Psychology Commons^™

Eliminating Sex Bias Through Rater Cognitive Processes Training, Carter Ard

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

The success of Rater Cognitive Processes Training as a strategy for eliminating sex bias in ratings of performance in a physically demanding job was investigated in the present study. One hundred undergraduate students from a mid -sized regional university served as subjects. The independent variables were type of training and sex of the ratee. resulting in a two by two factorial design. The dependent variable was the performance ratings assigned by the subjects. Subjects in the experimental condition were trained to recognize the important dimensions of performance for the lob of feed handler and received one Practice/feedback session. Subjects in …

Mental Scanning In Auditory Imagery For Songs, Andrea R. Halpern

Faculty Journal Articles

Four experiments examined how people operate on memory representations of familiar songs. The tasks were similar to those used in studies of visual imagery. In one task, subjects saw a one-word lyric from a song and then saw a second lyric; then they had to say if the second lyric was from the same song as the first. In a second task, subjects mentally compared pitches of notes corresponding to song lyrics. In both tasks, reaction time increased as a function of the distance in beats between the two lyrics in the actual song, and in some conditions reaction time …

Similarities Between Human And Animal Spatial Memory: Item And Order Information, Robert H.I. Dale

Scholarship and Professional Work - LAS

Human subjects, sitting at the center of a circle of eight lights, were tested on analogues of radial-maze item-recognition (Roberts & Smythe, 1979) and order-recognition (Kesner & Novak, 1982) tasks. Subjects in the item-recognition condition saw a list of seven lights, and then the nonlist (eighth) light was tested against the first, fourth, or seventh light from the list. The sub- jects were required to point toward the non list light. Subjects in the order-recognition condition saw a series of eight lights, followed by a test of the first and second, fourth and fifth, or seventh and eighth serial positions. …

Task Load, Stimulus Encodability, Test Latency, And Processing Efficiency Effects On The Visual Recognition Memory Of The Chronic Neuropsychologically Impaired, Thomas W. C. Blash

All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Psychologists assessing the visual recognition memory (VRM) of neuropsychologically compromised clients with the dual diagnosis of cognitive impairment and emotional sequelae confront two problems, including the dearth of studies dealing with the dually diagnosed (Menolascino, 1984) and inconsistent findings from past research on the effects of cerebral compromise on visual memory (Boller & DeRenzi, 1967; Cremonini, DeRenzi, & Faglioni, 1980; DeRenzi & Spinnler, 1966; DeRenzi, Faglioni, & Villa, 1977; Gouvier, 1983; Kimura, 1963). This study examines the effects of task load (number of stimuli), stimulus encodability, test latency, and cognitive processing efficiency on a group of dually diagnosed individuals who …

The Impact Of Orientation Training On Spatial Cognition And Spatial Behavior In Elderly Shoppers, Elizabeth Ann Mathes

Psychology Theses & Dissertations

The present study focuses on the acquisition of spatial knowledge in a large-scale, novel environment and on the interrelationships among psychometric tests of imagery, psychometric tests of spatial abilities, and experimental tasks involving spatial knowledge. Forty elderly females were provided microspatial information by four means: cartography; videotape; verbal description; and verbal description with imagery instructions. Analyses of behavior in a simulated shopping task within a suburban shop­ ping mall revealed differences in performance only for efficiency in Route Selection task. Cartographic and verbal presentations resulted in greater efficiency than did verbal description with imagery instructions or video­ tape presentations. Supplemental …

Patterns Of Emotion Within Mathematics Problem-Solving, Frances A. Rosamond

Humanistic Mathematics Network Journal

There is often a divide between the experience of positive emotions toward math on the part of mathematical educators and negative emotions toward math on the part of students. This paper utilizes psychologist Richard Lazarus's work on the effects of positive emotions in order to highlight their benefits for mathematical pedagogy, to explain the author's experiment applying Lazarus's theory, and to suggest ways this application might support and foster positive emotions in students.

The Effects Of Temporospatial Integration On Distance Estimations Of Young And Elderly Adults, Margaret Rowley-Bernicki

Psychology Theses & Dissertations

The effect of discontinuity on temporospati al integration in the accuracy of distance estimations was examined utilizing a slide presentation of a route. Participants were 60 young and 60 elderly adults who were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. The two conditions were determined by whether the subjects viewed the walk in a logically sequenced order or a pre-determined randomized order. Subjects viewed the walk twice and thereafter made a series of distance estimates between a series of preselected landmarks chosen by a different group of young and elderly adults. Additionally, subjects gave self-ratings on a twelve-item questionnaire to …

Section I- The Cognitive Psychometric Connection

The Influence of Cognitive Psychology on Testing

Section I- The Cognitive Psychometric Connection

Section Ii- Cognitive Approaches To Psychometric Issues: Applications

The Influence of Cognitive Psychology on Testing

Section II- COGNITIVE APPROACHES TO PSYCHOMETRIC ISSUES: APPLICATIONS

Section Iii- Methodological Issues

The Influence of Cognitive Psychology on Testing

Section III- METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES

Title Page And Contents- The Influence Of Cognitive Psychology On Testing, Jane Close Conoley, Royce R. Ronning, John A. Glover, Joseph C. Witt

The Influence of Cognitive Psychology on Testing

The Influence of Cognitive Psychology on Testing

Contents

Foreword ix

1. Introduction: The Implications of Cognitive Psychology for Testing...........1

PART I: THE COGNITIVE-PSYCHOMETRIC CONNECTION

2. Science, Technology, and Intelligence...................11

3. Toward a Cognitive Theory for the Measurement of Achievement ...................41

4. The g Beyond Factor Analysis.........................87

PART II: COGNITIVE APPROACHES TO PSYCHOMETRIC ISSUES: APPLICATIONS

5. The Assessment of Cognitive Factors in Academic Abilities...................145

6. Theoretical Implications from Protocol Analysis on Testing and Measurement...191

PART III: METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES

7. Structure and Process in Cognitive Psychology Using Multidimensional Scaling and Related Techniques..................229

8. New Perspectives in the Analysis of Abilities.....................267

Author Index …

Foreword- The Influence Of Cognitive Psychology On Testing, James V. Mitchell Jr.

The Influence of Cognitive Psychology on Testing

For over 40 years Oscar K. Buros was Director of the Buros Institute of Mental Measurements and Editor of the Mental Measurements Yearbooks. He was a crusader, and he devoted his entire career to his crusade. He was a crusader for better tests and the more effective selection and use of tests, and he used the Mental Measurements Yearbooks as the principal instrument in this crusade. Buros passed away in 1978, and his widow, Luella Buros, worked tirelessly to find a new home for the Institute. As a result of her efforts the Institute was relocated at the University …

2. Science, Technology, And Intelligence, Earl Hunt

The Influence of Cognitive Psychology on Testing

The intelligence test has been cited as psychology's most important technological contribution to society. Whether this is good or ill can be debated (Eysenck, 1979; Gould, 1981; Herrnstein, 1971; Kamin, 1974). Certain facts are not really subject to debate . Psychologists can and have developed "standardized interviews" that, on a population basis, provide a cost effective technique for personnel classification in industrial, military, and some government settings. However, the tests are very far from perfect indicators. Validity coefficients between tests and performance ratings typically range in the .3 to .5 range (i.e. , from 10 to 25% of the variance …

6. Theoretical Implications From Protocol Analysis On Testing And Measurement, K. Anders Ericsson

The Influence of Cognitive Psychology on Testing

One of the goals of psychology has always been to describe, understand, and measure individual differences. The diversity of human behavior makes it particularly challenging to seek to identify general and stable underlying elements that correspond to systematic individual differences . A major problem in the efforts to identify such elements is that the elements cannot be observed directly. The primary method has been to use the current psychological theory to develop procedures to measure such hypothetical elements. In this chapter I present a new theoretic framework, based on verbal reports from subjects, for identifying and measuring individual differences. I …

7. Structure And Process In Cognitive Psychology Using Multidimensional Scaling And Related Techniques, Edward J. Shoben, Brian H. Ross

The Influence of Cognitive Psychology on Testing

INTRODUCTION

The goal of cognitive psychology is to provide a general understanding of human cognitive processes through the development of general, formal models of cognition. Although it is clearly true that some areas (such as memory) have been more highly developed than others, it is undeniable that cognitive psychology has witnessed a proliferation of models in the past decade. Perhaps researchers are finding it increasingly difficult to discriminate among competing memory models because the constraints are so weak. One possibility that will be explored in this chapter is the prospect of using multidimensional scaling (MDS) and related procedures as a …

3. Toward A Cognitive Theory For The Measu Rement Of Achievement, Robert Glaser, Alan Lesgold, Susanne Lajoie

The Influence of Cognitive Psychology on Testing

INTRODUCTION

Given the demands for higher levels of learning in our schools and the press for education in the skilled trades, the professions, and the sciences, we must develop more powerful and specific methods for assessing achievement. We need forms of assessment that educators can use to improve educational practice and to diagnose individual progress by monitoring the outcomes of learning and training. Compared to the well-developed technology for aptitude measurement and selection testing, however, the measurement of achievement and diagnosis of learning problems is underdeveloped. This is because the correlational models that support prediction are insufficient for the task …

4. The G Beyond Factor Analysis, Arthur R. Jensen

The Influence of Cognitive Psychology on Testing

The problem of g, essentially , concerns two very fundamental questions: (1) Why are scores on various mental ability tests positively correlated? and (2) Why do people differ in performance on such tests?

SOME DEFINITIONS

To insure that we are talking the same language, we must review a few definitions. Clarity, explicitness, and avoidance of excess meaning or connotative overtones are virtues of a definition. Aside from these properties, a definition per se affords nothing to argue about. It has nothing to do with truth or reality; it is a formality needed for communication.

A mental ability test consists …

5. The Assessment Of Cognitive Factors In Academic Abilities, Stephen L. Benton, Kenneth A. Kiewra

The Influence of Cognitive Psychology on Testing

Nearly 30 years ago, Lee Cronbach (1957) distinguished between the two disciplines of correlational psychology, which investigated naturally occurring individual variance in behavior, and experimental psychology, which examined the effectiveness of certain treatments on behavior. Essentially, correlational psychology examined individual differences using factor analytic techniques; whereas experimental psychology attempted to eliminate individual differences using appropriate interventions. Cronbach believed that these two disciplines should join together to promote aptitude-treatment interaction (A Tl) research that would identify effective treatments for certain types of individuals. With this combined approach, different treatments could be prescribed for skilled and less skilled individuals.

The A Tl …

8. New Perspectives In The Analysis Of Abilities, John B. Carroll

The Influence of Cognitive Psychology on Testing

INTRODUCTION

One can understandably be skeptical when a "new perspective" is offered on a topic that has been under scientific examination for a very long time. I am not sure that I have any truly new perspectives , but I entertain the notion that my perspectives have the kind of novelty that will last long enough to permit taking a fresh look at some very old problems and getting new insights into their solution . I'm concerned with several such problems: First, what is an " ability"? How can an ability be defined? This is a problem that I believe …

Complete Work- The Influence Of Cognitive Psychology On Testing, Royce R. Ronning, John A. Glover, Jane C. Conoley, Joseph C. Witt

The Influence of Cognitive Psychology on Testing

The Influence of Cognitive Psychology on Testing

Contents

Foreword ........................ix

1. Introduction: The Implications of Cognitive Psychology for Testing...........1

PART I: THE COGNITIVE-PSYCHOMETRIC CONNECTION

2. Science, Technology, and Intelligence...................11

3. Toward a Cognitive Theory for the Measurement of Achievement ...................41

4. The g Beyond Factor Analysis.........................87

PART II: COGNITIVE APPROACHES TO PSYCHOMETRIC ISSUES: APPLICATIONS

5. The Assessment of Cognitive Factors in Academic Abilities...................145

6. Theoretical Implications from Protocol Analysis on Testing and Measurement...191

PART III: METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES

7. Structure and Process in Cognitive Psychology Using Multidimensional Scaling and Related Techniques..................229

8. New Perspectives in the Analysis of Abilities.....................267

Author Index …

A Task Analysis Of Algebra Word Problems, Dale E. Berger, Jeffrey M. Wilde '84

CGU Faculty Publications and Research

Algebra word problems have been a source of consternation to generations of students. Recent cognitive analyses of problem solving have provided a new perspective on the mental processes involved in solving problems. In the study reported in this chapter, a set of algebra word problems was analyzed in terms of the information integration tasks that are required to solve the problems. A comparison of beginning an advanced high school students on their strategies and skills with algebra word problems demonstrated the advantages experts have in recognizing and using the overall structure of problems to guide them to a solution. Instruction …

Analogies As Aids To Understanding And Memory, Carol Carter Hansen

Theses Digitization Project

No abstract provided.

1. Introduction: The Implications Of Cognitive Psychology For Testing, Royce R. Ronning, Jane C. Conoley, John G. Glover

The Influence of Cognitive Psychology on Testing

The 1985 Buros-Nebraska Symposium was developed to address the broad issue of the influence of cognitive psychology on testing and measurement. In the planning process, four topics were formulated that we asked contributors to address. The following four issues provided the focus for the Symposium and hence for the present volume. We explore:

1. Cognitive psychology as a basis for questioning some of our assumptions about the nature of mental abilities;
2. The influence of cognitive psychology on test development;
3. Cognitive psychology influences on test validity;
4. Cognitive psychology as a means to provide a linkage between testing and …

Author Index- The Influence Of Cognitive Psychology On Testing

The Influence of Cognitive Psychology on Testing

Author Index- 8 pages

A-Z

A

Abrahamsen, A. A., 234, 236, 237, 262, 265
Ackerman, P. L., 29, 37
Agrawal, N., 103, 136
Ahern, S., 121, 136
Ananda, S. M., 135, 136
Anastasi, A., 2, 8, 176, 184
Anderson, J. A., 19,38, 256, 263
Anderson, J. H., 44, 83
Anderson, J. R., 31, 36, 37, 44, 82, 154, 184, 195, 223, 230, 256, 263
Anderson, R., 54, 82
Arabie, P., 230, 231, 232, 241, 242, 245, 246, 247, 251, 253, 263, 264, 266
Arnkoff, D. B., 172, 184
Arnold, J. B., 234, 253, 262, 263
Atkinson, R. c., 135, 136, …

Subject Index- The Influence Of Cognitive Psychology On Testing

The Influence of Cognitive Psychology on Testing

Subject Index- 10 pages

A-Z

A

Ability, see also specific type classes of, Cattell-Horn model and, 15 definition of, 268- 274 exceptional, acquired skill vs., 216-221 fluid and crystallized, correlation of, 96- 97 measurement of, 87-88, 267- 283 cognitive ability factors and, 280- 282 definition s and, 268-274 person characteristic function and, 275-279 task difficulty and, 279-280
Academic abilities, 145-183 cognitive strategies and, 150-152 control processes and, 149-150 declarative knowledge and, 146- 148 factors in, 146 in mathematics, 175-179 metacognition and, 152- 153 procedural knowledge and, 148-149 in reading, 153-162, see also Reading in science, 179- 182 in writing, 163-175, …

The Effect Of Priming, Christian Orthodox Beliefs, And Training On Critical Thinking, Cheryl Norry

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

This study investigated the extent to which pro and antireligious individuals responded objectively and critically to religious and nonreligious material. Proreligious (n=72) and antireligious (n=72) individuals, as determined by Fullerton and Hunsberger’s (1982) Christian Orthodoxy Scale, were selected from 507 introductory psychology students. They judged the logical soundness of 30 syllogisms (10 proreligious, 10 antireligious, and 10 neutral) following a priming task (critical, religious, or neutral). Prior to the analysis of the syllogisms, half of the subjects were given logic training, while the other half did not receive any instruction in logic. Dependent variables included critical ability (i.e., the number …

An Examination Of The Relationship Between Mental Resources And Performance Strategies, Douglas L. Miller

Psychology Theses & Dissertations

Based on the work of Klapp, Marshburn, and Lester (1983) and more generally on principles of the Multiple Resource Theory, it was proposed that human short-term memory consists of two mental resource channels, one that is tapped by span memory tasks and one tapped by immediate working memory tasks. It was further hypothesized that dual-task performance would be better under conditions where one of the component tasks tapped the proposed span memory channel and one tapped the proposed working memory channel, than when both tasks tapped the same channel. In addition, it was hypothesized that dual-tasks tapping the same memory …

The Effects Of Time-Compression On Recall Utilizing A Videotape Presentation, William Edmiston Jr.

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Three population samples of college students were found to be similar on two stratifying variables, general intelligence and knowledge of conditioning principles, before viewing a time-compressed or non-compressed videotape presentation. The amount of unprompted information recalled did not differ significantly between the time-compressed and non-compressed treatment conditions. Additionally, neither treatment condition differed significantly on a multiple-choice posttest, although both groups did differ significantly from a control group that did not view the videotape. No significant difference was found between the time-compressed and non-compressed groups on their ratings of Quality of Narrator, Interest Level of Topic, and Overall Quality of Videotape …

Theories And System Of Psychology, G K Valecha

IIMB Management Review

No abstract provided.

An Information Processing Approach To The Study Of Map Interpretation, Susan Vaughan Felton

Psychology Theses & Dissertations

Three variables involved in map interpretation (rotation, planar angle, and scale) were examined from an information processing perspective to determine whether they were characterized by serial, parallel, or a combination of serial and parallel processing. Sex differences in these processes were also examined. Participants viewed a series of pairs of slides depicting various combinations of rotations, planar angles, and scales, and were asked to determine whether the pair represented the same array viewed from a different viewpoint. Accuracy and response time were the dependent variables of interest. Results indicated that the number of manipulations that were involved in a problem …