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Cognitive Psychology

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Full-Text Articles in Psychology

Community Adjustment Of Young Adults With Mental Retardation: A Developmental Perspective, Richard F. Ittenbach, Sheryl A. Larson, Amy N. Spiegel, Brian H. Abery, Robert W. Prouty Jan 1993

Community Adjustment Of Young Adults With Mental Retardation: A Developmental Perspective, Richard F. Ittenbach, Sheryl A. Larson, Amy N. Spiegel, Brian H. Abery, Robert W. Prouty

Department of Educational Psychology: Faculty Publications

The community adjustment of young adults with mental retardation remains a crucial issue for all human service providers. No longer does adjustment imply simply the physical integration of persons with disabilities into community settings. Rather, it refers to the adjustment and integration of the whole person into community life. Whether one describes community adjustment as a process, an outcome, a philosophy, or a multidimensional concept (Bachrach, 1981), community adjustment has become synonymous with the term quality-of-life, a quality that depends in large part on one’s happiness and success in socially sanctioned, age-appropriate tasks.

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An Investigation Of The Exclusion Of Students With Disabilities In National Data Collection Programs, Kevin S. Mcgrew, Martha L. Thurlow, Amy N. Spiegel Jan 1993

An Investigation Of The Exclusion Of Students With Disabilities In National Data Collection Programs, Kevin S. Mcgrew, Martha L. Thurlow, Amy N. Spiegel

Department of Educational Psychology: Faculty Publications

This investigation examined the extent to which students with disabilities are involved in a select sample of national data collection programs that are playing a pivotal role in the measurement-driven educational reform movement. Nine data collection programs that are receiving significant attention in current educational reform initiatives were reviewed. The results suggest that approxi-mately 40% to 50% of school-age students with disabilities are excluded from some of the most prom-inent national educational data collection programs. In contrast, students with disabilities are included to a greater degree in noneducational data collection programs that do not require partici-pation in direct assessment activities. …

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Does Religion Teach Empathy And Helpfulness? The Role Of Fundamentalism And Target Of Need In The Religion-Helping Relation, Lynne Marie Jackson Jan 1993

Does Religion Teach Empathy And Helpfulness? The Role Of Fundamentalism And Target Of Need In The Religion-Helping Relation, Lynne Marie Jackson

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

The empathy-altruism hypothesis predicts that when social expectation for helping is low, empathy will facilitate, and distress will attenuate, helping (Batson, 1991). Based on this prediction, this study explored the relations among religious fundamentalism, emotional reactions of empathy and distress, and helping behaviour, for differing targets of need. One hundred thirty-three introductory psychology students (38 male, 95 female), of varying levels of religious fundamentalism, read a letter ostensibly written by a person hoping to attend university during the coming academic year. The letter indicated that the author had concerns about coping with the demands of university studies. The potential student …

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A Comparison Of Metamemory Judgements And Forgetting Rates For Item And Associative Recognition For Normal And Closed-Head Injured Populations, Kathy Bharrath Singh Jan 1993

A Comparison Of Metamemory Judgements And Forgetting Rates For Item And Associative Recognition For Normal And Closed-Head Injured Populations, Kathy Bharrath Singh

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

Metamemory, in particular memory monitoring during a memory task, was investigated in a closed—head injured (CHI) population and a normal (control) population. Prediction ratings were used to determine memory monitoring at time of encoding, and postdiction ratings were used to determine memory monitoring at time of retrieval. Item and associative information for concrete and abstract words were tested using a forced—choice recognition test procedure. Forgetting rates for these two types of information (item and associative) were examined by analyzing immediate and final recognition memory performance. Results indicated that the CHI group had a lower overall level of recognition performance, however …

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A Study Investigating The Cognitive Variables Involved In Adolescent Use Of Alcohol, William E. Fahey Dec 1992

A Study Investigating The Cognitive Variables Involved In Adolescent Use Of Alcohol, William E. Fahey

All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This study investigated the relationship of adolescents• level of alcohol use to various cognitive and contextual variables. The cognitive variables of concern included (a) alcohol knowledge, (b) generation of alternatives thinking, (c) means-ends thinking, and (d) selfefficacy. The contextual variables were specific factors associated with most recent alcohol use experiences. The sample consisted of 113 high school sophomores from two separate high schools located within a rural county in the upper Midwest. Subjects were separated into three groups (Nonusers, Occasional Users, and Heavy Users) based on their self-reported level of alcohol use in the past month. Subjects completed various questionnaires …

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Choice Reaction Time As A Function Of Set Size And Signal Frequency, Barbara M. Herzing Oct 1992

Choice Reaction Time As A Function Of Set Size And Signal Frequency, Barbara M. Herzing

Psychology Theses & Dissertations

This research was conducted in two experiments. The first experiment assessed whether set size for the negative and positive sets affected reaction time during a visual scanning task. The effects of signal frequency on these relationships were assessed in the second experiment. It was hypothesized that as set size increased, reaction time would increase. In addition, as signal frequency increased, it was hypothesized that reaction time would decrease. In the first experiment, 12 groups of 10 subjects each were tested varying the number of stimuli for the positive and negative sets. The second experiment tested 18 groups by varying the …

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The Effects Of Stroke On The Comprehension Of Affective And Nonaffective Prosody, Mona Matheney Tiernan Jul 1992

The Effects Of Stroke On The Comprehension Of Affective And Nonaffective Prosody, Mona Matheney Tiernan

Psychology Theses & Dissertations

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of stroke on the comprehension of prosody. Thirty two inpatient volunteers (16 with right hemisphere and 16 with left hemisphere stroke) and 16 controls participated in the study. A 3(Group) x 2(Gender) x 2(Task) mixed design was used. The independent variables were the subject group, gender and the prosody task (affective or nonaffective). The dependent variables were the percentage of correct responses to the affective and nonaffective prosody tasks. A 3(Group) x 2(Gender) x 2(Task) AN0VA revealed a significant main effect for group, E

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About Faces: The Investigation Of Electrodermal Activity (Eda) As It Relates To The Recognition And Naming Of Faces, Donald J. Shearer Apr 1992

About Faces: The Investigation Of Electrodermal Activity (Eda) As It Relates To The Recognition And Naming Of Faces, Donald J. Shearer

Psychology Theses & Dissertations

This study investigates and replicates the occurrence of a "W" pattern or compound electrodermal activity (EDA) response as it relates to the perception and naming of faces first found in Shearer and Mikulka (1991). Thirty-four male and thirty-four female subjects were randomly assigned to two conditions. The two conditions were balanced for sex having 17 males and 17 females each. The subjects were each presented 40 facial stimulus slides and the accompanying EDA responses were recorded. In the experimental condition subjects were required either to name (identify) the face or give a "feeling of knowing" rating of the face. In …

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Evans, G. (Ed.) Learning And Teaching Cognitive Skills; And, Biggs. J. (Ed.) Teaching For Learning: The View From Cognitive Psychology., Denise Kirkpatrick Jan 1992

Evans, G. (Ed.) Learning And Teaching Cognitive Skills; And, Biggs. J. (Ed.) Teaching For Learning: The View From Cognitive Psychology., Denise Kirkpatrick

Australian Journal of Teacher Education

Evans, G. (Ed.) Learning and teaching cognitive skills. ACER, Melbourne, 1991. Biggs, J. (Ed.) Teaching for leaming: the view from cognitive psychology. ACER, Melbourne, 1991.

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Confirmatory Factor Analysis Of Early Childhood Ability Measures Within A Model Of Personal Competence, Richard F. Ittenbach, Amy N. Spiegel, Kevin S. Mcgrew, Robert H. Bruininks Jan 1992

Confirmatory Factor Analysis Of Early Childhood Ability Measures Within A Model Of Personal Competence, Richard F. Ittenbach, Amy N. Spiegel, Kevin S. Mcgrew, Robert H. Bruininks

Department of Educational Psychology: Faculty Publications

The present study tested Greenspan’s model of personal competence with data obtained from the Early Screening Profiles, a nationally standardized preschool screening battery designed to measure the general functioning level of children 2–7 years of age. Of the five models tested (three a priori and two a posteriori), three models produced results indicative of a good fit. These findings support the use of Greenspan’s model of personal competence as a framework for understanding the nature of developing abilities in young children as well as for the improvement of classification and diag-nosis of children with special needs.

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Authoritarianism And Integrative Complexity, Susan Michele Alisat Jan 1992

Authoritarianism And Integrative Complexity, Susan Michele Alisat

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

The relationship between Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and cognitive style was examined. Consistent with social learning theory, it was hypothesized that the development of authoritarian attitudes may be accompanied by the development of certain ways of thinking about the objects of these attitudes. High and low RWAs provided solutions for social conflicts which involved authoritarian and nonauthoritarian issues. After having provided their initial solutions, students were encouraged to increase the complexity of their reasoning by means of "prodding" questions. Results suggested that, instead of thinking less complexly for only authoritarian issues, high RWAs displayed lower integrative complexity scores than low RWAs …

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Processing Effects On A Context-Sensitive Fragment Completion Test, Brenda Darlene Nash Jan 1992

Processing Effects On A Context-Sensitive Fragment Completion Test, Brenda Darlene Nash

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

The present research examined the effects of conceptual processing on the implicit test of fragment completion. At study, subjects either generated a sentence to a word pair, solved a fragment (this fragment was paired with another word), or counted the number of vowels in a word pair. Subjects were tested on either a standard fragment completion test or a test in which the fragment was embedded in a meaningful sentence. This sentence also contained the other member of the studied pair. The fragment could be completed with the studied word or with another reasonable alternative. The results revealed functional independence …

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Use Of A Commercially Available Flight Simulator During Aircrew Performance Testing, S. A. Shappell, B. J. Bartosh Nov 1991

Use Of A Commercially Available Flight Simulator During Aircrew Performance Testing, S. A. Shappell, B. J. Bartosh

Publications

Investigations of aircrew sustained operations (SUSOPS) have been criticized for employing tasks with no apparent external validity. Because measures obtained directly from aviators flying high-performance aircraft are difficult to obtain, a laboratory compromise is needed. High-fidelity flight simulators used for aircrew training offer the most realistic simulation, but their availability is limited. Personal computer-based flight simulators may provide adequate simulation in, the laboratory at a reasonable cost. This report describes a representative research protocol using a commercially available flight simulator during a simulated aircrew SUSOP.

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The Effect Of Fear Of Success And Perceived Task Difficulty On Cognitive Performance, David Eugene Elkins Apr 1991

The Effect Of Fear Of Success And Perceived Task Difficulty On Cognitive Performance, David Eugene Elkins

Psychology Theses & Dissertations

This study investigated the relationship of fear of success (FOS) and perceptions of task difficulty, their interactive effect on anagram and matrix-task performance and possible gender differences on these variables. A total of 226 students, 83 males and 143 females, participated in the study. FOS was measured by the administration of Zuckerman and Allison's (1976) Fear of Success Scale. Perceptions of task difficulty were manipulated by use of falsified normative data. Subjects therefore believed the upcoming task was either easy or difficult or the subjects were employed as controls. An anagram task and 12 items selected from Raven's Standard Progressive …

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The Role Of Conceptual Processing In Perceptual Identification Performance, Michael B. Wasdell Jan 1991

The Role Of Conceptual Processing In Perceptual Identification Performance, Michael B. Wasdell

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

The present research examined the extent to which conceptual processing done at study contributed to perceptual identification priming in an associative priming paradigm. Subjects performed either an elaborative (sentence generation) or non-elaborative (vowel comparison) encoding task on unrelated cue-target pairs presented in a study list. On a subsequent perceptual identification test, old target words were paired with their study trial cues (same context), other study trial cues (rearranged context), novel cue words (new context) and non-word cues (no context). A conceptual processing effect would be evidenced by a significantly higher level of the same context priming in the elaborative encoding …

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A Cognitive Approach To Discharge Planning For Offenders, Frederick Wayne Morris Jan 1991

A Cognitive Approach To Discharge Planning For Offenders, Frederick Wayne Morris

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

The paper describes an application of cognitive psychological techniques to a program of discharge planning for offenders from a medium security Correctional Centre. It contains a review of alternative methods of discharge planning, outlines the development of cognitive treatment techniques, and explains the rationale for applying these techniques to incarcerated offenders. A quasi-experimental approach is utilized, comparing a group that experienced a combination of Interpersonal Cognitive Problem-Solving, an affective component, self-initiation and relapse prevention with no treatment comparison groups. A significant improvement was in the experiment group in their ability to solve problems as measured by the Means End Problem-Solving …

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Christianity And Cognitive Therapy (Chapter 3 Of Cognitive Therapy Techniques In Christian Counseling), Mark R. Mcminn Jan 1991

Christianity And Cognitive Therapy (Chapter 3 Of Cognitive Therapy Techniques In Christian Counseling), Mark R. Mcminn

Faculty Publications - Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) Program

LEN NERVOUSLY EYED THE DIPLOMAS on the wall, the titles on the bookshelf, and the wilted leaves on the plant I routinely neglect before telling me why he came for help. "I guess I'm here because you're a Christian and I need help dealing with my feelings ." Within this first thirty seconds of therapy, Len had revealed some important information about himself. He was nervous. He wanted to talk with a Christian, probably because he was also a Christian. He was troubled with uncomfortable - feelings, but wanted to be selective about the help he received. Len, like so …

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Differential Outcome Expectancies Of Reinforcement And Nonreinforcement And Memory For Temporal And Nontemporal Stimuli, Mary Jo Ducharme Jan 1991

Differential Outcome Expectancies Of Reinforcement And Nonreinforcement And Memory For Temporal And Nontemporal Stimuli, Mary Jo Ducharme

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

The effects of differential outcome expectancies of food and no-food on memory for temporal and non-temporal stimuli were examined. Pigeons matched short (2s) and long (8s) sample durations to red and green comparison stimuli, and vertical and horizontal lines to vertical and horizontal lines. In Experiment 1, the Nondifferential Outcome group (NDO) received food or no-food on a random half of all trials. The Differential Outcome groups (DO) received food for correct responding to one temporal sample and one nontemporal sample, and no-food following the other samples. In the Differential Outcome-Short-Food group (DO-SF), the short sample stimulus was followed by …

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Need For Cognition Scale: A Study Of Its Psychometric Properties And Its Ability To Predict Academic Achievement, Arthur Cleavinger Jun 1990

Need For Cognition Scale: A Study Of Its Psychometric Properties And Its Ability To Predict Academic Achievement, Arthur Cleavinger

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

The psychometric properties of the Need for Cognition Scale (NCS; Cacioppo & Petty, 1982) were investigated in two studies with independent samples of undergraduates at Western Kentucky University. In the first study (N = 379), the internal consistency and factor structure of the NCS were examined, and the NCS was compared to the Achievement subscale of the Personality Research Form (Jackson, 1974) and the State-Trait Curiosity subscale of the State-Trait Personality Inventory (Speilberger, 1979). Also, the possibility of differences in “need for cognition” attributable to socio-economic status (i.e. the educational attainment of the subjects’ parents) were examined. The second study …

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The Cognitive Ecology Of Problem Solving, Alan Hartley Jan 1990

The Cognitive Ecology Of Problem Solving, Alan Hartley

Scripps Faculty Publications and Research

This chapter examines the first goal: understanding real-world problem solving. It is particularly concerned with issues of representativeness and what has been called ecological validity. In addition, because there is considerable evidence that there are differences across the adult life span in solving problems, as reviewed by Botwinick (1978), Giambra and Arenberg (1980), and Rabbitt (1977), it will be important to ask whether or not age is an important qualifier to the conclusions that are reached. The first section discusses the problems people actually face and reviews the paradigms used in scientific investigations to represent problems, including studies of age …

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The Early Motor Profile: Correlation With The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test Of Motor Efficiency1, Amy N. Spiegel, Kathleen M. Steffens, John E. Ryders, Robert H. Bruininks Jan 1990

The Early Motor Profile: Correlation With The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test Of Motor Efficiency1, Amy N. Spiegel, Kathleen M. Steffens, John E. Ryders, Robert H. Bruininks

Department of Educational Psychology: Faculty Publications

A correlational study of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency and the Early Motor Pro-file with 109 kindergarten children showed a significant relation between these two measures of mo-tor abilities. These results support use of the latter profile as a measure of motor development in preschool age children.

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Evidence For Common Coding Of Temporal And Nontemporal Information In Pigeons, Stephen Bridson Jan 1990

Evidence For Common Coding Of Temporal And Nontemporal Information In Pigeons, Stephen Bridson

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

Two experiments found evidence that pigeons commonly code temporal and visual samples that are associated with the same comparisons in many-to-one matching. In Experiment 1, pigeons were trained to match temporal (2-sec and 8-sec keylight durations) and color (red and green) samples to line tilt comparisons (vertical and horizontal). Similar rates of forgetting were found for all samples. Furthermore, retention of sample information appeared more similar for samples which shared common comparisons than those that did not. In Experiment 2, pigeons learned new comparison (circle and triangle) associations with either temporal or visual samples from Experiment 1. When tested on …

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A Correlational Study Of Cognitive Style Measured By The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator And The Witkin Group Embedded Figure, Leith Wood Muessle Jul 1989

A Correlational Study Of Cognitive Style Measured By The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator And The Witkin Group Embedded Figure, Leith Wood Muessle

Dissertations and Theses

A review of the literature suggests a coincidence of personality characteristics among the cognitive styles defined by Field Dependence-Independence and the Myers-Briggs type preferences. This thesis proposed these independent measures of cognitive style tap common cognitive processes and hypothesized the Myers-Briggs dimensions of Extraversion-Introversion (EI), Sensing-Intuition (SN), and Judgement-Perception (JP) would correlate positively and Thinking-Feeling (TF) would correlate negatively with the dimension Field Dependence-Independence (FD-FI) as measured by the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT). The relationships of gender, age, and intelligence to the prediction of field-dependence-independence were also tested.

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Task-Hemispheric Integrity Effect: Level Of Task Difficulty And Mental Workload In A Dual Task, Nancy E. Hite Apr 1989

Task-Hemispheric Integrity Effect: Level Of Task Difficulty And Mental Workload In A Dual Task, Nancy E. Hite

Psychology Theses & Dissertations

The task-hemispheric integrity effect states that when a spatial and verbal task must be time-shared, superior performance would be obtained when the same hemisphere that processes information also controls the hand used to respond. The effect of increasing the level of task difficulty on an unstable tracking task on the concurrent performance of a dichotic listening task was investigated. The results indicated that performance on the unstable tracking task significantly deteriorated as task difficulty level increased in both single- and dual-task conditions. However, performance on both the unstable tracking task and the dichotic listening task was not influenced by hand …

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Assessment Of Visual/Orthographic Awareness In Beginning Readers, Hope Elizabeth Lemoine Jan 1989

Assessment Of Visual/Orthographic Awareness In Beginning Readers, Hope Elizabeth Lemoine

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

Various models reading development (Frith, 1985; Gough & Hillenger, 1980; Marsh, Friedman, Welch, & Desberg, 1981) have suggested that word shape is of critical important to early readers when recognizing words they know. As children progress through the early stages of reading, critical features such as first letter then become the important definers of word recognitions among early readers until they are at a much more advanced stage (Frith, 1985). More generally, advanced orthographic awareness among early readers is not considered to play an important role until children are older and have established a more advanced reading vocabulary. The purpose …

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The Effects Of Irrelevant Dimensions On The Predictive Value Of A Warning Signal, Ruth Justine Arnegard Oct 1988

The Effects Of Irrelevant Dimensions On The Predictive Value Of A Warning Signal, Ruth Justine Arnegard

Psychology Theses & Dissertations

Past research has neglected irrelevant dimensions of visual warning signals in choice reaction-time tasks. The present study examined the effects of an irrelevant dimension of a visual warning signal and that signal's value in predicting a response stimulus on choice reaction time. A warning signal, which was a geometric figure, appeared in the center of a VDT screen and was followed by one of two response stimuli (open circles). The predictive value of the warning signal was defined as the percentage of trials during which the warning signal accurately predicted the response stimulus by size and was manipulated in the …

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Self-Control In Mentally Retarded Adolescents: Choice As A Function Of Amount And Delay Of Reinforcement, Steven P. Ragotzy Aug 1988

Self-Control In Mentally Retarded Adolescents: Choice As A Function Of Amount And Delay Of Reinforcement, Steven P. Ragotzy

Dissertations

Three severely mentally retarded adolescents were studied under discrete-trial procedures in which a choice was arranged between edible reinforcers that differed in magnitude and, in some conditions, delay. In the absence of delays, the larger reinforcer was consistently chosen. All subjects directed the majority of choice responses to the smaller reinforcer when the larger reinforcer was sufficiently delayed, although the value at which this occurred differed across subjects. Under conditions where the larger reinforcer initially was sufficiently delayed to result in preference for the smaller one, progressively increasing in 5-s increments the delay to both reinforcers increased percent trials with …

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Misattribution Of Interpersonal Attraction: A Case Of Mistaken Chemistry Or Cognition, William John Bowman Ii May 1988

Misattribution Of Interpersonal Attraction: A Case Of Mistaken Chemistry Or Cognition, William John Bowman Ii

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Prior research endorsed two theories of misattribution of interpersonal attraction. Both the two-component theory and the excitation transfer theory demonstrate misattribution and, in combination, enhance the probability of misattribution. However, which theory provides the primary source of misattribution has not been distinguished. The present study asked 60 undergraduate males to rate their interpersonal attraction toward a female in a video recording engaging in self disclosure. A manipulation of different levels of environmental saliency and physiological arousal was used to determine which condition or combination of conditions is most likely to elicit misattribution of interpersonal attraction. An analysis of variance followed …

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Dual Task Performance: The Effects Of Task Emphasis And Ear Of Input, Pamela R. Jordan Apr 1988

Dual Task Performance: The Effects Of Task Emphasis And Ear Of Input, Pamela R. Jordan

Psychology Theses & Dissertations

This experiment explored the lateralization of the processing of spatial and verbal information during dual-tasks. This study also investigated the relationship between right ear advantage and spatial ability, degree of handedness, and degree of familial handedness. Thirty-two male subjects performed a spatial rotation task and a dichotic listening task. During half of the dual tasks, subjects concentrated on both tasks equally. During the other half of the dual trials, 16 subjects emphasized the spatial processing task and 16 subjects emphasized the dichotic listening task. The results of this experiment do not support either the independent-hemispheric resources or the task-hemispheric integrity …

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Cognitive Science Studies Of Mathematical Thought, Robert B. Davis Mar 1988

Cognitive Science Studies Of Mathematical Thought, Robert B. Davis

Humanistic Mathematics Network Journal

No abstract provided.

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