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2012

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Articles 1321 - 1350 of 2210

Full-Text Articles in Psychology

Dolphin-Assisted Therapy: Claims Versus Evidence, Britta L. Fiksdal, Daniel Houlihan, Aaron C. Barnes Jan 2012

Dolphin-Assisted Therapy: Claims Versus Evidence, Britta L. Fiksdal, Daniel Houlihan, Aaron C. Barnes

Psychology Department Publications

The purpose of this paper is to review and critique studies that have been conducted on dolphin-assisted therapy for children with various disorders. Studies have been released claiming swimming with dolphins is therapeutic and beneficial for children with autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, physical disabilities, and other psychological disorders. The majority of the studies conducted supporting the effectiveness of dolphin-assisted therapy have been found to have major methodological concerns making it impossible to draw valid conclusions. Readers will be informed of the history of, theory behind, and variations of dolphin-assisted therapy along with a review and critique of studies published …

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How Successful Is Homework Success For Children With Adhd?, Alexis Resnick Jan 2012

How Successful Is Homework Success For Children With Adhd?, Alexis Resnick

Theses and Dissertations

ADHD-diagnosed children generally display multiple difficulties with academic functioning (DuPaul, 2007; Loe & Feldman, 2007; Raggi & Chronis, 2006; Rogers, Wiener, Marton, & Tannock, 2009) and tend to show more frequent and intense homework problems than their peers (Power, Karustis, & Habboushe, 2001). Traditionally, treatments for ADHD have included medication and/or behavioral interventions (DuPaul & Weyandt, 2006; Loe & Feldman, 2007); however, interventions targeting the homework problems of children with ADHD have been limited. One such intervention for the treatment of children with ADHD and homework problems, the Homework Success Program (HSP), has yet to be empirically evaluated with individual …

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Sex Differences In Sports Across 50 Societies, Robert O. Deaner, Brandt A. Smith Jan 2012

Sex Differences In Sports Across 50 Societies, Robert O. Deaner, Brandt A. Smith

Peer Reviewed Articles

Sports have been frequently explored in cross-cultural studies, yet scant attention has been paid to female participation. Here we coded the occurrence of sports and related activities for males and females in the societies comprising the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) probability sample. We then tested several predictions derived from evolutionary theory. As predicted, in all 50 societies with documented sports, there were more male sports than female sports; hunting and combat sports were almost exclusively male activities; and the sex difference in sports was greater in patriarchal than in nonpatriarchal societies. These results show that a robust sex difference …

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Why Anthropology Of Childhood? A Short History Of An Emerging Discipline, David F. Lancy Jan 2012

Why Anthropology Of Childhood? A Short History Of An Emerging Discipline, David F. Lancy

Sociology, Social Work and Anthropology Faculty Publications

The paper has four goals: to refute the claim that anthropologists have not studied childhood; to provide a cursory history of the field; to provide an organizational schema for reviewing the literature in the field and; to suggest a strategy for future scholarship in the anthropology of childhood.

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Unmasking Children's Agency, David F. Lancy Jan 2012

Unmasking Children's Agency, David F. Lancy

Sociology, Social Work and Anthropology Faculty Publications

The goal of this paper is to identify (unmask) and critique the movement to promote children’s agency as a cornerstone of research, care, education and intervention with children. The article makes a case that this movement is harmful to a scientific approach to the study of childhood, distorts or ignores key understandings of the evolution of childhood and culture. The article demonstrates that the agency movement is ethnocentric, classist and hegemonic representing the dominance of contemporary bourgeoisie child-rearing. It imposes a single, privileged ethnotheory of childhood upon the diverse societies of the world with alternative ethnotheories and practices. Lastly, the …

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Semantic And Associative Relations In Adolescents And Young Adults: Examining A Tenuous Dichotomy, Ken Mcrae, Saman Khalkhali, Mary Hare Jan 2012

Semantic And Associative Relations In Adolescents And Young Adults: Examining A Tenuous Dichotomy, Ken Mcrae, Saman Khalkhali, Mary Hare

Psychology Publications

The constructs of semantic and associative relatedness have played a prominent role in research on semantic memory because researchers have historically drawn on the distinction between these two types of relations when formulating theories, creating experimental conditions, and explaining empirical results. We argue that the binary distinction between semantics and association is rooted in a fundamental problem in how the two are defined and contrasted. Whereas semantic relatedness has typically been limited to category coordinates, associative relatedness has most often been operationalized using the word association task. We show that meaningful semantic relations between words/concepts certainly extend beyond category coordinates, …

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Cognitive Organization, Perceptions Of Parenting And Depression Symptoms In Early Adolescence, M. N. Lumley, David J. A. Dozois, K. H. Hennig, A. Marsh Jan 2012

Cognitive Organization, Perceptions Of Parenting And Depression Symptoms In Early Adolescence, M. N. Lumley, David J. A. Dozois, K. H. Hennig, A. Marsh

Psychology Publications

Despite its strong relation to depression and theorized development across childhood and adolescence, cognitive schema organization has not been explored in early adolescence, a sensitive developmental period for first depression onset. Schema organization is theorized to derive from childhood cognitive internalizations of caregiving relationships, such as critical parenting experiences (e.g., Young et al. in Schema therapy: a practitioner’s guide. Guilford Press, New York, 2003). Thus, the current investigation considers the organization of positive and negative schemas with youth’s perceptions of parental warmth and psychological control and self-reported emotional functioning. Participants were 198 boys and girls aged 9–14 years who completed …

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Core Beliefs, Self-Perception, And Cognitive Organization In Depressed Adolescents, David J. A. Dozois, Julie A. Eichstedt, Kerry A. Collins, Elizabeth Pheonix, Kimberley Harris Jan 2012

Core Beliefs, Self-Perception, And Cognitive Organization In Depressed Adolescents, David J. A. Dozois, Julie A. Eichstedt, Kerry A. Collins, Elizabeth Pheonix, Kimberley Harris

Psychology Publications

The relationships between cognitive products (e.g., self-perception) and cognitive structure (or organization) in clinically depressed adolescents and nonpsychiatric controls (average age = 14.68) were examined. Adolescents with major depressive disorder showed significantly higher scores than did controls on the Young Schema Questionnaire domains of Disconnection, Impaired Autonomy, and Impaired Limits. These individuals also demonstrated poorer self-concept than controls on scholastic abilities, social acceptance, athletic competence, physical appearance, job competence, behavioral conduct, and global self-worth, as well as perceptions of limited social networks. The organization of self-referent adjectives was more tightly interconnected for negative content and less interconnected for positive content …

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Computational Grounded Cognition: A New Alliance Between Grounded Cognition And Computational Modeling, Giovanni Pezzulo, Lawrence W Barsalou, Angelo Cangelosi, Martin H Fischer, Ken Mcrae, Michael J Spivey Jan 2012

Computational Grounded Cognition: A New Alliance Between Grounded Cognition And Computational Modeling, Giovanni Pezzulo, Lawrence W Barsalou, Angelo Cangelosi, Martin H Fischer, Ken Mcrae, Michael J Spivey

Psychology Publications

Grounded theories assume that there is no central module for cognition. According to this view, all cognitive phenomena, including those considered the province of amodal cognition such as reasoning, numeric, and language processing, are ultimately grounded in (and emerge from) a variety of bodily, affective, perceptual, and motor processes. The development and expression of cognition is constrained by the embodiment of cognitive agents and various contextual factors (physical and social) in which they are immersed. The grounded framework has received numerous empirical confirmations. Still, there are very few explicit computational models that implement grounding in sensory, motor and affective processes …

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Discriminating Famous From Fictional Names Based On Lifetime Experience: Evidence In Support Of A Signal-Detection Model Based On Finite Mixture Distributions., Ben Bowles, Iain M Harlow, Melissa M Meeking, Stefan Köhler Jan 2012

Discriminating Famous From Fictional Names Based On Lifetime Experience: Evidence In Support Of A Signal-Detection Model Based On Finite Mixture Distributions., Ben Bowles, Iain M Harlow, Melissa M Meeking, Stefan Köhler

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

It is widely accepted that signal-detection mechanisms contribute to item-recognition memory decisions that involve discriminations between targets and lures based on a controlled laboratory study episode. Here, the authors employed mathematical modeling of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) to determine whether and how a signal-detection mechanism contributes to discriminations between moderately famous and fictional names based on lifetime experience. Unique to fame judgments is a lack of control over participants' previous exposure to the stimuli deemed "targets" by the experimenter; specifically, if they pertain to moderately famous individuals, participants may have had no prior exposure to a substantial proportion of the …

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Distinct Patterns Of Functional And Effective Connectivity Between Perirhinal Cortex And Other Cortical Regions In Recognition Memory And Perceptual Discrimination., Edward B O'Neil, Andrea B Protzner, Cornelia Mccormick, D Adam Mclean, Jordan Poppenk, Anthony D Cate, Stefan Köhler Jan 2012

Distinct Patterns Of Functional And Effective Connectivity Between Perirhinal Cortex And Other Cortical Regions In Recognition Memory And Perceptual Discrimination., Edward B O'Neil, Andrea B Protzner, Cornelia Mccormick, D Adam Mclean, Jordan Poppenk, Anthony D Cate, Stefan Köhler

Brain and Mind Institute Researchers' Publications

Traditionally, the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is thought to be dedicated to declarative memory. Recent evidence challenges this view, suggesting that perirhinal cortex (PrC), which interfaces the MTL with the ventral visual pathway, supports highly integrated object representations in recognition memory and perceptual discrimination. Even with comparable representational demands, perceptual and memory tasks differ in numerous task demands and the subjective experience they evoke. Here, we tested whether such differences are reflected in distinct patterns of connectivity between PrC and other cortical regions, including differential involvement of prefrontal control processes. We examined functional magnetic resonance imaging data for closely matched …

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Review Of Psychological Anthropology: A Reader On Self In Culture, Claudia Strauss Jan 2012

Review Of Psychological Anthropology: A Reader On Self In Culture, Claudia Strauss

Pitzer Faculty Publications and Research

Robert LeVine has not only conducted an important body of child development research and trained many students (of whom I was one). He has also written and edited several volumes that introduce students to psychological anthropology. His latest reader fills a real need: I am aware of no other collection of current work in psychological anthropology for undergraduates. Aside from a few quibbles and some annoying typesetting errors, Psychological Anthropology: A Reader on Self in Culture is a first-rate compilation that demonstrates the relevance and excitement of psychological anthropology.

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The Effects Of Adolescent Heavy Drinking On The Timing And Stability Of Cohabitation And Marriage, Lela Rankin Williams, Laura Wray-Lake, Eric Loken, Jennifer L. Maggs Jan 2012

The Effects Of Adolescent Heavy Drinking On The Timing And Stability Of Cohabitation And Marriage, Lela Rankin Williams, Laura Wray-Lake, Eric Loken, Jennifer L. Maggs

CGU Faculty Publications and Research

Based on prospective British Cohort Study data, adolescent alcohol use predicted the timing and stability of committed partnerships between 16 and 34 years (n = 3278; 59% female). Propensity score methods balanced age 16 heavy drinkers (32.4%) and nonheavy drinkers on a range of relevant risk factors assessed in infancy and childhood. Adolescent heavy drinking predicted having ever cohabited, earlier transitions into cohabiting and marital relationships, more breakups, and an increased likelihood of divorce. Gender and social class moderated these relationships; heavy-drinking working-class males were especially likely to cohabit and to experience early entry into cohabitation and marriage. Implications …

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College Adaptation Among Traditional And Non-Traditional College Students, Sofia Fernandez Jan 2012

College Adaptation Among Traditional And Non-Traditional College Students, Sofia Fernandez

McNair Scholars Research Journal

Although research has established several factors related to college adjustment in traditional college students (e.g., self-esteem, perfectionism, family environment), few studies have examined whether these factors also relate to college adjustment in non-traditional students. The present study examined whether the factors related to academic and emotional adjustment to college differed between traditional and non-traditional college students. Three hundred thirteen college students (78% traditional; 22% non-traditional) completed the almost perfect scale revised, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire, and the family environment scale. Non-traditional college students displayed significantly greater academic and emotional adjustment to college than did …

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Case Study: Wayside Youth & Family Services Empathetic & Innovative Solutions To Community Mental Health, Sarah Mchenry Jan 2012

Case Study: Wayside Youth & Family Services Empathetic & Innovative Solutions To Community Mental Health, Sarah Mchenry

VA Engage Journal

In this case study, I presented a thorough evaluation of one of Massachusetts’ premier community mental health institutions: Wayside Youth and Family Services. First, I explained a brief history of the deinstitutionalization movement and the early days of Wayside. Following this, I discussed the organization services and how they fit the needs of the community. Finally, I presented my thoughts on the organization’s strengths, and how these strengths are exceptionally significant due to the organization’s business model.

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Changes In Adolescents’ Risk Factors Following Peer Sexual Coercion: Evidence For A Feedback Loop, Brennan J. Young, Wyndol Furman, Meredith C. Jones Jan 2012

Changes In Adolescents’ Risk Factors Following Peer Sexual Coercion: Evidence For A Feedback Loop, Brennan J. Young, Wyndol Furman, Meredith C. Jones

Title IX Research and Resources

Abstract: Investigators have identified a number of factors that increase the risk for experiencing sexual coercion, but as yet little is known about how sexual coercion in turn affects these risk factors. Using a sample of 110 adolescents, the current study examined the hypothesis that, after an incident of sexual coercion, adolescents would exhibit increases in several behaviors known to increase risk for victimization. As predicted, after experiencing sexual coercion, adolescents reported increased externalizing symptoms, more frequent sexual intercourse and a greater total number of intercourse partners. Finally, alcohol use, drug use, and problems related to substance use increased. These …

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Understanding The Relationship Of Trust And Risk In Online Shopping, Stephanie C. Kozina Jan 2012

Understanding The Relationship Of Trust And Risk In Online Shopping, Stephanie C. Kozina

ETD Archive

This study explores the relationships between online shopping, perceived risk, and trust in an online vendor. Various models have been proposed and studied in previous literature. This study looked at three models: Through, Joint, and Plus to explain how these three constructs relate. An online study with 173 consumers was conducted and focused on perceived risk and consumer trust in the online vendor. Two types of trust, predictability and integrity, were included. A principal components factor analysis led to two four types of risk - privacy, time, social, and lost resource risk - all four were included in the analysis. …

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The Effects Of Task Autonomy And Task Interest On Goal-Setting Behavior And Task Performance, Megan E. Crane Jan 2012

The Effects Of Task Autonomy And Task Interest On Goal-Setting Behavior And Task Performance, Megan E. Crane

ETD Archive

Task autonomy and task interest have been studied in the organizational literature as main effects, demonstrating positive effects on productive work behavior and goal-setting behavior. Providing high task autonomy or an interesting task may stimulate goal setting, but the interaction of these two variables may significantly increase goal level and consequently task performance. Yet, little research has examined this interaction on individuals' goal-setting behavior, when given the opportunity to self-set goals. The purpose of this research is to discover whether the effects of task autonomy on self-set goals are stronger for tasks that are more interesting. Furthermore, I assessed the …

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Same Behavior, Different Consequences: Reactions To Men's And Women's Compulsory Citizenship Behaviors, Makishi Nobuko Jan 2012

Same Behavior, Different Consequences: Reactions To Men's And Women's Compulsory Citizenship Behaviors, Makishi Nobuko

ETD Archive

The objective of this current study was to investigate how job evaluations were changed based on a performer's gender, especially when a performer engaged in compulsory pro-social behaviors under undesirable pressure from others. Gadot (2006) named this type of behavior as Compulsory Citizenship Behavior (CCBs). Gadot (2007) mentioned that employees are forced to perform Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs). The present study used a 2 (gender) x 2 (voluntary nature of behavior: OCBs or CCBs) x 2 (type of behavior: altruistic or civic) mixed between-within-subjects methodology. Participants were randomly assigned to view different types of imaginary employees, which would vary in …

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What Factors Predict Falls In Cognitively Impaired Older Adults?, Nicole T. Dawson Jan 2012

What Factors Predict Falls In Cognitively Impaired Older Adults?, Nicole T. Dawson

ETD Archive

A significant amount of research has been conducted to identify possible risk factors and causes of falls in older adults as well as implementing interventions in efforts to reduce the incidence of falls in this population. Falls accounted for 2 million non-fatal injuries to adults over the age of 65 in 2007 while over $19 billion is spent annually on direct medical costs. Most of the literature is representative of healthy, community-dwelling adults while a much smaller amount is reserved for the subpopulation of older adults with cognitive impairment. Cognitively impaired adults are twice as likely to fall as healthy …

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Examining Signer-Specificity Effects In The Perception Of Words In American Sign Language, Hadiya A. Adams Jan 2012

Examining Signer-Specificity Effects In The Perception Of Words In American Sign Language, Hadiya A. Adams

ETD Archive

Variability in talker identity, which is commonly referred to as one type of indexical variation, has demonstrable effects on the speed and accuracy of spoken word recognition. In the current study, I conducted two experiments designed to examine whether talker variability has an effect on the perception of words in American Sign Language. Native and non-native signers participated in two long-term repetition-priming experiments in which they performed two separate blocks of lexical decision trials. In Experiment 1, all participants were native signers. In Experiment 2, all participants were late signers. In both experiments, all participants performed both an easy and …

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The Effects Of Group Essence Survival On Group Morale, Mark R. Wojda Jan 2012

The Effects Of Group Essence Survival On Group Morale, Mark R. Wojda

ETD Archive

Morale has been defined as, "the capacity of a group of people to pull together persistently and consistently in pursuit of a common purpose" (Leighton, 1949, p. 78). What is missing in our understanding of morale is knowing precisely what generates, increases, and decreases morale. One purpose of the current project is to explore these aspects of morale. Specifically, one factor that may boost or drive morale is the survival of the group's identity, or common purpose. The "essence" of a group includes their values, ideals, and identity that may live on even after current members of the group no …

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Preliminary Analysis Of The Geriatric Intelligence Test, Adam W. Fominaya Jan 2012

Preliminary Analysis Of The Geriatric Intelligence Test, Adam W. Fominaya

ETD Archive

The Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence was not designed specifically for older adults. Many potential confounding factors occur with greater frequency in the elderly population and these may make the WASI a less appropriate measure of general cognitive functioning. This preliminary study aimed to develop the Geriatric Intelligence Test (GIT). Items were piloted on older adults (>80) who also completed two WASI Subtests. Preliminary results show that multiple GIT subtests are strong predictors of WASI subtest scores and showed good internal consistency. Results will be used to develop a more parsimonious version of the test

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Normative Data Collection And Comparison Of Performance On The Poreh Naming Test To The Boston Naming Test, Orion R. Biesan Jan 2012

Normative Data Collection And Comparison Of Performance On The Poreh Naming Test To The Boston Naming Test, Orion R. Biesan

ETD Archive

Although word-finding difficulty is commonly self-reported by older adults, there are no clinical instruments able to reliably distinguish normal age-related effects from pathology in word-finding impairments. The purpose of this study is two-fold: (1) design and evaluate the validity of the Poreh Naming Test, a novel electronic confrontation naming test used to evaluate naming difficulties in demented populations and (2) to investigate the effect of normal aging word-finding abilities on confrontation naming tests, using both accuracy and response latency as performance indices. A community sample was used with each participant being administered the Boston Naming Test, the Poreh Naming Test, …

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Using The Quantified Process Approach In Examination Of The Five Point Test, John R. Skalla Jan 2012

Using The Quantified Process Approach In Examination Of The Five Point Test, John R. Skalla

ETD Archive

The purpose of this study was to collect normative data and test for the reliability of a new strategy index, quantified using a computer-assisted algorithm on the Five-Point Test (FPT), developed by Regard, Strauss, and Knapp (1982). Additionally, the study was aimed at investigating the influence of the new index on the total number of designs and preservative errors. Participants included one hundred and fourteen individuals from Cleveland State University and the community for time one, and sixty two individuals for time two. Participants were administered the Five Point Test and the Delis-Kaplan Design Fluency Test developed by Delis, Kaplan …

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Stigma And Knowledge: A Questionnaire And Literature Review, Melissa L. Pierce Jan 2012

Stigma And Knowledge: A Questionnaire And Literature Review, Melissa L. Pierce

ETD Archive

The main purpose of this study is to show a link between lack of knowledge about mental illness and stigmatizing attitudes towards those with mental illnesses. The first hypothesis, that stigma would be correlated with a lack of knowledge about mental illnesses was confirmed. The majority of results indicate that more knowledge about mental illness in general or about anxiety and/or schizophrenia is associated with less stigmatizing or negative attitudes. Some results didn't support the first hypothesis and these results show that some negative or stigmatizing responses were associated with more estimated knowledge about schizophrenia and/or anxiety.The second hypothesis was …

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The Impact Of Employment Environment And Stereotype Threat On Self-Perceptions And Work Performance Of Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities, Mary Riegelmayer Jan 2012

The Impact Of Employment Environment And Stereotype Threat On Self-Perceptions And Work Performance Of Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities, Mary Riegelmayer

ETD Archive

Community service agencies are advocating for the placement of individuals with intellectual disabilities into community employment positions. Despite training and follow-up services many of these individuals lost their jobs due to inferior performance. One explanation is the possibility that stereotype threat is a causal factor in this phenomenon. Stereotype threat has been linked to poor performance outcomes where the stereotype and performance domain are salient to the individual. Persons with intellectual disabilities may be affected by stereotype threat if the stereotype of mental retardation is salient to them. This study was designed, to investigate whether the stereotype is salient to …

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Impact Of Sequence And Cognitive Aging On Spatial Learning From Ground Level And Aerial Perspectives, Gregory J. Degirolamo Jan 2012

Impact Of Sequence And Cognitive Aging On Spatial Learning From Ground Level And Aerial Perspectives, Gregory J. Degirolamo

ETD Archive

This study examined the impact of healthy aging on two important factors that are common in spatial learning. The first is the perspective a person views an environment from. The second is the sequence that the items are encountered in the environment. In order to test the effects of these factors on spatial learning, participants watched four videos in which they learned two environments from the ground-level perspective and another two from an aerial perspective. One video of each perspective presented each side of the rectangular layout sequentially and the other presented the layout in a random order. After each …

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Ptsd And High-Risk Behaviors In Trauma Survivors, Richard Jason Lawrence Jan 2012

Ptsd And High-Risk Behaviors In Trauma Survivors, Richard Jason Lawrence

ETD Archive

Many previous studies have shown that trauma survivors, with and without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), engage in more high-risk behaviors (e.g., Smith, Davis, & Fricker-Elhai, 2004). It is unclear whether the trauma exposure itself, or PTSD, is actually associated with the high-risk behaviors. The current study will be one of the first to examine differences in risk-taking between trauma survivors with and without PTSD, and will utilize the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) to test risk-taking propensity in trauma survivors. We expect that trauma survivors with PTSD will engage in more high-risk behaviors, report greater perceived benefits, and demonstrate greater …

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Differences In Risk-Taking In A Trauma Exposed Population, Ruth Anna Viehoff Jan 2012

Differences In Risk-Taking In A Trauma Exposed Population, Ruth Anna Viehoff

ETD Archive

Previous studies have shown that depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are associated with a variety of risk-taking behaviors. However fewer studies have examined how comorbidity between the two disorders can differentially affect risk-taking. This study examined the relationship between depression, PTSD, past risk-taking, and perceived benefits of risk to further determine how comorbidity affects risk behaviors. It was expected that individuals who displayed symptoms of depression and PTSD would report more past risk-taking and associate greater benefits with taking risks. Depression symptoms were found to significantly predict past drug use. This suggests that comorbid individuals who report more depressive …

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