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Articles 601 - 630 of 667
Full-Text Articles in Political Science
The Cultural Contradictions Of Socialism, Chandran Kukathas
The Cultural Contradictions Of Socialism, Chandran Kukathas
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
While no one has yet announced the death of capitalism, reports of its imminent demise have been as numerous as they have been exaggerated. Such reports have usually been bolstered by thoughtful analyses of the fundamental contradictions of capitalism, which was expected to come sliding—if not crashing—down under the weight of its own inconsistencies. Leaving aside Karl Marx's own predictions, twentieth-century analysts as diverse as Joseph Schumpeter, Daniel Bell, and Jurgen Habermas have asserted that the contradictions of capitalism could only mean that its days were numbered. Alas, all that has been established by these analyses is that predictive failure …
Survey Article: Multiculturalism As Fairness: Will Kymlicka's Multicultural Citizenship, Chandran Kukathas
Survey Article: Multiculturalism As Fairness: Will Kymlicka's Multicultural Citizenship, Chandran Kukathas
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
According to Will Kymlicka's book Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights, `the liberal ideal is a society of free and equalindividuals'.1 But what, he goes on to ask, is the relevant `society'? The answer he says most people would give is `their nation'. `The sort of freedom and equality they most value, and can make use of is freedom and equality within their own societal culture'. Indeed, most people `are willing to forgo a wider freedom and equality to ensure the continued existence of their nation' (93). Thus few favour open borders which allow people freely to settle, …
Like Deja Vu All Over Again: The Hungarian Parliamentary Elections Of 2002, Kenneth Benoit
Like Deja Vu All Over Again: The Hungarian Parliamentary Elections Of 2002, Kenneth Benoit
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
On 7 and 21 April 2002, Hungary went to the polls to vote in its fourth competitive election since the transition to a multi-party system in 1989. Voting took place in two rounds, first on 7 April in 176 single-member districts and 20 proportional list districts, and then on 21 April in a run-off in the 131 single-member districts that had not yielded a majority candidate in the first round. The result was a surprise to nearly everyone. First, surpassing all expectations, turnout exceeded 70 per cent of the registered electorate, higher than in any previous election in Hungary. Second, …
Increasing Transparency In Government, Ann Florini
Increasing Transparency In Government, Ann Florini
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
The article focuses on the transparency in the government and investigates how transparency is related directly to achieving and maintaining international peace, by transforming the security relationship between countries. It also examines transparency's indirect role in contributing to legitimate and effective governance and explores the trends in transparency in national politics, international organizations, and environmental management. Information is the lifeblood of both democracies and markets. Without information, citizens have no basis upon which to evaluate their representatives or voice their opinions, and both elections and the very process of representation become a meaningless sham. Without information, the financial markets upon …
Equality And Diversity, Chandran Kukathas
Equality And Diversity, Chandran Kukathas
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
The foundations of human inequality lie in the fact of human diversity, or in the human tendency to differentiate from some while associating with others to form groups. The diversity which results from association and differentiation makes equality unattainable. Diversity and equality are incompatible, and attempts to promote one can only be made at the expense of the other. In these circumstances, we should abandon the ideal of equality as incapable of offering us an adequate understanding of the nature of the good society.
The Endogeneity Problem In Electoral Studies: A Critical Re-Examination Of Duverger's Mechanical Effect, Kenneth Benoit
The Endogeneity Problem In Electoral Studies: A Critical Re-Examination Of Duverger's Mechanical Effect, Kenneth Benoit
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Studies of electoral law consequences typically treat electoral laws as exogenous factors affecting political party systems, even while acknowledging that political parties often tailor electoral institutions to suit their own distributional needs. This study represents a departure from that approach, directly examining one aspect of the endogeneity of electoral systems: the endogeneity of Duverger's ‘mechanical’ effect. Theory clearly posits that the Duvergerian ‘psychological’ effect of electoral rules occurs in anticipation of their reductive mechanical effect, yet in empirical models this endogenous character is typically ignored. In this paper I formalize the two types of Duvergerian effects of electoral laws in …
The American People In Crisis: A Content Analysis, Roderick P. Hart, Sharon E. Jarvis, Elvin T. Lim
The American People In Crisis: A Content Analysis, Roderick P. Hart, Sharon E. Jarvis, Elvin T. Lim
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
This study examines how images of the American electorate were deployed after the11 September 2001 terrorism incident and during the Clinton impeachment. Transcripts of congressional proceedings, news coverage, and presidential campaign addresses were analyzed to determine how the phrase the American people was used during these two crises and in unrelated presidential campaign speeches. The analysis considered the roles, actions, qualities, and circumstances ascribed to the people, as well as the time orientation and the forces aligned against the people. The results show that (1) relative to presidential campaign rhetoric, both crises resulted in greater concentration on the electorate; (2) …
Five Trends In Presidential Rhetoric: An Analysis Of Rhetoric From George Washington To Bill Clinton, Elvin T. Lim
Five Trends In Presidential Rhetoric: An Analysis Of Rhetoric From George Washington To Bill Clinton, Elvin T. Lim
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Several political scientists have argued that the presidential recourse to public rhetoric as a mode of political influence in the twentieth century represents a significant departure from a pre-twentieth-century institutional norm where “going public” was both rare and frowned upon. This article looks specifically at the changes in the substance of rhetoric that have accompanied this alleged institutional transformation. Applying computer-assisted content analysis to all the inaugural addresses and annual messages delivered between 1789 and 2000, the author identifies and explores five significant changes in twentieth-century presidential rhetoric that would qualifiedly support the thesis of institutional transformation in its rhetorical …
Reshaping World Politics: Ngos, The Internet, And Global Civil Society, Ann Florini
Reshaping World Politics: Ngos, The Internet, And Global Civil Society, Ann Florini
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
This largely descriptive book sets out three questions of interest to international relations scholars and policy-makers: What is global civil society? What are its origins? And what are the roles of individuals in creating and maintaining it? After a brief literature review, the book provides a definition: global civil society is 'a socially constructed and transnationally defined network of relationships that provides ideologically variable channels of opportunity for political involvement' (p. 19). This definition reflects the book's grounding in 'people-centered' International Relations theory, drawing on the English school of Wight and Bull and paralleling the American constructivist paradigm to focus …
Locating Tds In Policy Spaces: The Computational Text Analysis Of Dáil Speeches, Michael Laver, Kenneth Benoit
Locating Tds In Policy Spaces: The Computational Text Analysis Of Dáil Speeches, Michael Laver, Kenneth Benoit
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
This article adapts a new technique for the computerised analysis of political texts, previously used to analyse party manifestos, to the analysis of speeches made in a legislature. The benefits of computerised text analysis come from the ability to analyse, for the first time, complex and daunting electronic sources of text, such as the parliamentary record. This allows the systematic estimation of the policy positions of individual political actors, with huge benefits both for theory development and empirical analysis. In this article, the technique is used to analyse all 58 English language speeches made in the October 1991 confidence debate …
Overhauling The Wto: Opportunity At Doha And Beyond, John Audley, Ann Florini
Overhauling The Wto: Opportunity At Doha And Beyond, John Audley, Ann Florini
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
The world's trade ministers, who will meet at a WTOministerial in November 2001 in Doha, Qatar, are wrong to think that only a newround of negotiations will save the much-maligned international trade system.Carnegie senior associates John Audley and Ann M. Florini argue that theyshould, instead, simultaneously tackle internal and external reform of the WTOto make it a truly equitable institution. Internally, industrial countries muststart treating developing countries as equal partners in making the rules thatgovern global trade, and where necessary provide technical assistance to makethat equality possible. Externally, to satisfy legitimate public demands,members should improve the transparency of WTO proceedings …
Intelligent Island Discourse: Singapore’S Discursive Negotiation With Technology, Alwyn Lim
Intelligent Island Discourse: Singapore’S Discursive Negotiation With Technology, Alwyn Lim
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
The small nation-state of Singapore has increasingly been referred to in the popular media as the Intelligent Island of the future. With significant state investment in the promotion and dissemination of information-communications technology and attendant social ramifications, this has become an area that can no longer be ignored or taken for granted. This article intends to map the conditions of possibility on which Singapore can be conceived of as an Intelligent Island, in situating the role of information technology and Intelligent Island discourse within the discourses of postcoloniality, technocapitalism, late modernity, and globalization. In particular, this article attempts to show …
Foreign Policy Issues Facing The New Administration: Introduction [Randolph W. Thrower Symposium], Howard Hunter
Foreign Policy Issues Facing The New Administration: Introduction [Randolph W. Thrower Symposium], Howard Hunter
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
No abstract provided.
Institutional Choice In New Democracies: Bargaining Over Hungary's 1989 Electoral Law, Kenneth Benoit, John W. Schiemann
Institutional Choice In New Democracies: Bargaining Over Hungary's 1989 Electoral Law, Kenneth Benoit, John W. Schiemann
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Institutions shape political outcomes, yet institutions themselves are endogenously shaped outcomes of political choices. Such choices are especially significant during transitions to democracy, when initial institutional designs fundamentally structure the path of democratic development. Most theories of institutional emergence, however, focus on stable contexts rather than on the conditions of acute uncertainty identified in the standard transitions literature. Our article attempts to bridge the two subfields by outlining and applying a model of institutional choice as the outcome of a struggle between fledgling opposition parties and the authoritarian regime wherein each side struggles to gain the greatest distributive payoff. We …
Is Feminism Bad For Multiculturalism?, Chandran Kukathas
Is Feminism Bad For Multiculturalism?, Chandran Kukathas
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Multiculturalism and feminism are in tension to the extent that multiculturalism is a doctrine that condones the tolera- tion of cultural communities which might not respect or value women's concerns or interests. This has led some feminist think- ers, notably Susan Okin, to ask whether multiculturalism is bad for women. This paper agrees with Okin that there is a tension between feminism and multiculturalism - some of her critics to the contrary notwithstanding - but argues that multiculturalism should take preceden
District Magnitude, Electoral Formula, And The Number Of Parties, Kenneth Benoit
District Magnitude, Electoral Formula, And The Number Of Parties, Kenneth Benoit
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Duverger's propositions concerning the psychologicaland mechanical consequences of electoral rules have previously beenexamined mainly through the lens of district magnitude,comparing the properties of single-member district pluralityelections with those of multimember proportional representationelections. The empirical consequences of multi-member plurality(MMP) rules, on the other hand, have received scant attention.Theory suggests that the effect of district magnitude on the numberand concentration of parties will differ with regard to whether theallocation rules are plurality-based or proportional. I test thistheory by drawing on a uniquely large-sample dataset where districtmagnitude and electoral formula vary but the basic universe ofpolitical parties is held constant, applying regression analysis …
Doing Research In Political Science: An Introduction To Comparative Methods And Statistics, By Paul Pennings, Hans Keman And Jan Kleinnijenhuis., Kenneth Benoit
Doing Research In Political Science: An Introduction To Comparative Methods And Statistics, By Paul Pennings, Hans Keman And Jan Kleinnijenhuis., Kenneth Benoit
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
No abstract provided.
China And The Globalization Of Ir Theory: Discussion Of 'Building International Relations Theory With Chinese Characteristics', William A. Callahan
China And The Globalization Of Ir Theory: Discussion Of 'Building International Relations Theory With Chinese Characteristics', William A. Callahan
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
This essay examines current developments in International Relations theory in China. First it comments on Song Xinning's essay, agreeing that IR theory in China is limited by ideology, the dominance of policy-oriented research, and the state. But rather than seeing culture ('IR theory with Chinese characteristics') as a problem that can be solved by a more scientific approach to IR theory, the essay argues that the scientism of realism and IPE has similar problems. Thus the essay switches from the universals of science to the contingency of interpretation to understand global politics, drawing on recent books which combine IPE with …
International Studies In The 21st Century: Civilization, Ethics And Transnational Relations, William A. Callahan
International Studies In The 21st Century: Civilization, Ethics And Transnational Relations, William A. Callahan
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
No abstract provided.
Evaluating Hungary's Mixed-Member Electoral System, Kenneth Benoit
Evaluating Hungary's Mixed-Member Electoral System, Kenneth Benoit
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
The electoral system adopted by Hungary in 1989 represents a monument to the potential for institutional design through bargaining to produce complex yet stable institutions. The key compromise reached during this bargaining process was the decision to use a mixed-member system, electing a roughly even number of representatives from both majoritarian single-seat districts (SSDs) and from multi-seat, list proportional representation (PR) districts. This decision established Eastern Europe's first mixed-member electoral system, a format that was to become common in post-communist electoral systems. In its ten-year existence, Hungary's mixed-member system has operated in three elections and seen three different governments come …
International Studies In The 21st Century: Civilization, Ethics And Transnational Relations, William A. Callahan
International Studies In The 21st Century: Civilization, Ethics And Transnational Relations, William A. Callahan
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Since the end of the Cold War, the world has been reorganizing itself, moving away from the global issues to other forms of international politics. There has been a shift in the study of world politics as well. Some have tried to refashion Realism to again concentrate on nation-states in perpetual conflict.
Simulation Methodologies For Political Scientists, Kenneth Benoit
Simulation Methodologies For Political Scientists, Kenneth Benoit
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
In this brief article I identify and characterize the variety of simulation methodologies relevant to political science research. Having identified them, I then recount a light-hearted tale of one successful application of a computer simulation to a real world problem of enormous significance. Extending the discussion to other examples, I discuss some of the main issues and benefits in simulation models for political science. Finally, I identify some software tools and additional resources for those who would like to learn more about using simulation methods for their own work.
Can A Liberal Society Tolerate Illiberal Elements?, Chandran Kukathas
Can A Liberal Society Tolerate Illiberal Elements?, Chandran Kukathas
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Libertarians believe that all individuals are entitledto live as they choose, free from interference byother persons or by the state. They also believethat in the absence of such interference, whether bygovernment or other agents of the state intent ondesigning or planning for society as a whole, order willnonetheless prevail. Given the freedom to contract andexchange, markets will coordinate the production anddistribution of goods — and indeed do so better thanany other institution can.
Does The Invisible Hand Need A Transparent Glove?, Ann Florini
Does The Invisible Hand Need A Transparent Glove?, Ann Florini
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Transparency is on the rise, touted as the solution to such disparate problems asfinancial volatility, environmental degradation, money laundering, and corruption. Buttransparency faces much opposition, particularly from those under scrutiny. Such actorsoften have strong incentives to avoid providing information. To explain the growingdemand for transparency and to assess its prospects for success requires attention tomatters of politics – that is, power. Power is often needed to induce disclosures orrestructure incentives. And the information thus revealed can shift power from the formerholders of secrets to the newly informed. This paper explores the politics of transparency– why it is emerging, and what …
Secrets For Sale: How Commercial Satellite Imagery Will Change The World, Yahya Dehqanzada, Ann Florini
Secrets For Sale: How Commercial Satellite Imagery Will Change The World, Yahya Dehqanzada, Ann Florini
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Secrets for Sale presents the first in-depth analysis of the emerging commercial remote sensing industry. This timely publication examines the benefits and dilemmas created by the new industry, and provides badly needed policy recommendations on how and why to handle the new transparency right.
Commercial Satellite Imagery Comes Of Age, Ann Florini, Yahya Dehqanzada
Commercial Satellite Imagery Comes Of Age, Ann Florini, Yahya Dehqanzada
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Since satellites started photographing Earth from space nearly four decades ago, their images have inspired excitement, introspection, and, often, fear. Like all information, satellite imagery is in itself neutral. But satellite imagery is a particularly powerful sort of information, revealing both comprehensive vistas and surprising details. Its benefits can be immense, but so can its costs.
Tolerating The Intolerable, Chandran Kukathas
Tolerating The Intolerable, Chandran Kukathas
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Presenting a lecture[1] on the virtue of toleration anywhere, let alone in the chambers of the Australian Senate department, should strike most people as a peculiarly pointless kind of exercise. Would anyone not in favour of toleration bother to turn up? (And what is the point of preaching to the converted? Would anyone against it bother to listen? And could such a person be converted?) In truth, it might not be easy to find anyone who openly professed intolerance. Almost everyone is in favour of tolerance; though of course, each will hasten to add, this does not mean that ‘anything …
The First Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Legislative Council Elections, James T. H. Tang
The First Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Legislative Council Elections, James T. H. Tang
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
The Legislative Council (Legco) Elections in Hong Kong on May 24, 1998, isthe first open multiparty electoral competition in the People's Republic of China(PRC). Since Chinese leaders have repeatedly rejected Western-style democracyor multiparty competition for China, the extent to which the Hong Kong experiencewould serve as a model for political developments on the mainland isclearly limited. Nonetheless, political changes in Hong Kong has to be seen aspart of China's experience following their reunion. Under the "one country, twosystems" formula, Hong Kong is given the freedom to conduct its own internalaffairs as a Special Administrative Region (SAR), but the formation of …
No More Secrets?: Policy Implications Of Commercial Remote Sensing Satellites, Ann Florini, Yahya A. Dehqanzada
No More Secrets?: Policy Implications Of Commercial Remote Sensing Satellites, Ann Florini, Yahya A. Dehqanzada
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Ever since the earliest satellites and astronauts started taking pictures of the Earth from space nearly four decades ago, those images have inspired excitement, introspection, and, often, fear. Like all information, satellite imagery is in itself neutral. But satellite imagery is a particularly powerful sort of information, showing both comprehensive vistas and surprising detail. Its benefits can be immense—but so can its costs. The same images that remind us that we all share a fragile planet also enable those who have the images to more accurately aim their weapons at adversaries near and far.
Voters And Seats: The Hungarian Electoral Law And The 1994 Parliamentary Elections, Kenneth Benoit
Voters And Seats: The Hungarian Electoral Law And The 1994 Parliamentary Elections, Kenneth Benoit
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
No abstract provided.