships, the divorced couple is often seen to withdraw from other couples prior to the divorce in order to avoid sharing uncomfortable details. With more attention instead focused on friendships with individuals, divorced couples lose some, if not all, of their couple friends, whom may take sides either individually or as a couple. As well, fellow couples may not wish to be pulled into conflict. However, individual friendships tend to strengthen as the divorcees turn their freed-up time for attention towards …
Reasons For Divorce, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Reasons For Divorce, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Today, divorce is a common result for many couples regarding marital conflict and discord. The impacts of divorce have been linked to increased psychological distress, increased risk of substance abuse, depression, and poorer overall health when compared to non-divorced individuals (Amato, 2000; Hughes and Waite, 2009). Per Shelby Scott and colleagues, there are ten likely reasons for a couple to get divorced (Scott et al., 2013). By understanding these ten reasons, one may better conceptualize the overall factors that contribute to divorce.
Metabolic Theories Of Aging, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Metabolic Theories Of Aging, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Metabolic theories of aging postulate that aging is due to energy expenditure, which ultimately results in the breakdown and eventual death of cells. Historically, within the realm of metabolic theories of aging, there have been three models: The Rate-of-Living theory, The Oxidative Damage/Free Radical theory, and the Metabolic Stability theory. All three theories maintain that aging is directly related to metabolic rate, but the theories differ in how they arrive at that conclusion.
Maria Montessori, Vanessa Braun, Donna Devaughn Kreskey
Maria Montessori, Vanessa Braun, Donna Devaughn Kreskey
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Maria Tecla Artemesia Montessori (born August 31, 1870, Chiaravalle, near Ancona, Italy – died May 6, 1952, Noordwijk aan Zee, Netherlands) was an Italian educator. She is commonly remembered for the many schools around the globe that bear her name and implement her educational methods, the Montessori system. Maria Montessori was a scientist, educator, activist, and advocate for children.
Writing Skills: The Essentials, Gina Braun
Writing Skills: The Essentials, Gina Braun
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Writing Skills are an essential component of communicating and develop over time. It does not matter the intention of writing, it is a skill used daily, and we must prepare our students to have the adequate skills they will need to function as writers. Writing skills taught in school are focused on academic writing, which should transfer and generalize across settings. Writing skills take on different forms with a variety of levels of importance. The necessary writing skills needed include; the writing process, which is supported by, mechanics, writing for a variety of purposes, and finally, building technological skills.
Preoperational Period, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Preoperational Period, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The preoperational period is part of Jean Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development (Lally & Valentine-French, 2019). Piaget was a cognitive psychology, who in 1936 created a model to explain how children understand the world and develop cognitively. While other contemporary theorists believed that intelligence was a fixed trait, Piaget believed that cognitive development was a process that occurred in distinct stages, and that maturation brings about changes and growth in development, rather than training (Lally & Valentine-French, 2019). Piaget posited that each stage occurred at a specific time and in a specific sequential order, such every child goes through …
Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Stem cell research is a controversial issue that has received considerable attention over the last three decades. Stem cell research began in the early 1980’s, when stem cells were obtained from mice embryos and utilized to understand the functioning of stem cells (Grivennikov, 2008). In 1998, researchers discovered techniques for obtaining embryonic stem cells from human and growing them in laboratories. Since them, substantial research has been conducted on stem cells and their potential uses, which includes increasing our understanding of diseases and how they occur, treating various diseases, and testing new medications for safety and efficacy (Taylor, 2005).