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Articles 31 - 60 of 496
Full-Text Articles in Clinical Psychology
The Impact Of Social Support On Camouflaging Behaviors Among Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Exploring Protective And Risk Factors, Mofoluwakemi Omololu Johnson
The Impact Of Social Support On Camouflaging Behaviors Among Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Exploring Protective And Risk Factors, Mofoluwakemi Omololu Johnson
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The Impact of Social Support on Camouflaging Behaviors Among Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Exploring Protective and Risk Factors by Mofoluwakemi Omololu Johnson MSW, University of Ibadan, 2007 BSc, University of Ilorin, 2003 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Clinical Psychology Walden University August 2025 Camouflaging strategies used by individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to mask or compensate for autistic traits are often linked to adverse mental health out-comes. This quantitative correlational study investigated the relationship between perceived social support and camouflaging behaviors in young adults with autism. Grounded …
Navigating Grief In The Digital Age: A Phenomenological Study Of Young Widows Using Instagram For Support And Connection, Mariah Jasmine Sandoval
Navigating Grief In The Digital Age: A Phenomenological Study Of Young Widows Using Instagram For Support And Connection, Mariah Jasmine Sandoval
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This qualitative phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of young widows who use Instagram for grief support following the death of a spouse. Young widows often face disenfranchised grief and limited access to traditional support systems, which can impede emotional processing and identity reconstruction. Grounded in Continuing Bonds Theory, which posits that ongoing connections with the deceased can be adaptive, the study examined how Instagram facilitates or complicates grief by enabling emotional expression, maintaining bonds, and fostering engagement with a community of shared loss. The central research question asked: How do young widows describe their experiences using Instagram for grief …
Adult-Child Caregivers’ Fear And Coping Regarding The Risk Of Inheriting Alzheimer’S Disease, Rebecca Anne Ledbetter
Adult-Child Caregivers’ Fear And Coping Regarding The Risk Of Inheriting Alzheimer’S Disease, Rebecca Anne Ledbetter
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Caring for elderly parents with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) poses two major challenges for adult-child caregivers: the tasks involved in taking care of ailing parents and also potentially living in fear of developing the same disease. This research examined how caregivers with such fear regard their vulnerability to AD and how they manage the stress that comes with caregiving for someone with a disease they dread developing themselves. This grounded theory study employed the appraisal theory of emotions and the theory of moods as frameworks and aimed to establish awareness regarding coping strategies that adult-child caregivers have about caretaking and their …
Mental Health Disparities In Hospital Admissions For Youth With And Without Autism, Ben Pfingston, Lindsey Sneed
Mental Health Disparities In Hospital Admissions For Youth With And Without Autism, Ben Pfingston, Lindsey Sneed
Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences
The purpose of this study was to compare mental health diagnoses in a sample of youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and youth without ASD (non-ASD) admitted to inpatient hospitals across the United States. We hypothesized that autistic youth would have a greater proportion of co-occurring psychiatric diagnoses compared to their typically developing peers. To do this, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) 2019 Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID). We compared the proportions of co-occurring psychiatric diagnoses between autistic and typically developing youth. Compared to 21% of non-ASD admissions, 36% of the ASD admissions …
Relationship Between Processing Speed And Perceptual Reasoning Index Scores In Contact Vs Noncontact Child Sex Offenders, Mylena Smith
Relationship Between Processing Speed And Perceptual Reasoning Index Scores In Contact Vs Noncontact Child Sex Offenders, Mylena Smith
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Child sexual offending remains a critical societal issue with complex psychological and behavioral underpinnings. Although prior research has emphasized recidivism and risk assessment, there is limited information regarding neurocognitive functioning and its potential role in terms of differentiating contact versus noncontact offender subtypes. This quantitative cross-sectional study involved examining whether cognitive functioning, measured using the Processing Speed Index (PSI) and Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) via the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale predicted offender subtype among 90 adult males who completed psychosexual evaluations. Additionally, the study involved testing whether age moderated the relationship between cognitive indices and offender subtype classification. Guided by …
Shared Themes Among Teachers And Students On The Impact Of Teacher Well-Being On Student Wellbeing And Academic Success, Brian Duncan
Shared Themes Among Teachers And Students On The Impact Of Teacher Well-Being On Student Wellbeing And Academic Success, Brian Duncan
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Teachers have experienced increasing burnout and high attrition rates, alongside a parallel decline in student well-being and academic success. Prior research has linked teacher well-being to student outcomes; however, little is known about whether teachers and students perceive this relationship similarly. This phenomenological qualitative study explored the shared perceptions of teacher well-being’s impact on student well-being and academic success among 10 high school teachers and 10 students from public schools in the southwestern United States. Grounded in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory and Bowlby’s secure base theory, the study employed semistructured interviews and Saldana’s two-cycle coding to identify themes across both …
Parents’ Experiences With Their Child’S Psychotherapy And Mental Illness, Valerie Marsman
Parents’ Experiences With Their Child’S Psychotherapy And Mental Illness, Valerie Marsman
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Low parental engagement—especially among fathers and ethnic minority groups like Latinx parents—in child psychotherapy increases the risk of treatment dropout, behavioral issues, and poorer outcomes, contributing to persistent disparities. More research was needed on perceptual barriers and facilitators to parental engagement such as attitudes, beliefs, and expectations. The purpose of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of parents’ experiences with their child’s psychotherapy and mental illness to facilitate parental engagement in services that support the child. An interpretative phenomenological approach and multiperspectival focus group design were used to illuminate each participant’s voice and explore overarching themes. Hill’s theory …
Parents Of Adolescents On Electronic Use And Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Parental Perspectives, Sleep, Internalization, Jessica Wiepking
Parents Of Adolescents On Electronic Use And Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Parental Perspectives, Sleep, Internalization, Jessica Wiepking
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
ADHD in adolescents is a common diagnosis, with exposure to daily electronic use. There is strong evidence for a relationship between electronic use and ADHD in adolescents. However, there is a gap on electronic use, internalized feelings, and sleep behaviors in ADHD adolescents and how sleep behaviors might impact that relationship. ADHD has its core symptoms that impact the individual daily. These symptoms need to be taken into consideration when looking at internalized feelings and sleep behavior patterns. The theoretical framework that aligns with this study is the Dopaminergic Dysregulation Theory (DDT). This theory is a module that suggests that …
The Lived Mental Health Experiences Of African American/Black Mothers With An Infant In The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit During Covid-19, Dr. Shewonyui S. Lurker
The Lived Mental Health Experiences Of African American/Black Mothers With An Infant In The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit During Covid-19, Dr. Shewonyui S. Lurker
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
African American/Black (AA/B) women are more likely than other women in the United States to give birth prematurely. Experiencing premature birth and infant hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) during the COVID-19 pandemic may have negatively affected AA/B mothers’ mental health and led them to experience elevated rates of increased posttraumatic stress disorders, depression, anxiety, and postpartum depression. The purpose of this study was to understand the lived mental health experiences of AA/B mothers of infants in the NICU during COVID-19. Feminist theory provided a lens for understanding intersectionality in the experiences of AA/B mothers. Semistructured interviews were …
Effective Adapted Psychotherapy Approaches For Autistic Adults: Perspectives From Clinical Psychologists, Emily Morgan Hilton
Effective Adapted Psychotherapy Approaches For Autistic Adults: Perspectives From Clinical Psychologists, Emily Morgan Hilton
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Autistic adults face a high risk of co-occurring mental health challenges, yet standard psychotherapy often fails to meet their unique needs, raising concerns about treatment effectiveness. This qualitative study aimed to understand how clinical psychologists decide on therapeutic approaches and adaptations for their autistic adult clients through three research questions: RQ1: How do clinical psychologists decide on the appropriate therapeutic approach they use with their autistic adult clients? RQ2: How do clinical psychologists decide which adaptations are appropriate to implement in psychotherapy with their autistic adult clients? RQ3: Does the therapeutic approach affect how a clinical psychologist chooses appropriate adaptations …
The Impact Of Specific Foster Care Placement Factors On Attachment-Related Anxiety And Avoidance In The Adult Intimate Relationships Of Foster Care Alumni, Latasha Macklin
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Children who have a history of maltreatment, like those placed in foster care, are at a significantly higher risk for developing an insecure attachment style, which may be correlated with various problems in adulthood, including adverse relationship outcomes, poor job satisfaction, low self-esteem, mood, and personality disorders. Prior research suggests a correlation between the attachment style of a foster child and specific foster care factors, including the type of placement, reason for placement, number of placements, age of the child at placement, and gender of the child. However, no research exists to examine how these factors might significantly impact the …
Experiences Of Group Support For Partners Of Sex Offenders, Monika Szabo
Experiences Of Group Support For Partners Of Sex Offenders, Monika Szabo
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Intimate relationships with individuals who have committed sex offenses significantly stigmatize and traumatize partners. Partners also face barriers to effective treatment, negatively impacting both themselves and their children affected by these offenses. The purpose of this generic qualitative study was to gain an understanding of partners’ experiences with support groups in coping with trauma symptoms and stigma, thus addressing a gap in the literature. Grounded in theoretical concepts of trauma, mutual aid, and stigma, how social support dynamics facilitate healing by investigating coping strategies and support group stages to understand participants’ healing journeys were examined. Data were collected from 10 …
The Lived Experiences Of Gay Trafficked And Traumatized Men Seeking Psychological And Forensic Restoration Services, Katreace Moore
The Lived Experiences Of Gay Trafficked And Traumatized Men Seeking Psychological And Forensic Restoration Services, Katreace Moore
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Feminine-centric, heteronormative psychological restoration interventions on gay minority men exposed to trauma and human trafficking are poorly understood. This study includes an analysis of forensics and psychological causal factors retrieved from 6 semi structured interviews with gay minority male psychological services providers. The corroboration of the clinical opinions of the participants and the enrichment of data using database reviews reflected poor treatment outcomes for the gay, minority-men population. The qualitative methodology and thematic analysis framework highlighted oppressive factors of structural intersectionality. This results in heteronormativity gender binaries that misalign with self-identified gender perceptions of gay-minority men exposed to trafficking and …
Postpandemic Perspectives Of Teleassessments In Clinical Psychology, Jacklin B. Cardentey
Postpandemic Perspectives Of Teleassessments In Clinical Psychology, Jacklin B. Cardentey
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Teleassessments gained prominence as a viable means of conducting psychological assessments in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was an exploration of teleassessment use catalyzed by the pandemic, with a focus on the postpandemic era. The aim was to identify the factors influencing perceptions and strategies used in effective postpandemic teleassessment adoption, including factors that influence licensed psychologists’ perceptions of effective teleassessments and strategies adopted to maintain quality practices since face-to-face restrictions were lifted. The significance of this inquiry extended to various stakeholders, including mental health care practitioners, policymakers, and the public, all of whom have a vested …
Psychologists’ Competency And Training Regarding Treating Transgender And Non-Conforming Youth With Gender Dysphoria, Amydth Chumacero
Psychologists’ Competency And Training Regarding Treating Transgender And Non-Conforming Youth With Gender Dysphoria, Amydth Chumacero
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
There is limited evidence-based research on required competency, training, assessment, and treatment practices for psychologists who treat transgender and non-conforming (TGNC) youth with gender dysphoria. Eleven licensed psychologists with at least 5 years of experience treating TGNC youth were recruited through social media and snowball recruiting to participate in this qualitative Delphi study. Using multicultural competency theory as a guide, these experts were asked to develop a consensus regarding the minimum competencies and training to treat TGNC youth, as well as what they thought the standards should be for assessment and treatment. Data were collected in three rounds of online …
Gender Differences In Factors Influencing Problematic Sexuality: A Comparative Analysis Using The Midsa Assessment, Brandon Andrew Lozano
Gender Differences In Factors Influencing Problematic Sexuality: A Comparative Analysis Using The Midsa Assessment, Brandon Andrew Lozano
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Problematic sexuality among college students is a complex and understudied issue, particularly regarding gender-based differences in affective instability and sexual compulsivity. While prior research has focused mainly on male populations, limited evidence exists about how these factors manifest among female students or whether gender moderates these relationships. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study is to examine whether gender moderates the relationship between factors affecting sexual compulsivity as measured by the Multidimensional Inventory of Development, Sex, and Aggression (MIDSA). The MIDSA, originally developed for male sexual offenders, has since been administered to both male and female populations. Findings from hierarchical …
Exploring Potential Correlation Of Resiliency And Multifamily Support With Psychological Distress Among Hispanic Parents Of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Eliz Marie Centeno Ortiz
Exploring Potential Correlation Of Resiliency And Multifamily Support With Psychological Distress Among Hispanic Parents Of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Eliz Marie Centeno Ortiz
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Hispanic parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were found to have lower psychological distress in comparison with other ethnicities or races despite having additional challenges such as immigration issues, language barriers, or others. However, research on why Hispanic parents of children with ASD tend to have less psychological distress is lacking. This study addressed the extent to which multifamily support and resiliency affect psychological distress among parents of children with ASD, as explained by the family system theory. For this study, 75 Hispanic parents of children with ASD were recruited via Facebook posts. The participants were directed to …
African American’S Accessibility To Culturally Appropriate Mental Health Services, Latasha Martin
African American’S Accessibility To Culturally Appropriate Mental Health Services, Latasha Martin
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Mental disorders are a major cause of disability in the United States, disproportionately affecting African Americans (AAs) since the Post-Civil War era (1865-1877). Despite prior studies on racial disparities in mental health care, evidence-based delivery protocols for racial and ethnic minority groups remain underdeveloped. The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of AA when accessing culturally appropriate mental health services, using qualitative, phenomenological research methods. The theoretical framework for this investigation was based on social stress theory, which explored individual experiences and community change. Six AA males and females, from Gregg County, Texas, and the Louisiana …
Exploring The Impact Of Internalized Negative Stereotypes On Black Women's Identity Development, Mental Health, And Resilience, Angela Nicole Clarke
Exploring The Impact Of Internalized Negative Stereotypes On Black Women's Identity Development, Mental Health, And Resilience, Angela Nicole Clarke
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Stereotypes affect Black women’s self-concept, psychological well-being, and overall mental health, influencing how they perceive themselves and are perceived by others. This descriptive phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of Black women who have internalized negative stereotypes, such as the angry Black woman and strong Black woman, and explored their impact on identity development and mental health. Intersectionality theory provided the framework for the study. Data were collected from semistructured interviews with 15 Black women from the Southeast and Southwest United States. Thematic analysis revealed key patterns of resilience such as community support, code-switching, and self-affirmation. Findings also highlighted the …
Up From The Ashes: The Role Of Posttraumatic Growth In The Decision To Become A Clinical Psychologist, Richard Warmke
Up From The Ashes: The Role Of Posttraumatic Growth In The Decision To Become A Clinical Psychologist, Richard Warmke
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Clinical psychologists report experiencing higher levels of trauma than other professionals, potentially impacting their ability to provide effective mental healthcare services. Although trauma can result in psychological problems, it can also result in posttraumatic growth (PTG). The purpose of this research was to explore the role of PTG in the decision to become a clinical psychologist to help inform the recruitment and training of clinical psychologists. The theoretical foundations of this study were PTG, vocational choice theory (VCT), and career construction theory (CCT). The key research question of this study was, “What is the role of PTG in the decision …
Mental Health Literacy, Education, And Implications For Mental Disorder, Robert Louis Sims Jr
Mental Health Literacy, Education, And Implications For Mental Disorder, Robert Louis Sims Jr
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Mental health literacy (MHL) improves the recognition and treatment of mental disorders. The completion of a bachelor’s degree has been correlated with higher levels of MHL, and higher levels of MHL are reported to improve mental health status (MHS). While educational attainment has a significant positive relationship with MHL, the strength and significance of education in predicting MHL level remains unclear. A health literacy conceptualization and self-efficacy theory underpinned further examination of these variables in this study. A survey was administered to a sample of 105 university graduates in Georgia enrolled in one of five bachelor’s degree disciplines: education, humanities, …
Perceptions Of Using Exercise As A Self-Determining Motivational Strategy For Gen Z Females With Depression Since Covid-19., Andrea Menhennet
Perceptions Of Using Exercise As A Self-Determining Motivational Strategy For Gen Z Females With Depression Since Covid-19., Andrea Menhennet
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted individuals' daily routines, which amplified mental health challenges worldwide. A demographic highly prone to depression is Gen Z females. They faced unique struggles during this period, specifically managing their well-being. This study explored the perceptions of Gen Z females with depression regarding the use of exercise as a motivational strategy based on self-determination theory (SDT). The study aimed to understand how physical activity and ways to cope were allocated to manage mental health struggles, focusing on autonomy, competence, and relatedness as pertinent psychological needs. Using the generic qualitative approach, eight female Gen Z participants shared …
Dialectical Behavior Therapy Implementation Experiences Among Mental Health Professionals In Correctional Settings, Angdi Karim Impelee
Dialectical Behavior Therapy Implementation Experiences Among Mental Health Professionals In Correctional Settings, Angdi Karim Impelee
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This study investigated the challenges and experiences of mental health professionals implementing Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) within forensic populations in the United States, filling a significant gap in research that primarily focused on DBT in non-forensic contexts. Utilizing qualitative methods, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with practitioners from various correctional settings, emphasizing their perceptions of DBT's efficacy, adaptation strategies to meet the cultural and institutional demands of their unique environments, and resultant behavioral outcomes for incarcerated individuals. Thematic analysis revealed key challenges, including resource limitations, institutional resistance, and the necessity for extensive cultural adaptations of therapeutic techniques. Participants highlighted …
African American Women’S Experience Of Wearing Natural Textured Hair, Tammy White-Jolivette
African American Women’S Experience Of Wearing Natural Textured Hair, Tammy White-Jolivette
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
African American women’s (AAW’s) experiences of wearing natural textured hair are underrepresented in the literature. This issue, and hair discrimination more broadly, is a form of social injustice that underscores the cultural and social significance of natural hair as a symbol of heritage, identity, and resilience in African American communities. Guided by social comparison and self-concept theories, the purpose of this study was to examine how wearing natural hair influences AAW’s self-perception. The research question was: How do AAW describe their experiences of wearing natural textured hair? The qualitative method featured interpretative phenomenological analysis. Data were collected by conducting in-depth …
Perceptions Of Clinically Depressed Individuals: Social Media Use, Depressive Symptoms, And Interpersonal Relationships, Rachel N. Fullen
Perceptions Of Clinically Depressed Individuals: Social Media Use, Depressive Symptoms, And Interpersonal Relationships, Rachel N. Fullen
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Recent literature has shown an association between social media usage and depressive symptoms, but there remains a gap regarding the perceptions of individuals with clinical depression on their social media usage and their interpersonal relationships. This qualitative study was conducted to uncover how people view social media and their clinical depression as well as the quality of their interpersonal interactions through social media platforms. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 individuals who were diagnosed with clinical depression, used social media for 2 hours daily, and lived with their significant other/partner. The theory applied to this study was Blumler and Katz’s …
Lived Experiences Of Black, Indigenous, And People Of Color (Bipoc) Helping Professionals, Shairee Lackey
Lived Experiences Of Black, Indigenous, And People Of Color (Bipoc) Helping Professionals, Shairee Lackey
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
This study was focused on the experiences of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) professionals in helping professions. The goal of the research was to understand the challenges BIPOC helping professionals face due to systemic racism, burnout, compassion fatigue, and secondary traumatic stress. These factors significantly impact the well-being and effectiveness of BIPOC professionals and are often overlooked in existing literature. Grounded in critical race theory, the study used a phenomenological research design, gathering data through semistructured interviews with 13 participants. The findings revealed challenges such as microaggressions, stereotypes, discrimination, lack of representation, and cultural invalidation. Participants showed resilience …
How Sexual Assault Survivors Perceive Their Experiences With Victim Advocates, Stephanie Miller
How Sexual Assault Survivors Perceive Their Experiences With Victim Advocates, Stephanie Miller
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Programs incorporating sexual assault victim advocates have become a prominent resource in assisting survivors gain access to necessary services to aid in their recovery. Although these efforts provide needed support to survivors, the programs are developed without the input of the survivors. This qualitative phenomenological study explored the relationship between victim advocates and survivors from the perspective of the survivor. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 13 sexual assault survivors regarding how they perceived their relationship with their advocates, what they experienced as helpful or not helpful in that relationship, and what they thought might improve that relationship. Thematic analysis was …
The Mediating Role Of Happiness On Marital Satisfaction In Couples Experiencing Mental Health Challenges, Stacey Stafford
The Mediating Role Of Happiness On Marital Satisfaction In Couples Experiencing Mental Health Challenges, Stacey Stafford
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
While extensive research has examined the impact of mental health challenges on academic and occupational functioning, the effect on marital satisfaction remains underexplored in the literature. Previous studies indicate robust correlations between happiness and mental health, but the specific mediating role of happiness in couples with mental health issues is unaddressed. This archival quantitative study, grounded in Bowen family systems theory, addressed happiness's mediating role on marital satisfaction in couples facing mental health challenges. Using data from the 2018 General Social Survey, this study analyzed a sample of married adults (N = 938) to explore whether happiness mediated the relationship …
Perceptions Of Non-Using College Students’ Likelihood To Use Nonprescription Or Prescription Stimulants, Judith Frazier
Perceptions Of Non-Using College Students’ Likelihood To Use Nonprescription Or Prescription Stimulants, Judith Frazier
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration has highlighted the risk of non-users among college students using illegal prescription stimulants due to misinformation and incorrect assumptions. This qualitative study aimed to explore the perspectives of college students who do not use stimulants on perceived risks, social acceptability, opportunity experiences, and likelihood of using stimulants. The study addressed factors that either encourage or discourage students from using stimulants, as well as the internal and extrinsic incentives associated with this activity, using a phenomenological paradigm. Twelve southern Ohioan students who were not users were interviewed using a structured interviewing technique, which …
Individuals With Multiple Tattoos Exhibit Major Depressive Disorder, Dr. Tracy Alan Daniels
Individuals With Multiple Tattoos Exhibit Major Depressive Disorder, Dr. Tracy Alan Daniels
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a global health concern and is the second global leading cause of mental illness that produces disability and disease. Individuals with multiple tattoos who exhibit MDD have not been adequately studied. Individuals with multiple tattoos who exhibit MDD may struggle because of psychosocial associations of the diagnosis. Seven women and three men, ages 18 to 65, participated in this qualitative, phenomenological study. Data obtained from the semistructured; audio-recorded confidential video call interviews were analyzed with Moustakas’ bracketing method. Bracketing as a phenomenological method was instrumental in searching for associations in meanings and understandings with individuals. …