Psychology Commons^™

Feminine Ideology, Relational Self-Concept, And Internalizing Symptoms In Women, Anjali George

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Background: Investigators have theorized that women may experience internalizing disorders such as depression and anxiety more frequently than men in part because of unique socialization processes that women undergo. One aspect of early socialization thought to contribute to women’s propensity for depression and anxiety is the way women are brought up to relate to themselves in relation to others, often placing greater importance on the needs, desires, and value of others, at times at a psychological cost to themselves. This study attempts to elucidate the relationship between gender socialization, relational self-concept, and internalizing symptoms in women.

Methods: Two hundred and …

Environmental Ingredients For Disaster: Developing And Validating The Alvarado Work Environment Scale Of Toxicity, Claudia Alvarado

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

Leadership has been a much studied area within industrial and organizational psychology. Recently, scholars have begun to focus on the negative side of leadership; however, a lack of research has limited our understanding of toxic leadership. One step forward in this domain has been the development of the toxic triangle, which posits that toxic leaders are aided by toxic followers with a toxic environment. Although the leader has been studied within this triangle, relatively little has been researched regarding the follower or the environment. Specifically, that there has been a lack of research in the organizational environment that allows the …

Emotion Moderates The Association Between Htr2a (Rs6313) Genotype And Antisaccade Latency, Mark S. Mills, Olivia Wieda, Scott F. Stoltenberg, Michael Dodd

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

The serotonin system is heavily involved in cognitive and emotional control processes. Previous work has typically investigated this system’s role in control processes separately for cognitive and emotional domains, yet it has become clear the two are linked. The present study, therefore, examined whether variation in a serotonin receptor gene (HTR2A, rs6313) moderated effects of emotion on inhibitory control. An emotional antisaccade task was used in which participants looked toward (prosaccade) or away (antisaccade) from a target presented to the left or right of a happy, angry, or neutral face. Overall, antisaccade latencies were slower for rs6313 C allele homozygotes …

Antipsychotic Drugs On Maternal Behavior In Rats, Ming Li

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Rat maternal behavior is a complex social behavior. Many clinically used antipsychotic drugs, including the typical drug haloperidol and atypical drugs clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole and amisulpride, all disrupt active maternal responses (e.g. pup retrieval, pup licking and nest building) to various extents. In this review, I present a summary of recent studies on the behavioral effects and neurobiological mechanisms of antipsychotic action on maternal behavior in rats. I argue that antipsychotic drugs at the clinical relevant doses disrupt active maternal responses primarily by suppressing maternal motivation. Atypical drug-induced sedation also contributes to their disruptive effects, especially that on …

Prediction In The Processing Of Repair Disfluencies: Evidence From The Visual-World Paradigm, Matthew Warren Lowder, Fernanda Ferreira

Psychology Faculty Publications

Two visual-world eye-tracking experiments investigated the role of prediction in the processing of repair disfluencies (e.g., “The chef reached for some salt uh I mean some ketchup . . .”). Experiment 1 showed that listeners were more likely to fixate a critical distractor item (e.g., pepper) during the processing of repair disfluencies compared with the processing of coordination structures (e.g., “. . . some salt and also some ketchup . . .”). Experiment 2 replicated the findings of Experiment 1 for disfluency versus coordination constructions and also showed that the pattern of fixations to the critical distractor for disfluency …

Front Matter

Modern Psychological Studies

No abstract provided.

Brief Report: How Implicit Attitudes Toward Emotion Regulation Influence Partner-Directed Aggression, Katherine A. Pendergast, Christopher Eckhardt

Modern Psychological Studies

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) perpetration involves many risk factors related to cognitions and emotions, such as insufficient emotion regulation. Those who inadequately regulate negative emotions have been shown to be more likely to have a history of partner violence. However, during routine activities, such as dealing with an intimate partner, emotions are regulated without effortful processing or monitoring. Because this unmonitored emotion regulation process takes place, implicit, or indirect measures of emotion regulation may be better suited to assess unconscious attitudes toward regulating negative emotions. We examined if implicit attitudes toward emotion regulation are related to the frequency of aggressive …

Can You Remember? Factors Predicting Memory Accuracy In Eyewitnesses, Jamie Rich, Wind Goodfriend

Modern Psychological Studies

People become witnesses to crimes every day. This study further investigated witness variables such as sex and age, as well as the personality trait conscientiousness, in relation to one’s ability to accurately remember a fictional crime scene. An experimental manipulation was also utilized; participants read an article claiming that either men or women were three times better at memory (a self-fulfilling prophecy effect). Then, they watched a short video of a crime and were asked to recall details. As expected, age and memory accuracy were negatively correlated (p < .001) and conscientiousness was positively correlated with memory accuracy (p = .046). There were no significant differences found among participants based on experimental conditions (p = .700), but a main effect of participant sex was marginally significant (p = .065), with women having slightly better memories than men. Studying how individual traits relate to memory accuracy can help determine factors that influence eyewitness scenarios and whether juries should rely on eyewitnesses. Implications, limitations, and future research are discussed.

Infant Mother And Father Attachment Predict Child Behavior At 24 Months, Haemi Nam, Marla Beyer

Modern Psychological Studies

A large body of evidence indicates that secure infant-mother attachment significantly predicts optimal socialemotional development; however, fathers’ role in infancy has received less attention. Fathers’ role may be especially critical in families who are at higher risk due to fathers’ alcohol abuse/dependence and associated risks. We hypothesized that infants who are securely attached to both parents in the first year (as measured by the Strange Situation paradigm) of life will be more responsive and positive during play interactions with both parents in the second year. The sample consisted of 227 infants (50.1% female); 55.1% had a father who met the …

The Impact Of Traumatic Life Events: Reactions And Resilience – Part I, Harvey J. Burnett Jr

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Cannabis-Related Episodic Memory Deficits And Hippocampal Morphological Differences In Healthy Individuals And Schizophrenia Subjects, Derin J. Cobia, Matthew J. Smith, James L. Reilly, Jodi Gilman, Andrea G. Roberts, Kathryn I. Alpert, Lei Wang, Hans C. Breiter, John G. Csernansky

Faculty Publications

Cannabis use has been associated with episodic memory (EM) impairments and abnormal hippocampus morphology among both healthy individuals and schizophrenia subjects. Considering the hippocampus' role in EM, research is needed to evaluate the relationship between cannabis-related hippocampal morphology and EM among healthy and clinical groups. We examined differences in hippocampus morphology between control and schizophrenia subjects with and without a past (not current) cannabis use disorder (CUD). Subjects group-matched on demographics included 44 healthy controls (CON), 10 subjects with a CUD history (CON-CUD), 28 schizophrenia subjects with no history of substance use disorders (SCZ), and 15 schizophrenia subjects with a …

Chronic Oral Capsaicin Exposure During Development Leads To Adult Rats With Reduced Taste Bud Volumes, Jacquelyn M. Omelian, Kaeli K. Samson, Suzanne I. Sollars

Psychology Faculty Publications

Introduction

A cross-sensory interaction between gustatory and trigeminal nerves occurs in the anterior tongue. Surgical manipulations have demonstrated that the strength of this relationship varies across development. Capsaicin is a neurotoxin that affects fibers of the somatosensory lingual nerve surrounding taste buds, but not fibers of the gustatory chorda tympani nerve which synapse with taste receptor cells. Since capsaicin is commonly consumed by many species, including humans, the experimental use of this neurotoxin provides a naturalistic perturbation of the lingual trigeminal system. Neonatal or adult rats consumed oral capsaicin for 40 days, and we examined the cross-sensory effect on the …

Sympathy Fuels Creativity: The Beneficial Effects Of Sympathy On Originality, Hwajin Yang, Sujin Yang

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Sympathy is usually evoked by heightened awareness of and concern for others' suffering by perceiving or reacting to their distress or need. Sympathetic contexts appear to spur creative solutions, because those who react sympathetically to others' suffering tend to seek novel, desirable, and prosocial solutions that alleviate suffering and promote well-being. We conducted two studies to investigate whether sympathy enhances creativity. Study 1 tested the feasibility of using images of distressed elderly as an unobtrusive method to induce sympathy. Study 2 sought to determine whether induced sympathy promotes creativity, and whether individual differences in trait empathy moderate this effect. Results …

Registered Replication Report: Study 1 From Finkel, Rusbult, Kumashiro, & Hannon (2002), I Et Al. Cheung

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Finkel, Rusbult, Kumashiro, and Hannon (2002, Study 1) demonstrated a causal link between subjective commitment to a relationship and how people responded to hypothetical betrayals of that relationship. Participants primed to think about their commitment to their partner (high commitment) reacted to the betrayals with reduced exit and neglect responses relative to those primed to think about their independence from their partner (low commitment). The priming manipulation did not affect constructive voice and loyalty responses. Although other studies have demonstrated a correlation between subjective commitment and responses to betrayal, this study provides the only experimental evidence that inducing changes to …

Sex Similarities Versus Gender Symmetry, Jose C. Yong, Norman P. Li

Research Collection School of Social Sciences

Men and women have similar and different mate preferences, which include preferences for type of relationship duration as well as the types of traits that are sought out within each mating duration. This entry covers some of the key similarities and differences in preferences for both mating context and partner traits within context.

An Unclear Self Leads To Poor Mental Health: Self-Concept Confusion Mediates The Association Of Loneliness With Depression, Stephanie B. Richman, Richard S. Pond, Nathan Dewall, Madoka Kumashiro, Laura B. Luchies

University Faculty Publications and Creative Works

Past research has established that loneliness is associated with both self-concept confusion and depression. The present work ties these disparate lines of research together by demonstrating that self-concept confusion mediates the relationship between loneliness and depression. Three studies, one cross-sectional and two longitudinal, supported this hypothesis. Moreover, the model was supported both in samples of dating and married couples and in samples of noncouples. This research contributes to a greater understanding of why people who feel socially disconnected have poor mental health. Understanding this mechanism has important implications for strategies targeting the early prevention of depression and improving mental health …

Deception: Neurological Foundations, Cognitive Processes, And Practical Forensic Applications, Jason T. Weber

Modern Psychological Studies

Deception is a foundational part of everyday interactions, and everyone will be deceived and will be a deceiver at some point in their life. When examining the brain while telling a lie, neuroimaging studies have shown an increased activity in the prefrontal cortex. While some evidence does not find a correlation between deception and prefrontal activity, different types of deception activating different brain regions could explain this. The prefrontal cortex is responsible for planning and executive control, which appears to be the main cognitive process associated with deception. This is evidenced by the ability to lie increasing as executive function …

Development Of A Barriers Scale To Predict Early Treatment Success For Young Children In Poverty With Behavior Problems, Brittany Lynn Gresl, Robert A. Fox, Lauryn A. Besasie

College of Education Faculty Research and Publications

Research has demonstrated that participation in parent and child therapy (PCT) programs significantly reduces problematic behaviors while increasing positive behaviors in the child. However, PCT programs report rates of early termination as high as 60% among families in poverty. Research to reduce these early termination rates has historically focused on barriers to treatment including logistical conflicts, socioeconomic status, child age, and symptom severity. Despite attempts to address these variables and reduce early termination rates, progress has been slow in advancing the research in this area. In addition, few measures have been designed to accurately assess how barriers to treatment impact …

More Than Me: The Voices Of African American Adolescent Mothers And Their Pursuit Of Post-Secondary Education, Chanel Phillips

Dissertations

Adolescent mothers are not a homogenous group. Like non-parenting adolescents they come from various educational and socio-economic backgrounds. Adolescent mothers are generally labelled to be at high risk of dropping out of school, making poor life choices, and ultimately living poor life outcomes. However, there is no substantial empirical data that supports this premise. Nor is there currently any national data which consistently tracks the triumphs, challenges, and general life experiences of adolescent mothers. Utilizing a sample of fifteen African American adolescent mothers, this qualitative study seeks to explore the life experiences of adolescent mothers leading up to their current …

An Examination Of African Americans' Utilization Of Health Care, Brittany Powell

Dissertations

The study examined the relationship between perceptions of discrimination, social support, quality of health care received, and utilization of health care services among African Americans. Data was analyzed from 99 African American respondents that completed either an online or paper questionnaire. The responses demonstrated significant relationships existed between discrimination and quality of health care as well as social support and utilization of health care. Results concluded that the more discrimination one perceives, the lower quality of health care they are to expect, and therefore they are less likely to utilize services. However, the data also reflected that even in the …

Photographic Assessment Of Change In Trichotillomania: Psychometric Properties And Variables Influencing Interpretation, David C. Houghton, Maddison R. Franklin, Michael P. Twohig, Martin E. Franklin, Scott N. Compton, Angela M. Neal-Barnett, Stephen M. Saunders, Douglas W. Woods

Psychology Faculty Research and Publications

Although photographic assessment has been found to be reliable in assessing hair loss in Trichotillomania, the validity of this method is unclear, particularly for gauging progress in treatment. The current study evaluated the psychometric properties of photographic assessment of change in Trichotillomania. Photographs showing hair loss of adults with Trichotillomania were taken before and after participating in a clinical trial for the condition. Undergraduate college students (N = 211) rated treatment response according to the photos, and additional archival data on hair pulling severity and psychosocial health were retrieved from the clinical trial. Photographic assessment of change was found …

Enhancing Scientific Comprehension Through Content Acquisition Podcasts, Caroline Elizabeth Williams

Theses and Dissertations

This study sought to determine the effectiveness of using Content Acquisition Podcasts (CAPs) to teach children with learning disabilities scientific vocabulary. CAPs are multimedia instructional podcasts that combine images and sound to teach supplemental vocabulary. Four children ages 9 to 10 with learning disabilities were taught vocabulary words to prepare them for end-of-year testing. Words were taken from units about rocks, soil and fossils. This study used a multiple probe multiple baseline across units design. Data analysis showed that three of four participants experienced significant improvement in at least one of three units. Social validity questionnaires showed that all four …

The Effects Of Appearance Schemas And Commentary On Body Image And Eating Disorder Psychopathology, Alyson C. Hermé

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

The current study examined whether appearance investment, as well as, frequency and effect of appearance-related commentary predicted overall appearance satisfaction, body satisfaction, and eating disorder psychopathology. Appearance schemas and frequency and effect of both negative and positive shape and weight commentary were shown to be significant predictors of appearance satisfaction. Appearance schemas and effect of negative shape and weight commentary was significantly predictive of body satisfaction and eating disorder psychopathology. The study also examined differences in appearance investment levels among BMI groups, individuals who were overweight and obese had higher appearance investment than their normal weight peers. Future research should …

An Examination Of Social Media And The Tripartite Influence Model Of Body Image Disturbance, Amanda F. Suplee

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

The Tripartite Influence Model of body image disturbance demonstrates that parents, peers, and media play a role in the development of body image dissatisfaction and eating disorder psychopathology. Research suggests that parents, peers, and media play direct roles on the development of body dissatisfaction and eating disorder psychopathology in females as well as indirect roles through mediated relationships with appearance comparisons and thin ideal internalization. A form of media gaining recent attention is social media. Although there is limited research on social media and body image, studies suggest that use of social media is related to body dissatisfaction and eating …

Triangulation And Parent–Adolescent Relationships: Implications For Adolescent Dating Competence And Abuse, Gregory M. Fosco, Mengya Xia, Mark G. Lynn, John H. Grych

Psychology Faculty Research and Publications

This study focuses on family predictors of conflict behavior in adolescent dating relationships, drawing on family systems and socialization perspectives. Mother–adolescent, father–adolescent, and triadic relationships each was examined as predictors of adolescent dating outcomes that hold importance for developmental and prevention science (positive conflict resolution, verbal abuse, and physical abuse). We conducted a longitudinal analysis using a 6-month longitudinal design with 236 ethnically diverse high school students. Findings indicate that triangulation into parental conflicts was related to increases in positive conflict resolution and with increases in verbally abusive behavior with dating partners over time. Parent–adolescent closeness and conflict each was …

The Impact Of Early Experience On Current Mental Health And Quality Of Parenting In Incarcerated Mothers, Lindsy R. Hughes-Curtis

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among early parenting experiences, adult mental health functioning, and adult parenting behaviors among a population of incarcerated women in San Bernardino, CA. An archival data set was utilized. Data were collected from three hundred thirty-six female participants in the San Bernardino County Jail System in 2011, aged 18 – 60 years (M = 34.02). Only those who are mothers (N=132), with children between the ages of two and 18 years old, participated in the current study. Structural equation modeling was conducted using EQS. Results showed that early experiences, specifically adverse …

A Collaborative Approach To Address Student Behavior And Academic Achievement Across Systems, Beverly Ngozi Okereke

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

Academic achievement and in-classroom behaviors are two significant child outcomes that affect student success in school. According to Systems Theory, in order to truly understand the factors that affect these outcomes for children, one must look to the major systems that encapsulate the child (including their school and home environments). This project is a meta-analytic review that examined the effectiveness of measures representing each system in predicting child achievement and behavior: School-Wide Positive Behavior Supports (SWPBS) for the school as a system, level of parent involvement (high versus low) for the home system, and student motivation (intrinsic versus extrinsic) for …

Consumption Of Sexually Explicit Internet Material And Wellbeing: A Self-Discrepancy Approach, Hio Tong Kuan

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

Potential influences from using sexually explicit Internet material (SEIM) are controversial, however, the underlying psychological mechanism(s), which potentially can explain these found associations with SEIM consumption, have not been well studied. In the present research, I examine the relationship between SEIM consumption and subjective wellbeing (i.e., sexual and general wellbeing). In particular, I address the circumstances under which the consumption of SEIM is negative for wellbeing by assessing an ideal-actual sexual discrepancy in the context of intimate relationships. I drew on perspectives from self-discrepancy theory to explore whether SEIM consumption generates disparities between ideal and actual sexual experiences, which then …

Urban School-Based Behavioral Health Providers' Attitudes Towards Evidence Based Practices, Erik D. Maki

Graduate Doctoral Dissertations

Evidence Based Practices (EBPs) in schools show promise in meeting the behavioral health needs of urban students, however there are multiple barriers to implementation. Providers’ attitudes towards EBPs may be one of these barriers. Through a cross sectional survey design, this dissertation answers four major research questions: 1) Is the EBPAS-50 an appropriate tool to use with school based behavioral health providers, 2) Do attitudes vary depending on level of experience (student vs. professional), 3) Do attitudes vary depending on a practitioners’ hire status (school-hired vs. non-school hired), and 4) Do EBPAS-50 scores predict implementation of EBPs? Participants were 160 …

From Thinking Selves To Social Selves, Judith Benz-Schwarzburg

Animal Sentience

I argue that Rowlands’s concept of pre-reflective self-awareness offers a way to understand animals as Social Selves. It does so because it departs from the orthodox conception of self-awareness, which is both egocentric and logocentric. Instead, its focus is on the relation between consciousness and a person’s lived body, her actions and goals. Characterizing persons as pre-reflectively self-aware beings in Rowlands’s sense offers a much more useful conceptual tool to interpret social behaviour in animals.