Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Applied Behavior Analysis Commons™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Singapore Management University

Discipline
Keyword
Publication Year
Publication
Publication Type

Articles 151 - 180 of 210

Full-Text Articles in Applied Behavior Analysis

Parenting And Centrality: The Role Of Life Meaning As A Mediator For And Language Broker Role Identity, Lester Sim, Su Yeong Kim, Minyu Zhang, Yishan Shen Mar 2019

Parenting And Centrality: The Role Of Life Meaning As A Mediator For And Language Broker Role Identity, Lester Sim, Su Yeong Kim, Minyu Zhang, Yishan Shen

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Language brokering is a prevalent phenomenon in ethnic minority immigrant populations. Although accruing evidence points to the beneficial impacts of healthy role identity development, research investigating the formation of a language broker role identity in language brokering adolescents is lacking in the literature. In a sample of 604 Latinx adolescents (54.3% female; Mage at Time 1 = 12.41, SD = .97), structured equation modeling was conducted with maternal warmth and hostility examined as antecedents and adolescents’ life meaning as a mediator for language broker role identities. Results revealed that life meaning mediated the positive association from maternal warmth to language …


Crush On You, Singapore Management University Feb 2019

Crush On You, Singapore Management University

Perspectives@SMU

When you are having a crush on someone, you may find yourself starting to like drinking double espresso instead of your usual flat white, develop a taste for spicy Sichuan food or prefer louder music. Findings from a new research study by Prof. Zhang Meng at The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) Business School suggest that a romantic crush may change one’s consumption preference.


Commentary: Influence Of Smartphone Addiction Proneness Of Young Children On Problematic Behaviors And Emotional Intelligence: Mediating Self-Assessment Effects Of Parents Using Smartphones, Qin Ying Joanne Tan, Andree Hartanto, Wei Xing Toh, Hwajin Yang Feb 2019

Commentary: Influence Of Smartphone Addiction Proneness Of Young Children On Problematic Behaviors And Emotional Intelligence: Mediating Self-Assessment Effects Of Parents Using Smartphones, Qin Ying Joanne Tan, Andree Hartanto, Wei Xing Toh, Hwajin Yang

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

The majority of studies on smartphone addiction have focused on adults and school-aged children or youth (e.g., Hartanto and Yang, 2016; Chung et al., 2018; Lee et al., 2018); few have investigated the impact of smartphone overuse during infancy and early childhood. Recently, Cho and Lee (2017) surveyed parents of children aged one to six and attempted to address this research gap in their article entitled “Influence of smartphone addiction proneness of young children on problematic behaviors and emotional intelligence: Mediating self-assessment effects of parents using smartphones.” Although the results are interesting, we would caution that they are preliminary because …


It’S About Time: Readiness, Commitment And Stability In Close Relationships, Christopher R. Agnew, Benjamin W. Hadden, Kenneth Tan Feb 2019

It’S About Time: Readiness, Commitment And Stability In Close Relationships, Christopher R. Agnew, Benjamin W. Hadden, Kenneth Tan

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Timing matters in relationships. People vary in their sense of when they think the time is right to be involved in a committed relationship. We propose and examine the construct of commitment readinessand its role in predicting important relationship outcomes including commitment level, maintenance processes, and stability among involved intimates. Data from five independent samples obtained with various methods revealed, as hypothesized, that readiness (a) predicts commitment, maintenance processes, and actions toward ending a relationship; (b) serves to moderate commitment in predicting maintenance processes (self-disclosure, accommodation, sacrifice); and (c) serves to moderate commitment in predicting leave behavior, with those reporting …


Does Awareness Of Environmental Problems Guarantee Environmental Actions? Maybe More For Those Privileged, Kimin Eom Jan 2019

Does Awareness Of Environmental Problems Guarantee Environmental Actions? Maybe More For Those Privileged, Kimin Eom

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Environmental problems such as climate change have been a major challenge facing humanity today. Most climate scientists are in consensus that human activities are the major cause of the occurring climate change. Thus, large efforts from activists and governmental and international organizations have been made to reduce human-generated greenhouse gas emissions and promote pro-environmental actions. One of the commonly-used approaches is to provide information regarding the urgency of climate change so that people recognize the problem and further act to address it. Although this approach has been effective in persuading people of the seriousness of climate change, it has had …


Do Male And Female Soccer Players Differ In Helping? A Study On Prosocial Behavior Among Young Players, Paul A. M. Van Lange, Zoi Manesi, R. W. J. Meershoek, Minglian Yuan, Mengchen Dong, N. J. Van Doesum Dec 2018

Do Male And Female Soccer Players Differ In Helping? A Study On Prosocial Behavior Among Young Players, Paul A. M. Van Lange, Zoi Manesi, R. W. J. Meershoek, Minglian Yuan, Mengchen Dong, N. J. Van Doesum

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Acting prosocially can be quite challenging in one of the most salient intergroup contexts in contemporary society: Soccer. When winning is the ultimate goal, balancing self-interest with helping a fellow player in distress can be a tough decision; yet it happens. To date, we know little about what motivates soccer players to offer such help in the heat of the game. We propose that sex and what is at stake will matter in such prosocial dilemma situations. A pilot study (N = 107) indicated that female players may be more likely to help than male players, but this difference was …


Effects Of Cultural Tightness-Looseness And Social Network Density On Expression Of Positive And Negative Emotions: A Large-Scale Study Of Impression Management By Facebook Users, Pan Liu, David Chan, Lin Qiu, William Tov, Victor Joo Chuan Tong Nov 2018

Effects Of Cultural Tightness-Looseness And Social Network Density On Expression Of Positive And Negative Emotions: A Large-Scale Study Of Impression Management By Facebook Users, Pan Liu, David Chan, Lin Qiu, William Tov, Victor Joo Chuan Tong

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Using data from 13,789 Facebook users across U.S. states, this study examined the main effects of societal-level cultural tightness–looseness and its interaction effects with individuals’ social network density on impression management (IM) in terms of online emotional expression. Results showed that individuals from culturally tight (vs. loose) states were more likely to express positive emotions and less likely to express negative emotions. Meanwhile, for positive emotional expression, there was a tightness–looseness by social network density interaction effect. In culturally tight states, individuals with dense (vs. sparse) networks were more likely to express positive emotions, while in culturally loose states this …


Bilingualism Confers Advantages In Task Switching: Evidence From The Dimensional Change Card Sort Task, Hwajin Yang, Andree Hartanto, Sujin Yang Nov 2018

Bilingualism Confers Advantages In Task Switching: Evidence From The Dimensional Change Card Sort Task, Hwajin Yang, Andree Hartanto, Sujin Yang

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

We examined the influence of bilingualism on task switching by inspecting various markers for task-switching costs. English monolinguals and Korean–English bilinguals completed a modified Dimensional Change Card Sort task based on a nonverbal task-switching paradigm. We found advantages for Korean–English bilinguals in terms of smaller single-task (pure-block) switch costs and greater reactivation benefits than those of English monolinguals. However, bilingual advantages in mixing costs were relatively weak, and the two groups did not differ on local switch costs. Notably, when we approximated the cue-based priming effect in single-task (pure) blocks, we found no evidence that the locus of bilingual advantages …


An Integrative Approach To Investigating Bilingual Advantages In Cognitive Decline: The Australian Longitudinal Study Of Ageing, Wei Xing Toh, Andree Hartanto, Joanne Qin Ying Tan, Hwajin Yang Nov 2018

An Integrative Approach To Investigating Bilingual Advantages In Cognitive Decline: The Australian Longitudinal Study Of Ageing, Wei Xing Toh, Andree Hartanto, Joanne Qin Ying Tan, Hwajin Yang

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

A commentary on “The relationship of bilingualism to cognitive decline: The Australian Longitudinal Study of Ageing” by Mukadam N, Jichi F, Green D, Livingston G (2018). International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 33(2), e249‐e256, .


The Role Of Bilingual Interactional Contexts In Predicting Interindividual Variability In Executive Functions: A Latent Variable Analysis, Andree Hartanto Jun 2018

The Role Of Bilingual Interactional Contexts In Predicting Interindividual Variability In Executive Functions: A Latent Variable Analysis, Andree Hartanto

Dissertations and Theses Collection (Open Access)

Despite a huge number of studies examining bilingual advantages in executive functions (EFs), the research findings with regards to the relations between bilingualism and EFs are mostly inconsistent and mixed. In order to shed light on these inconsistent findings, the current research aimed to tackle on both conceptual and methodological limitations that are prevalent in previous studies, namely: (a) failure to consider bilingual experiences in assessing bilingual advantages, and (b) task impurity due to substantial influence of non-EFs processes on EFs task performance. Based on Adaptive Control Hypothesis and Control Process Model of Code-switching, a theory-driven multisession study coupled with …


Quantity Versus Quality Of Offspring, Nadhilla Velda Melia, Norman P. Li Jun 2018

Quantity Versus Quality Of Offspring, Nadhilla Velda Melia, Norman P. Li

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Organisms continually face trade-offs for how to allocate limited energy and resources. One of the key trade-offs involves the quantity versus the quality of offspring. On the one hand, if organisms invest heavily in their offspring to better their developmental and survival outcomes, they tend to only have enough resources to produce a small number of “high-quality” offspring. On the other hand, if organisms make little parental investment per child, they can produce a large number of “low-quality” offspring – although each child has a lower chance of survival, there is a higher probability that at least some offspring will …


Obligatory Parental Investment, Courtney K. Kheng, Jose C. Yong, Norman P. Li Jun 2018

Obligatory Parental Investment, Courtney K. Kheng, Jose C. Yong, Norman P. Li

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Obligatory parental investment refers to the amount of time, energy, and resource expenditures that organisms are minimally required to make in order to ensure offspring survival. Throughout evolutionary history, offspring survival has posed a main adaptive challenge. In some species, this selection pressure has resulted in sex-differentiated forms of parental investment. This chapter describes obligatory parental investment, explores asymmetries in obligatory parental investment between males and females, describes examples of such differences across a range of species, and briefly highlights the implications of such differences in terms of human sexual strategies and conflicts.


What Does "Happiness" Prompt In Your Mind? Culture, Word Choice, And Experienced Happiness, Ji Eun Shin, Eunkook M. Suh, Kimin Eom, Heejung S. Kim Mar 2018

What Does "Happiness" Prompt In Your Mind? Culture, Word Choice, And Experienced Happiness, Ji Eun Shin, Eunkook M. Suh, Kimin Eom, Heejung S. Kim

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

What three words come to your mind in association with ‘‘happiness’’? We analyzed the 1563 words reported by 521 Korean and American participants in this free association task. The most frequently endorsed word was ‘‘family’’ in Korea, whereas the most popular word among Americans was ‘‘smile.’’ The overall frequency of social words(e.g., relationships, social emotions) reported by Koreans was higher, and the most often mentioned relationship type differed between the two groups (family in Korea; friend in the US). Nonetheless, both in Korea and the US, individuals who mentioned more social words were significantly more satisfied with their lives. The …


Registered Replication Report: Dijksterhuis & Van Knippenberg (1998), Michael O'Donnel, Leif Nelson, Evi Ackermann, Balazs Aczel, Yuk Yue, Jennifer Tong Mar 2018

Registered Replication Report: Dijksterhuis & Van Knippenberg (1998), Michael O'Donnel, Leif Nelson, Evi Ackermann, Balazs Aczel, Yuk Yue, Jennifer Tong

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Dijksterhuis and van Knippenberg (1998) reported that participants primed with a category associated with intelligence (“professor”) subsequently performed 13% better on a trivia test than participants primed with a category associated with a lack of intelligence (“soccer hooligans”). In two unpublished replications of this study designed to verify the appropriate testing procedures, Dijksterhuis, van Knippenberg, and Holland observed a smaller difference between conditions (2%–3%) as well as a gender difference: Men showed the effect (9.3% and 7.6%), but women did not (0.3% and −0.3%). The procedure used in those replications served as the basis for this multilab Registered Replication Report. …


Judgments Of Interpersonal Warmth Predict Class-Based Differences In Political Candidate Support, Jacinth J. X. Tan, Michael W. Kraus Feb 2018

Judgments Of Interpersonal Warmth Predict Class-Based Differences In Political Candidate Support, Jacinth J. X. Tan, Michael W. Kraus

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

The present research examines how warmth communications shape classbased patterns of political candidate support. Drawing on theory and evidence that lower-class individuals are more attuned to others, we predicted that, relative to upper-class individuals, they will modulate their trust and support in response to communications of warmth generated by and about political figures. In Experiment 1, lower-class compared to upper-class participants reported less trust and support for a political candidate who communicated his warmth in a campaign video, while no class differences emerged when he communicated competence or hostility to an opponent instead. In Experiment 2, lower-class compared to upper-class …


Bilingualism Positively Predicts Mathematical Competence: Evidence From Two Large-Scale Studies, Andree Hartanto, Hwajin Yang, Sujin Yang Jan 2018

Bilingualism Positively Predicts Mathematical Competence: Evidence From Two Large-Scale Studies, Andree Hartanto, Hwajin Yang, Sujin Yang

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Although little is known about the link between bilingualism and mathematical achievement in children, the established link between executive functions (EFs) and mathematical achievement suggests that bilingualism—which has been shown to affect EFs—may positively predict math skills. Drawing on two large-scale datasets collected in the US—the Multi-State Study of Pre-Kindergarten and the State-Wide Early Education Programs (Study 1) and the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (Study 2)—we examined the relation between bilingualism and mathematical achievement among preschoolers, kindergarteners, and first-grade students (ages 4–7), while controlling for key covariates of (a) demographic variables, such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status; and …


Beyond Personal Control: When And How Executives' Beliefs In Negotiable Fate Foster Entrepreneurial Orientation And Firm Performance, Evelyn W. M. Au, Xin Qin, Zhi-Xue Zhang Nov 2017

Beyond Personal Control: When And How Executives' Beliefs In Negotiable Fate Foster Entrepreneurial Orientation And Firm Performance, Evelyn W. M. Au, Xin Qin, Zhi-Xue Zhang

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Negotiable fate, the belief that fate imposes boundaries within which personal actions can shape outcomes, is rooted in Chinese collective wisdom. This belief is hypothesized to prompt executives to use of available resources to create opportunities by directing their attention to controllable aspects of unpredictable environments. Thus, executives' endorsement of negotiable fate beliefs is expected not only to enhance firm-level entrepreneurial orientation, but also to positively predict firm innovation and financial performance. We further expect these mediation effects to be stronger under dynamic environments. Studies of top executives in China support the theorized moderated-mediation model. By providing evidence for its …


Above, On, Or Shang (上)? Language And Spatial Representations Among English–Mandarin Bilinguals, Wei Xing Toh, Lidia Suãrez Nov 2017

Above, On, Or Shang (上)? Language And Spatial Representations Among English–Mandarin Bilinguals, Wei Xing Toh, Lidia Suãrez

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

This study investigated if exposure to spatial language could affect spatial cognition in English-Mandarin bilinguals by focusing on contact/noncontact distinctions, an area that has been a source of contention in the language-and-thought literature. Sixty-three participants were first primed with sentences containing spatial terms (e.g., above, on) before performing a spatial decision task. Approximately half of the participants (n = 33) were primed in English; for the remaining participants (n = 30), primes comprising Mandarin spatial terms―which mark spatial distinctions differently than in English (e.g., shang in Mandarin signifies both above and on in English)―were employed instead. Our findings revealed that …


Angry Faces Are More Resistant To Forgetting Than Are Happy Faces: Directed Forgetting Effects On The Identity Of Emotional Faces, Peter Kay Chai Tay, Hwajin Yang Oct 2017

Angry Faces Are More Resistant To Forgetting Than Are Happy Faces: Directed Forgetting Effects On The Identity Of Emotional Faces, Peter Kay Chai Tay, Hwajin Yang

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Using the item-method directed forgetting paradigm (i.e. intentionally forgetting specified information), we examined directed forgetting of facial identity as a function of facial expression and the sex of the expresser and perceiver. Participants were presented with happy and angry male and female faces cued for either forgetting or remembering, and were then asked to recognise previously studied faces from among a series of neutral faces. For each recognised test face, participants also recalled the face’s previously displayed emotional expression. We found that angry faces were more resistant to forgetting than were happy faces. Furthermore, angry expressions on male faces and …


Sexual Conflict In Mating Strategies, Norman P. Li, Jin Chuan Yong Sep 2017

Sexual Conflict In Mating Strategies, Norman P. Li, Jin Chuan Yong

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Why do men and women come into conflict over mating and sex? This chapter examines the adaptive reasons, which trace back to key differences in minimum obligatory parental investment (Trivers 1972). Reflecting these differences, men tend to be relatively eager for casual sex, whereas women are relatively more cautious, requiring their sexual partners to be of higher quality or committed for a longer duration. As each side strives for its own reproductive interests, the other side’s strategy is often interfered with, resulting in conflict.


An Experimental Comparison Of Two Machine Learning Approaches For Emotion Classification, Wangchuchu Zhao, Keng Siau Aug 2017

An Experimental Comparison Of Two Machine Learning Approaches For Emotion Classification, Wangchuchu Zhao, Keng Siau

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Correctly identifying an emotion has always been challenging for humans, not to mention machines! In this research, we use machine learning to classify human emotion. Emotional differences between genders are well documented in fields like psychology. We hypothesize that genders will impact the accuracy of classifying emotion with machine learning. Two different machine learning approaches were tested in an experimental study. In one approach, emotions from both genders were used to train the machine. In another approach, the genders were separated and two separate machines were used to learn the emotions of the two genders. Our preliminary results show that …


When Pursuing Multiple Goals, People Prioritize The Minimally Acceptable Level Over The Aspiration Level, Huey Woon Lee Jul 2017

When Pursuing Multiple Goals, People Prioritize The Minimally Acceptable Level Over The Aspiration Level, Huey Woon Lee

Dissertations and Theses Collection

When pursuing multiple goals over time, the amount of time (i.e., resources) available affects which goal is pursued: people prioritize (i.e., spend time on) the goal furthest from the aspiration level when there is plenty of time available to attain the aspiration level on the multiple goals but switch to prioritize the goal closest to the aspiration level when the time available starts to run out (e.g., Schmidt, Dolis, & Tolli, 2009). Although the aspiration level is the most commonly examined goal level, other goal levels possessing different psychological meanings (e.g., minimally acceptable or status quo goal levels) also exist. …


Being Smart About Using Smartphones, Andree Hartanto, Hwajin Yang Jul 2017

Being Smart About Using Smartphones, Andree Hartanto, Hwajin Yang

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

In recent years, smartphones have become a ubiquitous part of our lives. Their multi-functionality and portability have made our lives more convenient and efficient.


Attention To Context During Evaluative Learning And Context-Dependent Automatic Evaluation: A Cross-Cultural Analysis, Yang Ye, Yuk-Yue Tong, Chi-Yue Chiu, Bertram Gawronski May 2017

Attention To Context During Evaluative Learning And Context-Dependent Automatic Evaluation: A Cross-Cultural Analysis, Yang Ye, Yuk-Yue Tong, Chi-Yue Chiu, Bertram Gawronski

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Previous research has shown that changes in automatic evaluations can be limited to the context in which counterattitudinal information was acquired. This effect has been attributed to enhanced attention to context cues during the encoding of expectancy-violating counterattitudinal information. Drawing on previous evidence for cultural differences in attention to context and tolerance for inconsistency, the present research examined cultural differences in responses to conflicting evaluative information and the resulting context-effects on automatic evaluation. Study 1 revealed that both Canadian and Singaporean participants showed enhanced attention to context during exposure to counterattitudinal information. In a reanalysis of studies with Singaporean participants, …


Signs Of Social Class: The Experience Of Economic Inequality In Everyday Life, Michael W. Kraus, Jun Won Park, Jacinth J. X. Tan May 2017

Signs Of Social Class: The Experience Of Economic Inequality In Everyday Life, Michael W. Kraus, Jun Won Park, Jacinth J. X. Tan

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

By some accounts, global economic inequality is at its highest point on record. The pernicious effects of this broad societal trend are striking: Rising inequality is linked to poorer health and well-being across countries, continents, and cultures. The economic and psychological forces that perpetuate inequality continue to be studied, and in this theoretical review, we examine the role of daily experiences of economic inequality—the communication of social class signals between interaction partners—in this process. We theorize that social class signals activate social comparison processes that strengthen group boundaries between the haves and have nots in society. In particular, we argue …


Role Of Reward Structure In Creativity And Idea Fixation, Jia Hao Goh Mar 2017

Role Of Reward Structure In Creativity And Idea Fixation, Jia Hao Goh

Dissertations and Theses Collection

This study seeks to investigate the role of team reward structures, namely the equity and equality of rewards on team idea fixation, as well as its eventual effects on team idea creativity. Through a manipulation of reward structures, distributions of rewards differ across various teams, and this is expected to result in changes in individual motivation to share ideas within teams. Furthermore, due to the role of motivation in team processes, it is expected that team learning and performance goal orientation would moderate the relationship between team rewards structure and team idea fixation. Results shows that teams in the equality …


Violation Of Long-Term Mate Preferences, M. L. W. Long, Norman P. Li Dec 2016

Violation Of Long-Term Mate Preferences, M. L. W. Long, Norman P. Li

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Violations of short-term mate preferences refer to instances in which a person in a short-term, casual sexual relationship has mate preferences that were in place when the relationship commenced but subsequently are not being met.


Violation Of Short-Term Mate Preferences, Jose C. Yong, Norman P. Li Dec 2016

Violation Of Short-Term Mate Preferences, Jose C. Yong, Norman P. Li

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Violations of short-term mate preferences refer to instances in which a person in a short-term, casual sexual relationship has mate preferences that were in place when the relationship commenced but subsequently are not being met.


Country Roads, Take Me Home ... To My Friends: How Intelligence, Population Density, And Friendship Affect Modern Happiness, Norman P. Li, Satoshi Kanazawa Nov 2016

Country Roads, Take Me Home ... To My Friends: How Intelligence, Population Density, And Friendship Affect Modern Happiness, Norman P. Li, Satoshi Kanazawa

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

We propose the savanna theory of happiness, which suggests that it is not only the current consequences of a given situation but also its ancestral consequences that affect individuals’ life satisfaction and explains why such influences of ancestral consequences might interact with intelligence. We choose two varied factors that characterize basic differences between ancestral and modern life – population density and frequency of socialization with friends – as empirical test cases. As predicted by the theory, population density is negatively, and frequency of socialization with friends is positively, associated with life satisfaction. More importantly, the main associations of life satisfaction …


Parasite Stress And Pathogen Avoidance Relate To Distinct Dimensions Of Political Ideology Across 30 Nations, J.M. Tybur, Y. Inbar, L. Aaroe, P. Barclay, F.K. Barlow, M. De Barra, D.V. Becker, L. Borovoi, I. Choi, J.A. Choi, N.S. Consedine, A. Conway, J.R. Conway, Li, Norman P., Jose C. Yong, D.E. Demirci, A.M. Fernandez, D.C.S. Ferreira, K. Ishii, I. Jaksic Nov 2016

Parasite Stress And Pathogen Avoidance Relate To Distinct Dimensions Of Political Ideology Across 30 Nations, J.M. Tybur, Y. Inbar, L. Aaroe, P. Barclay, F.K. Barlow, M. De Barra, D.V. Becker, L. Borovoi, I. Choi, J.A. Choi, N.S. Consedine, A. Conway, J.R. Conway, Li, Norman P., Jose C. Yong, D.E. Demirci, A.M. Fernandez, D.C.S. Ferreira, K. Ishii, I. Jaksic

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

People who are more avoidant of pathogens are more politically conservative, as are nations with greater parasite stress. In the current research, we test two prominent hypotheses that have been proposed as explanations for these relationships. The first, which is an intragroup account, holds that these relationships between pathogens and politics are based on motivations to adhere to local norms, which are sometimes shaped by cultural evolution to have pathogenneutralizing properties. The second, which is an intergroup account, holds that these same relationships are based on motivations to avoid contact with outgroups, who might pose greater infectious disease threats than …