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Articles 1 - 30 of 40
Full-Text Articles in Cognitive Psychology
Are There Individual Differences In The Foreign Language Effect?, Rita Gross
Are There Individual Differences In The Foreign Language Effect?, Rita Gross
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
AbstractA foreign language effect (FLE) occurs when the language a problem is presented in influences its outcome (Keysar et al., 2012). So far, it has been unclear under which conditions the FLE appears (Driver, 2020; Dylman & Champoux-Larsson, 2020). One hundred and sixty-eight Arabic-English bilinguals from Prince Sultan University were presented with the Trolley Dilemma (a low-conflict, impersonal moral dilemma) and the Footbridge Dilemma (a high-conflict, personal moral dilemma) and responses to these dilemmas were measured on a slider indicating likeliness to take a suggested action. Participants saw Dilemmas either in a gain-frame or a loss-frame condition, and in either …
Belonging And Bias : How Diatonicity And Response Bias Affect Pitch Memory In A Probe Tone Task, Jeff Bostwick
Belonging And Bias : How Diatonicity And Response Bias Affect Pitch Memory In A Probe Tone Task, Jeff Bostwick
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Prior research (e.g., Krumhansl, 1979) using a delayed recognition task has found a memory advantage for standard (to-be-remembered) tones that belong to the key of a tonal context (diatonic tones) over those that do not belong to the key of a tonal context (nondiatonic tones). The advantage is purportedly due to the tonal context differentially supporting diatonic over nondiatonic tones. However, this research confounded a change in pitch with a change in diatonicity, raising the possibility that participants were responding to the diatonicity change rather than relying on memory for the standard tone’s pitch specifically. More recent studies (e.g., Frankland …
The Time Course And Interaction Of Emoji And Text Processing During Natural Reading : Evidence From Eye Movements, Eliza Barach
The Time Course And Interaction Of Emoji And Text Processing During Natural Reading : Evidence From Eye Movements, Eliza Barach
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Emojis are nonverbal elements used in text-based communication that may function like gestures in spoken communication (Feldman et al., 2017; McCulloch & Gawne, 2018). Like words, emojis can convey semantic information and support message comprehension (Lo, 2008; Riordan, 2017b). Nevertheless, the cognitive and perceptual processes involved in emoji recognition and integration during reading remain unclear. Specifically, it is unclear how early semantic processing of emojis begins as well as how emojis and text interact during reading. Such empirical questions have implications for contemporary models of eye movement control, such as E-Z Reader (Reichle et al., 1998, 2012) and SWIFT (Engbert …
What's In A Chunk? : Investigating Expertise Effects On Memory For Complex Visual Search Targets, Kinnera Savitri Maturi
What's In A Chunk? : Investigating Expertise Effects On Memory For Complex Visual Search Targets, Kinnera Savitri Maturi
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Across two experiments, I examined the extent to which three predictions of the chunking and template framework of expertise generalize to the music-reading domain: 1) Experts show perceptual advantages that allow for superior performance in a domain-specific task; 2) Experts’ can identify familiar patterns, which allow them to rapidly detect relevant regions of a stimulus; and 3) Experts’ superior perceptual abilities are domain-specific. In Study 1, the eye movements of expert musicians and non-musicians were recorded while they searched for a complex visual search target (i.e., a bar of piano sheet music) that was located within a search array (i.e., …
The Effects Of Metformin On High-Fat Diet-Induced Neuroinflammation And Cognitive Impairment, Caleb Levine
The Effects Of Metformin On High-Fat Diet-Induced Neuroinflammation And Cognitive Impairment, Caleb Levine
Psychology
Chronic high-fat feeding is associated with neuroinflammation, cognitive impairment, and anxiety-linked behaviors in rats. Metformin, a popular treatment for type II diabetes, has been shown to attenuate metabolic dysregulation and weight gain associated with an obesogenic diet. We demonstrated that HFD caused elevated fasting blood glucose, glucose intolerance, and increased body weight without cognitive impairment or anxiety as measured by novel object recognition and open field testing. Further, we demonstrated that metformin did not produce cognitive impairment, which was a concern associated with its chronic use. Further work will elucidate the impact of chronic HFD and metformin treatment on molecular …
A Reinvestigation Of The Source Dilemma Hypothesis, Douglas Allan Kowalewski
A Reinvestigation Of The Source Dilemma Hypothesis, Douglas Allan Kowalewski
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
In a recent article, Bonin, Trainor, Belyk, and Andrews (2016) proposed a novel way in which basic processes of auditory perception may influence affective responses to music. According to their source dilemma hypothesis (SDH), the relative fluency of a particular
Does Testing Enhance Mediation In Paired-Associate Learning?, Deana Vitrano
Does Testing Enhance Mediation In Paired-Associate Learning?, Deana Vitrano
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The testing effect (TE) is the robust finding that testing on previously studied material leads to better long-term retention as compared to restudying that material (Roediger & Karpicke, 2006b). Pyc and Rawson (2010) proposed the Mediator Effectiveness Hypothesis (MEH) as an explanation for the TE in paired-associate learning, The MEH states that review testing on cue-target word pairs strengthens semantic/associative mediators, which helps participants recall targets to their cues on a later test. Pyc and Rawson found support for the MEH with Swahili-English word pairs and explicit mediation instructions, using the most rigorous test of the MEH. Other researchers have …
The Effects Of Parental Factors And Personal Attributes On Birth Control Use Under The Genetic Influences Of 5-Httlpr Among Adolescents, Hyun-Jin Cho
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The purpose of this study was (a) to examine relationships between parental influences and personal attributes on birth control use and (b) to identify genetic influences on such relationships by comparing the frequencies of common genetic variants—short allele vs. long allele—in 5-HTTLPR among adolescents (N = 5,852). Data from the Wave 1 and Wave 4 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were used to examine the birth control use of adolescents who were in 7th through 12th grade in 1994–1995. Multi-group Structural Equation Modeling analyses were used to identify the relationship among factors. Results did not find significant …
Do Distractor Suppression And Learning Intentionality Contribute To The Attentional Boost Effect?, Stephanie C. Crocco
Do Distractor Suppression And Learning Intentionality Contribute To The Attentional Boost Effect?, Stephanie C. Crocco
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
In the Attentional Boost Effect (ABE), a target-detection response enhances memory for simultaneously presented unrelated stimuli (Swallow & Jiang, 2010; see Swallow & Jiang, 2013 for a review). In two experiments, participants read aloud words simultaneously presented with a dot. Trials were presented every 1150 ms (Experiment 1) or every 2200 ms (Experiment 2). In a divided attention (DA) task, participants made a key-press to dots of a specific color. In a full attention (FA) task, they only read the words aloud while ignoring all dots. Under either intentional or incidental learning instructions, the DA task included Target words, and …
When Is Test-Potentiated Learning Item-Specific Versus Generalized?, Carol Bolte
When Is Test-Potentiated Learning Item-Specific Versus Generalized?, Carol Bolte
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The current experiments used short (< 1 min) and long (24-hour) retention intervals in the Test-Potentiated Learning (TPL) paradigm to investigate pair specific versus generalized testing effects (TEs) using weakly related English word pairs. The design of the present experiments improved the design used by Cho, Neely, Crocco, and Vitrano (2017), who used Swahili-English pairs. The present design allows for (a) an assessment of both between- and within-subjects pair-specific vs. generalized TEs within the same experiment and (b) better controlled comparisons of the pair-specific and generalized TEs. There was no TE at the short retention interval. At the long retention interval, the TE for tested pairs studied before and after the review test was greater than the generalized TEs obtained for (a) untested pairs studied before and after the review test and (b) untested pairs that were only studied after the review test. Thus, a pair-specific TE occurred, unlike in Cho et al. (2017). The potential reasons for why weakly related English word pairs show pair-specific TEs but Swahili-English pairs do not are discussed.
Effects Of Testing On Retroactive Interference And Proactive Interference In The A-B/A-C Paradigm, Stephanie Crocco
Effects Of Testing On Retroactive Interference And Proactive Interference In The A-B/A-C Paradigm, Stephanie Crocco
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
In an A-B/A-C paradigm, testing A-B pairs before A-C learning reduces retroactive interference (RI, Halamish & Bjork, 2011) and proactive interference (PI, Wahlheim, 2015). In four experiments, after A-B and RI control pairs were studied in List 1, these pairs were either tested or restudied. A-C pairs and PI control pairs were then learned in List 2, followed by a final test on both lists or only List 1. Four procedural factors were manipulated: (1) Swahili-English pairs vs. weakly related English pairs, (2) List 1 restudy vs. test review between- vs. within-subjects, (3) some List 1 pairs studied vs. not …
Does Testing Episodic "Lion-Tiger" And/Or "Tiger-Stripes" Associations Facilitate Later "Lion-Stripes" Learning, Deana Vitrano
Does Testing Episodic "Lion-Tiger" And/Or "Tiger-Stripes" Associations Facilitate Later "Lion-Stripes" Learning, Deana Vitrano
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The current experiments examined Pyc and Rawson’s (2010) mediator effectiveness hypothesis (MEH) as one potential explanation of the beneficial effects of testing relative to restudying in paired-associate learning. In two experiments, participants learned cue-mediator-target triads (e.g., lion-tiger-stripes) broken down into separate components. Specifically, participants learned and then restudied or were tested on cue-mediator (List 1) and mediator-target (List 2) word pairs in Session 1, and in a Session 2 given 48 hours later learned cue-target (List 3) word pairs. According to Pyc and Rawson, compared to restudying, testing on List 1 cue-mediator and List 2 mediator-target word pairs should lead …
Learning A New Physics Concept By Exploring Analogous Problems : An Instructional Intervention, Joanna Perry Weaver
Learning A New Physics Concept By Exploring Analogous Problems : An Instructional Intervention, Joanna Perry Weaver
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This study tested the hypothesis that exploratory learning, with and without analogous problems, would improve students’ ability to make connections between conceptually-related topics. In this randomized experiment, undergraduates in introductory physics (N = 171) studied a new topic under three different instructional conditions. Order and type of instruction varied: Two experimental groups explored the concept before hearing a lecture; a control group followed the typical sequence of hearing a lecture before working with the concept. Within the experimental condition, students in the analogy-first group simultaneously explored analogous problems; students in the explore-first group explored only the new problem with a …
An Investigation Of Implicit And Explicit Memory In The Survival Memory Paradigm, Allison M. Wilck
An Investigation Of Implicit And Explicit Memory In The Survival Memory Paradigm, Allison M. Wilck
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Robust support has been found for a survival processing effect on memory when information is encoded for its fitness-relevance (Nairne, Thompson, & Pandeirada, 2007). However, support for this effect has been limited to forms of memory that require intentional, explicit retrieval processes. Thus far, the literature has failed to identify the effect in implicit, automatic memory using conceptual and perceptual production tasks (McBride, Thomas, & Zimmerman, 2013; Tse & Altarriba, 2010). In the current study, an alternative implicit memory test that employs different memory processes was employed in a further attempt to examine the survival processing effect in implicit memory. …
Satisfaction Of Search (Sos) Impacts Proofreading Performance : Evidence From Eye Movements, Eliza Barach
Satisfaction Of Search (Sos) Impacts Proofreading Performance : Evidence From Eye Movements, Eliza Barach
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
In multiple-target visual search tasks, the discovery of one target can hinder the detection of another target (i.e., “subsequent search misses”, SSMs; Cain, Adamo, & Mitroff, 2013, which are also known as “satisfaction of search” misses, SOS; Tuddenham, 1962). SSMs errors generalize to both medical and non-medical tasks (Fleck, Samei, & Mitroff, 2010) and using eye tracking methods, and a proofreading paradigm where targets are misspelled words and distractors are correctly spelled words, we document eye movement evidence of an SSM effect. Specifically, typo detection accuracy was reduced in trials containing two typos compared to trials containing a single typo. …
Emotional Factors Affecting Face-Name Memory : The Role Of Valence And Arousal During Encoding, Stephanie Ann Kazanas
Emotional Factors Affecting Face-Name Memory : The Role Of Valence And Arousal During Encoding, Stephanie Ann Kazanas
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The emotion literature has maintained that emotional stimuli are prioritized over neutral stimuli: Emotional words and images are detected faster, processed more automatically, and remembered better. However, the benefit from processing emotional stimuli can also be affected by valence, wherein some emotion advantages are driven by positive emotion and others by negative emotion. This is particularly evident in the face memory literature, in which researchers have investigated the role of expressed emotion in learning new faces. For example, some have found that happy faces are more memorable than angry and neutral faces. However, when comparing memory for happy faces with …
Adjudicating The Simulation Theory/Theory Theory Debate (With Especial Attention To The Case Of Autism Spectrum Disorders), Susan M. Parrillo
Adjudicating The Simulation Theory/Theory Theory Debate (With Especial Attention To The Case Of Autism Spectrum Disorders), Susan M. Parrillo
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Susan M. Parrillo
Effects Of Consonance And Tonality On The Detection Of Change In Polyphonic Melodies, George Albert Seror Iii
Effects Of Consonance And Tonality On The Detection Of Change In Polyphonic Melodies, George Albert Seror Iii
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Abstract
When "Nothing" Captures Attention : Automatic Visuospatial Attentional Capture By A Gap In A Circle, Matthew Aaron Thomas
When "Nothing" Captures Attention : Automatic Visuospatial Attentional Capture By A Gap In A Circle, Matthew Aaron Thomas
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Abstract
I Can See What You Are Saying : Auditory Labels Reduce Visual Search Times, Kit Wing Cho
I Can See What You Are Saying : Auditory Labels Reduce Visual Search Times, Kit Wing Cho
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The present study explored the mechanisms underlying the self-directed speech effect, the finding that relative to silent reading of a label (e.g., “DOG”), saying it aloud reduces visual search reaction times (RTs) for locating a target picture among distractors. Experiment 1 examined whether this effect is due to a confound in the differences in the number of cues in self-directed speech (two) vs. silent reading (one) and tested whether speech, per se, is required for the effect. Self-directed speech did not reduce search RTs more than hearing only a pre-recorded auditory presentation of a label, both of which reduced RTs …
Key Generalization Of Recognition Memory For Melodies, Abigail Lincoln Kleinsmith
Key Generalization Of Recognition Memory For Melodies, Abigail Lincoln Kleinsmith
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
People easily recognize a melody in a previously unheard key, but they also retain some key-specific information. I tested the hypothesis that individuals compare novel melodies to a memory “prototype” representing the central tendency of experienced exemplars. Participants were familiarized with a monotonic eight-note melody in two closely separated keys and tested for discrimination of that melody from others. Test and foil melodies included ones that were the “average” of pitch heights and ones that were more distant in pitch height. Hit rates and discriminability (d') were better for physically closer keys than for harmonically related keys. In follow-up experiments, …
Hemispheric Specialization For Emotion Within First And Second Languages : Emotion Word Processing In Monolingual And Bilingual Speakers, Jennifer Mary Martin
Hemispheric Specialization For Emotion Within First And Second Languages : Emotion Word Processing In Monolingual And Bilingual Speakers, Jennifer Mary Martin
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Emotion representation in monolingual speakers is complex, and for bilinguals the relationship between emotion and language can be even more intriguing. The present study examined reactions to words of six types, including positive, negative, and neutral words varying in concreteness. Words and nonwords were intermixed in a lexical decision task using hemifield presentation. In Experiment 1, participants were English monolinguals and all stimuli were presented in English. In Experiment 2, participants were Spanish-English bilinguals who were presented with both English and Spanish stimuli. Results revealed a general left hemisphere advantage. Overall, reaction times for positive words were faster than for …
A Historical Review And Resource Guide To The Scholarship Of Teaching And Training In Psychology And Law And Forensic Psychology, Cynthia J. Najdowski, Bette L. Bottoms, Margaret C. Stevenson, Jennifer C. Veilleux
A Historical Review And Resource Guide To The Scholarship Of Teaching And Training In Psychology And Law And Forensic Psychology, Cynthia J. Najdowski, Bette L. Bottoms, Margaret C. Stevenson, Jennifer C. Veilleux
Psychology Faculty Scholarship
The field of psychology and law, including forensic psychology, is an exciting concentration of research activity and student training and has grown rapidly, but to what extent have teaching and training efforts in the field been systematically catalogued and evaluated? We conducted a historical review and content analysis of the American and Canadian literature on the scholarship of teaching and training in the field. This review catalogs (a) information related to the development of training and teaching, (b) descriptions of programs and courses at various levels, and (c) articles on teaching resources or techniques in this field. We hope it …
Proprioception And Literacy In The Digital Realm, Paul Michael Rappoccio
Proprioception And Literacy In The Digital Realm, Paul Michael Rappoccio
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Drawing on research in the fields of neuroscience, reading cognition, and the history of writing, the author explores the condition of reading today. Rather than accepting the apocalyptic pronouncements that the Internet is "dumbing down" current readers, the author argues for a more nuanced understanding of the effects of digital media. He argues that the literacies needed for the new digital realm are not new, but are literacies developed over thousands of years. The author argues for the need of more education and instruction in the use of digital media, and that the digital realm requires new proprioceptive (spatial awareness) …
The Role Of Relational And Item Specific Processing In The Survival Advantage Across English And Spanish, Crystal J. Robinson
The Role Of Relational And Item Specific Processing In The Survival Advantage Across English And Spanish, Crystal J. Robinson
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The current paper examines the effects of survival processing relative to item specific and relational processing on recall for both English monolinguals and Spanish-English bilinguals. It has been suggested that both item specific and relational processing play an important role in the survival advantage (Burns, Hart, Griffith, & Burns, 2012; Burns, Hwang, & Burns, 2011). However, to date, the generalizability of this advantage has yet to be examined cross-linguistically. In two studies, participants were asked to make survival relevance ratings, pleasantness ratings, and to categorize a set of words from either common taxonomic or ad hoc categories. Spanish-English bilinguals performed …
What You See Is What You Forget : Alcohol Cue Exposure, Affect, And The Misinformation Effect, Camille Crocken Barnes
What You See Is What You Forget : Alcohol Cue Exposure, Affect, And The Misinformation Effect, Camille Crocken Barnes
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Previous research has suggested that both alcohol cues and positive affect increase the tendency to incorporate false information into memory. This series of studies sought to determine if affect mediates the influence of alcohol cues on incorporation of false information into memory. Initially, a pilot study was completed to determine the individual differences that predict which individuals experience a heightening of positive affect following visualization exercises involving alcoholic beverages. Next, a study was conducted to determine if this affect increase from exposure to alcohol cues leads to increased acceptance of misinformation into memory. Participants' memories were tested while they were …
Release From Proactive Interference : The Impact Of Emotional And Semantic Shifts On Recall Performance, Hugh Knickerbocker
Release From Proactive Interference : The Impact Of Emotional And Semantic Shifts On Recall Performance, Hugh Knickerbocker
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Proactive interference (PI) occurs when the recall of newly learned information is blocked by previously learned information (e.g., recalling an old list of food items when trying to recall a current list of food items during grocery shopping). Release from PI occurs when newly learned information is recalled without interference from previously learned information. Release from PI has been observed when making changes to the to-be-remembered items. Experiment 1 found significant release from PI when category shifted from a neutral category to an emotion category or an emotion-laden category. Experiments 2 and 3 compared the release from PI when shifting …
The Automaticity Of Emotion V. Emotion-Laden Word Processing : Findings From Unmasked And Masked Priming Approaches, Stephanie Ann Kazanas
The Automaticity Of Emotion V. Emotion-Laden Word Processing : Findings From Unmasked And Masked Priming Approaches, Stephanie Ann Kazanas
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
A lexical decision task (LDT) was used to determine if there are differences between emotion word types when they are processed, both explicitly (Experiment 1) and implicitly (Experiment 2). For example, prime-target word pairs contained either emotion (e.g., love, fear, anxious) or emotion-laden (e.g., puppy, chocolate, hospital) words. Previous experiments within this area of research have investigated how emotionality, concreteness, and abstractness affect word processing (Altarriba & Bauer, 2004; Altarriba, Bauer, & Benvenuto, 1999). As Bleasdale (1987) first argued, abstract words were, in many ways, different from concrete words. Research has continued along this vein, confirming that emotion words are …
Target Uncertainty Does Not Lead To Greater Singleton Distractor Interference When Target Shapes Are Not Interchangeable With Nontarget Shapes, Jacquelyn Berry
Target Uncertainty Does Not Lead To Greater Singleton Distractor Interference When Target Shapes Are Not Interchangeable With Nontarget Shapes, Jacquelyn Berry
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Visual search research investigates whether attentional capture is driven by topdown processes, that is, experimental goals and directives, or by bottom-up processes, that is, the properties of the items within a search display. Some research has demonstrated that participants cannot avoid attending to a task-irrelevant salient item,such as a singleton distractor, even when the identity of the target item is known.Research has also shown that repeating the target feature across successive search displays will prime the visual pop out effect for a unique target (Priming of Pop Out). However, other research has shown that participants can strategically guide their attention …
The Reversed Testing Effect : Unraveling The Benefits Of Practiced Recall, Katherine Mary Weber
The Reversed Testing Effect : Unraveling The Benefits Of Practiced Recall, Katherine Mary Weber
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Eyewitness memory for events has been shown to be malleable and susceptible to intrusions of misinformation (Loftus & Palmer, 1974). It has been demonstrated that practicing retrieval of studied material can lead to improved recall, known as the testing effect (Karpicke & Roediger, 2008; Roediger & Karpicke, 2006). However, practiced recall may also lead to the increased incorporation of misinformation into memory, known as the reversed testing effect (Chan, Thomas, & Bulevich, 2009). While Karpicke and Roediger (2008) used Swahili-English word pairs to demonstrate the testing effect, Chan et al. used video materials. In two out of three of the …