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Full-Text Articles in Other Social and Behavioral Sciences

Managing Stress In A Constantly-Changing Workforce, Lorri Burch-Hubbard May 2020

Managing Stress In A Constantly-Changing Workforce, Lorri Burch-Hubbard

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

When staffing reductions occur in the workplace, staff left behind may face increased stress, may not be given the support they need to manage the feelings caused by the reduction. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of stress caused by staffing reductions has on medical technologists (MT), medical technicians (MLT) and respiratory therapists (RT), and to identify any common methods of stress management used by those staff who remain in the organization.

Literature research showed the negative impact stress can have on individuals when it is not addressed, such as decreased work performance, health issues, and even the …


Intercultural Competence Among Early Childhood Educators, Sara Fanous May 2020

Intercultural Competence Among Early Childhood Educators, Sara Fanous

Human Development and Family Sciences Undergraduate Honors Theses

The purpose of this study was to assess and develop intercultural competence among birth through kindergarten teachers. Intercultural competence is an integral part of creating a welcoming environment for all students in a classroom. It is not only the acknowledgement of individual differences, but the acceptance and celebration of what makes each person an individual and member of a cultural group. This project assessed the intercultural competence of 24 birth through kindergarten teachers and staff at a child development center in the mid-south. Participants completed the Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI) as pre- and post-assessments. In between assessments, our team conducted …


Family Structure And Child Well-Being In A Non-Western Context: The Role Of Parent–Child Relations And Parental Conflict In South Korea, Jonathan A. Jarvis, Ashley Larsen Gibby, Mikaela J. Dufur, Shana Pribesh May 2020

Family Structure And Child Well-Being In A Non-Western Context: The Role Of Parent–Child Relations And Parental Conflict In South Korea, Jonathan A. Jarvis, Ashley Larsen Gibby, Mikaela J. Dufur, Shana Pribesh

Faculty Publications

Research suggests that children who live with two biological married parents are less likely to exhibit behavioral problems than children who do not. While research on childhood outcomes often focuses on the nature of the family structure itself, recent studies have pointed to relationship quality between parents, and between parents and children, as important mechanisms through which family structure affects children. However, the independent influence of these two mechanisms—relationship quality between parents and between parents and children—on childhood outcomes has never, to our knowledge, been tested outside of a high-income western environment. Using the Korean Youth Panel Study (KYPS), we …


Child Development Accounts In The Covid-19 Crisis: Lessons From The Great Recession, Michael Sherraden Apr 2020

Child Development Accounts In The Covid-19 Crisis: Lessons From The Great Recession, Michael Sherraden

Center for Social Development Research

The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered an economic downturn that will likely be worse than the Great Recession, especially for financially vulnerable households. Child Development Accounts (CDAs) were rigorously tested in the 2008-09 recession and produced positive financial and family results. Likewise, CDAs can be expected to have positive impacts on children in financially vulnerable households during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

To confront this health and economic crisis, this research and policy report examines how CDA research from the previous recession can inform a new kind of social policy to address the current one. The report draws from in-person interviews …


Factors That Influence The Success In Higher Education For Students With Autism, Elizabeth O. Gardner Apr 2020

Factors That Influence The Success In Higher Education For Students With Autism, Elizabeth O. Gardner

Dissertations, Theses, and Projects

The purpose of this study was to determine factors that influence the success in college for students with autism. To meet this purpose, four upperclassmen college students with ASD were recruited for semi-structured interviews on their college experience. The interviews were transcribed and coded which led to the uncovering of three categories and three themes. The data from this study suggest that success in college for students with autism is influenced by an integration of multiple factors working together which include personal, macro educational, and micro educational. Many general themes uncovered in this study were mirrored by the current literature …


Model Penanggulangan Terorisme Di Indonesia: Studi Kasus Efektifitas Sinergitas Militer Dan Kepolisian Di Poso Tahun 2016, Agus Kartomo, Arthur Josias Simon Runturambi Apr 2020

Model Penanggulangan Terorisme Di Indonesia: Studi Kasus Efektifitas Sinergitas Militer Dan Kepolisian Di Poso Tahun 2016, Agus Kartomo, Arthur Josias Simon Runturambi

Jurnal Kajian Stratejik Ketahanan Nasional

Counter-terrorism is responsibility among citizen in the “Sishankamrata” doctrine. The police and military are the main elements in “Sishankamrata”. The first purpose of this study is to analyze how best practiced democratic countries to deal with terrorism, the second goal is to test how effective the synergy of the police and military in counter-terrorism. Operation Tinombala is as a case study which law enforcement operation against terrorism in Poso in 2016. This research uses qualitative methods and primary data collected from interviews to Tinombala’s members, secondary data is collected from books and open source news. The results showed that in …


Ketahanan Individu Pemuda Dengan Hiv Serta Implikasinya Terhadap Demografi Indonesia, Muhammad Zuchri Nasuha Lubis, Muhammad Syaroni Rofii Mr. Apr 2020

Ketahanan Individu Pemuda Dengan Hiv Serta Implikasinya Terhadap Demografi Indonesia, Muhammad Zuchri Nasuha Lubis, Muhammad Syaroni Rofii Mr.

Jurnal Kajian Stratejik Ketahanan Nasional

This study analyzes the individual resilience of young HIV patients at the Teratai Clinic, Community Health Center, Kebayoran Lama District, South Jakarta City and influences it on Indonesian demographics. This study specifically aims to examine the condition of individual resilience of young HIV patients at the Teratai Clinic, Community Health Center, Kebayoran Lama District, South Jakarta City and the accompanying factors. Then the condition of individual resilience will have implications for the demographics of Indonesia. The method used is a qualitative method which is analyzed based on observations of the facts and phenomena found. Sources of data in this study …


Understanding The Impact Of Psychological Empowerment, Workplace Motivation, And Social Capital On The Job Performance Of Farmers In Honduras: A Mixed Methods Study, Susan Lale Karimiha Apr 2020

Understanding The Impact Of Psychological Empowerment, Workplace Motivation, And Social Capital On The Job Performance Of Farmers In Honduras: A Mixed Methods Study, Susan Lale Karimiha

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

A farmer’s job performance is critical to the production of raw materials such as food, fiber, and fuel and is therefore an important concern for individuals, businesses, and economies across the world. The literature on improving farmers’ job performance has focused more on introducing new technologies, and less on the psychosocial factors that improve job performance. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the impact of psychological empowerment, workplace motivation, and social capital on farmers’ job performance in Honduras.

A mixed methods approach was used to collect and analyze both quantitative and qualitative data. For quantitative data, a …


Establishment Of A Reliable Change Index For The Gad-7, Thomas Bischoff, Shayne R. Anderson, Joy Heafner, Rachel Tambling Apr 2020

Establishment Of A Reliable Change Index For The Gad-7, Thomas Bischoff, Shayne R. Anderson, Joy Heafner, Rachel Tambling

Faculty Publications

Aim: It is increasingly important for mental healthcare providers and researchers to reliably assess client change, particularly with common presenting problems such as anxiety. The current study addresses this need by establishing a Reliable Change Index of 6 points for the GAD-7.

Method: Sample size included 116 online community participants using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) and archival data for 332 clinical participants. Participants completed measures of the GAD-7 and the MDI in 2 rounds. Using previously established cutoff scores and Jacobson and Truax’s (1991) method, we establish a Reliable Change Index which, when applied to 2 administrations of the GAD-7, …


Ombudsman Way : Jalan Menuju Perbaikan Pelayanan Publik, Adrianus Meliala Apr 2020

Ombudsman Way : Jalan Menuju Perbaikan Pelayanan Publik, Adrianus Meliala

Jurnal Kajian Stratejik Ketahanan Nasional

As external oversight institution, Ombudsman Republic of Indonesia has 4 (four) unique and specific authorities. Besides undertaking mediation, conciliation and adjudication, delivery of recommendation/suggestion fulfill performance of Ombudsman Republic of Indonesia as endorsed by its law. This institution offers a non-legal and conflict-resolution mechanism pursuing solution to member of the public who do not satisfy with quality of public service delivered by whether central or local government. Key words: ombudsman, mediation, conciliation, adjudication, recommendation


Initial Assessment Of Unmanned Aircraft System Characteristics Required To Fill Data Gaps For Short-Term Forecasts: Results Form Focus Groups And Interviews, Janell C. Walther, Liza M. Pytlikzillig, Jake Kawamoto, Adam L. Houston Apr 2020

Initial Assessment Of Unmanned Aircraft System Characteristics Required To Fill Data Gaps For Short-Term Forecasts: Results Form Focus Groups And Interviews, Janell C. Walther, Liza M. Pytlikzillig, Jake Kawamoto, Adam L. Houston

University of Nebraska Public Policy Center: Publications

The integration of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) into the weather surveillance network must be guided by the data needs of the principal stakeholders. This work aims to assess data needs/gaps for short-term forecasts (


Fathers’ Perceived Co-Parenting And Children’S Academic Readiness Among Chinese Preschoolers: Longitudinal Pathways Through Parenting And Behavioral Regulation, Lixin Ren, Rebecca Y.M. Cheung, Courtney Boise, Xuan Li, Jieqiong Fan Apr 2020

Fathers’ Perceived Co-Parenting And Children’S Academic Readiness Among Chinese Preschoolers: Longitudinal Pathways Through Parenting And Behavioral Regulation, Lixin Ren, Rebecca Y.M. Cheung, Courtney Boise, Xuan Li, Jieqiong Fan

Nebraska Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families, and Schools: Faculty Publications

Co-parenting quality has frequently been linked to young children’s social–emotional functioning, but limited research has focused on the relationship between co-parenting and children’s early academic skills, or the underlying mechanisms through which co-parenting influences children’s development. Using data collected from urban China, the present study examined how fathers’ perceptions of co-parenting quality was related to their preschool-aged children’s academic readiness (i.e., receptive vocabulary, reading, early math; N = 336), and whether father’s parenting practices and children’s behavioral regulation mediated the link between co-parenting quality and child outcomes. Findings suggested that the relation between co-parenting quality and children’s academic readiness was …


An Analysis Of Pre-Service Agricultural Educators’ Self-Efficacy With Exceptional Learners, Sara Edwards, Sara Edwards Apr 2020

An Analysis Of Pre-Service Agricultural Educators’ Self-Efficacy With Exceptional Learners, Sara Edwards, Sara Edwards

Honors College Theses

The total program of agricultural education has established that the inclusion of all students is a priority, including students who fall under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and other similar legislation. However, upon reviewing the literature, a significant deficit has been identified in terms of training and preparation to work with students with disabilities within agricultural education. Literature and philosophy regarding the concepts of self-efficacy and experiential learning theories are explored. Additionally, works regarding special education in the agriculture classroom and primary challenges faced by agriculture educators are reviewed. A need to establish better preparatory training within preservice …


Exploring Family Coherence And Adaptability Among Adoptive Families, Emily Shaw, Alisha Hardman Phd Apr 2020

Exploring Family Coherence And Adaptability Among Adoptive Families, Emily Shaw, Alisha Hardman Phd

Southeastern Council on Family Relations Conference [2018-2020]

The current study sought to answer the question: Does reported family coherence and adaptability differ between parents who completed private, public, and international adoptions? The desired population was adoptive parents in the United States. The survey utilized two existing measures, the Family Sense of Coherence (FSOC) and the Family Adaptation Scales (FAS). Results of a one-way independent ANOVA showed that adoption type (i.e. private, public, international) had no significant effect on FSOC and FAS sum scores. Future research should recruit a larger and more representative sample of adoptive parents in the United States, so that findings can be used to …


Relational, Physical, And Mental Health: How Relationship Satisfaction Influences Exercise Self-Efficacy, Dylan Hillock, Lindsey Robinson, Joshua Novak Apr 2020

Relational, Physical, And Mental Health: How Relationship Satisfaction Influences Exercise Self-Efficacy, Dylan Hillock, Lindsey Robinson, Joshua Novak

Southeastern Council on Family Relations Conference [2018-2020]

Can being satisfied in a relationship create the confidence to exercise? Some research suggests a positive relationship between exercise and positive relationship events for both partners (Johnson et al., 2018), yet there may be important mediators between relationships and exercise, that have not been tested. Research has found that higher relationship satisfaction is associated with lower depressive and anxiety symptoms (Whisman, Uebelacker, & Weinstock, 2004). Another important mechanism linked with exercise is self-efficacy—or the confidence to carry out a behavior (i.e., exercise; Jackson, Tucker, & Herman, 2007). Self-efficacy and mental health are also significantly related (Bandura, 1997), as is exercise …


Determining Human Development Competency Training Needs Of Fcs Extension Professionals, Alligrace Story, Alisha M. Hardman, Marina D. Denny, Geoff Denny Apr 2020

Determining Human Development Competency Training Needs Of Fcs Extension Professionals, Alligrace Story, Alisha M. Hardman, Marina D. Denny, Geoff Denny

Southeastern Council on Family Relations Conference [2018-2020]

Extension agents with Family and Consumer Sciences (FCS) programmatic responsibilities come from a variety of backgrounds but are expected to implement educational programs across FCS knowledge areas. This study examined [state] University Extension personnel’s perceived importance of and perceived ability related to human development competencies. There was a significant difference between how specialists (state-level) and agents (county-level) perceived the importance of three of the five human development concepts. Most agents’ perceived their ability across the human development competencies to be average or just above average. Using the perceived importance and perceived ability data from the agents, next steps include piloting …


The Perceptions Of Foster Care Alumni's Experiences With Four-Year Post-Secondary Institutions: A Case For Capital And Field Advantage, June M. Durio Apr 2020

The Perceptions Of Foster Care Alumni's Experiences With Four-Year Post-Secondary Institutions: A Case For Capital And Field Advantage, June M. Durio

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

ABSTRACT

The focus of this study was to explore, through the lens of Pierre Bourdieu’s constructs of habitus, field, and capital, the post-secondary experiences of foster youth who transitioned out of the Louisiana foster care system. Specifically, this comparable multiple case study sought out to understand how cultural, social, and financial capital influenced the post-secondary educational outcomes of foster care alumni as compared to first-generation and continuing-generation students. Seven common themes emerged from the study: predisposing factors towards post-secondary education; values, knowledge, and skills associated with post-secondary education attainment; informal and formal social networks facilitating post-secondary support; financial resources addressing …


Measuring The Multidimensional Construct Of Pornography: A Long And Short Version Of The Pornography Usage Measure, Dean M. Busby, Brian J. Willoughby, Hsin-Yao Chiu, Joseph A. Olsen Apr 2020

Measuring The Multidimensional Construct Of Pornography: A Long And Short Version Of The Pornography Usage Measure, Dean M. Busby, Brian J. Willoughby, Hsin-Yao Chiu, Joseph A. Olsen

Faculty Publications

With the increase in the availability and usage of pornography, the research on the effects of pornography has also increased. This research has uncovered several controversies in the field regarding how pornography usage influences attitudes, sexual behaviors, and relationships. However, many of the measures of pornography are problematic as there is often little reliability and validity information for them and it is not clear that participants in these research studies are referring to the same types of materials when they answer pornography usage questions. Consequently, many of the research findings are suspect and it is crucial to develop reliable and …


Reliability Of Index And Subtest Discrepancy Scores On The Wj-Iv Cognitive, Kacy Stinson Apr 2020

Reliability Of Index And Subtest Discrepancy Scores On The Wj-Iv Cognitive, Kacy Stinson

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Many guidebooks and publication manuals for intelligence tests recommend that practitioners calculate subtest and index level discrepancy scores along with many other types of scores. The reliability of the discrepancy scores, however, are not provided in the test manuals. The purpose of the study was to determine the reliability of the discrepancy scores in the Woodcock Johnson Test of Cognitive Abilities (WJ IV COG, 2014). Using data from the WJ IV technical manual, the reliability of the discrepancy scores were examined at both the subtest and index level. The results were compared to the reliability criteria recommended by the assessment …


The Gentle Artist: Empowering Warrior-Scholars Through The Physical Feminism Of Jiu-Jitsu, E. Emily Mahoney Mar 2020

The Gentle Artist: Empowering Warrior-Scholars Through The Physical Feminism Of Jiu-Jitsu, E. Emily Mahoney

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation is an autoethnography about the socialization of people in various cultural contexts, in particular, women in the embodied role of the academic researcher. Being a researcher and enduring an experience of sexual assault right in the middle of my first research interview left me in a state of shock and survival. One out of every six American women will survive attempted or completed rape during her lifetime, with college-aged women being three to four times at increased risk compared to all women, yet the odds that this would take place during a project which had major implications for …


Evaluation Of The Impact Of Social Collaborations On Sexual And Reproductive Health Knowledge, Lucki Word, Jaila Campbell, Manar T. Edriss, Destiny Stroman, Jewel Evans, Melanie Hanna-Johnson, Md, Anil N. F. Aranha, Phd Mar 2020

Evaluation Of The Impact Of Social Collaborations On Sexual And Reproductive Health Knowledge, Lucki Word, Jaila Campbell, Manar T. Edriss, Destiny Stroman, Jewel Evans, Melanie Hanna-Johnson, Md, Anil N. F. Aranha, Phd

Medical Student Research Symposium

Introduction: Developments in technology, such as the popularity of mobile devices and social media outlets, have enhanced the ability of individuals to communicate. Currently, search engines allow for easy exploration of information related to every topic of interest. Our study purpose was to evaluate the impact of technological and social collaborations on sexual and reproductive health knowledge (SRHK).

Methods: A 50-item survey instrument, integrating factors of sociodemographics, number/type of social collaborations, technological communication use, and SRHK, was developed to assess familiarity with sexual and reproductive health perceptions. The survey was provided to consenting patients in an ambulatory, primary care setting. …


Engaging The Public, Jane Santucci, Lauren Day Mar 2020

Engaging The Public, Jane Santucci, Lauren Day

Purdue Road School

From planning to execution, discover what every community, large or small, can learn from the $96M IndyGo Red Line project. Attendees will learn about pivotal moments when public engagement im-pacted design and implementation. In addition, attendees will leave with a multitude of simple, actionable items to consider for each project in their area.


Bully, Bullies And Bullying: Pejorative Terminology, Alternative Descriptors, And Ethics-Based Interventions, Tom Clees, Todd J. Stephens Mar 2020

Bully, Bullies And Bullying: Pejorative Terminology, Alternative Descriptors, And Ethics-Based Interventions, Tom Clees, Todd J. Stephens

National Youth Advocacy & Resilience Conference

This presentation will present historical perspectives on the use of person-first terminology as related to the impact of contemporary pejorative terminology, including the terms associated with "bullying." Functional alternatives in assessing problematic behaviors will follow. Finally, ethics-based (least intrusive) social skills and behavioral interventions will be exemplified.


The 5 Love Languages Of Children, Latifah J. Potter, Joan C. Day, Craig M. Kahn, Kristen Boyd, Hollisha Bridgers Mar 2020

The 5 Love Languages Of Children, Latifah J. Potter, Joan C. Day, Craig M. Kahn, Kristen Boyd, Hollisha Bridgers

National Youth Advocacy & Resilience Conference

Do you know what the 5 Love Languages are? Everyone has a unique way of feeling loved. Based on the #1 NY Times Best Selling book, “The 5 Love Languages of Children,” this session offers information/strategies into the secret of incorporating effective and loving teaching/administrative practice that enables children to achieve their greatest potential. We will discover the “5 Love Languages of Children,” and the importance of ensuring all students’ social/emotional love tanks are full!


Preliminary Efficacy Of Motivational Interviewing On Problem Drinkers 55 And Older Compared To Younger Counterparts, Alexis Kuerbis, Sijing Shao, Nehal Vadhan, Jon Morgenstern Mar 2020

Preliminary Efficacy Of Motivational Interviewing On Problem Drinkers 55 And Older Compared To Younger Counterparts, Alexis Kuerbis, Sijing Shao, Nehal Vadhan, Jon Morgenstern

Publications and Research

Background: Older adults who drink problematically are the largest group of substance users among those 55 and older. This group often chooses moderation as a goal instead of abstinence, and motivation and self-efficacy are found to have less of an impact on drinking compared to younger adults. No study has examined age effects (specifically 55 and older vs. younger counterparts) on motivational interviewing (MI) compared to brief advice with a sample that includes individuals over 65. Objective: To explore the moderating impact of age on heavy drinkers’ (aged M=50.7 years SD=11.6, range 23-73) response to MI. Methods: Data …


Mirror, Mirror On The Wall: The Effect Of Listening To Body Positive Music On Implicit And Explicit Body Esteem, Sarah M. Coyne, Emilie J. Davis, Wayne Warburton, Laura Stockdale, Imogen Abba, Dean M. Busby Mar 2020

Mirror, Mirror On The Wall: The Effect Of Listening To Body Positive Music On Implicit And Explicit Body Esteem, Sarah M. Coyne, Emilie J. Davis, Wayne Warburton, Laura Stockdale, Imogen Abba, Dean M. Busby

Faculty Publications

The current article used 3 studies to examine the impact of listening to body positive music on both explicit and implicit measures of body esteem in women. Study 1 found that women who viewed a mainstream popular body positive music video reported higher levels of body esteem than those who viewed a popular body objectifying music video. In Studies 2 and 3, we wrote and recorded our own songs to keep the musical features apart from the lyrics constant (e.g., rhythm, melody, and singer identity). Study 2 also found that women showed higher levels of implicit (but not explicit) body …


Does Environment Really Matter? The Impact Of Corporate Social Responsibility Perspective On Istanbul Chain Hotels, Aysin Pasamehmetoglu, Mustafa Mehmet Gokoglu Mar 2020

Does Environment Really Matter? The Impact Of Corporate Social Responsibility Perspective On Istanbul Chain Hotels, Aysin Pasamehmetoglu, Mustafa Mehmet Gokoglu

Journal of Global Business Insights

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) perspective has been embraced by various countries. This perspective directly affects the behavior of organizations in different countries. Environmental, cultural and employee related issues create a suitable platform for those countries which lack certain aspects of dealing with the related problems. This also creates a general perspective where managerial practices of organizations are redesigned in light of universal standards of CSR. From this standpoint, organizational response to CSR problems is driven by the universal standards. Nevertheless, specific dimensions of CSR may dominate managerial practices paving the way for different kinds of practices to be forefront in …


The Dyadic Dance During Deployment: Veteran And Partner Romantic Attachment, Warren Ponder, Jose Carbajal Feb 2020

The Dyadic Dance During Deployment: Veteran And Partner Romantic Attachment, Warren Ponder, Jose Carbajal

Journal of Human Services: Training, Research, and Practice

A strong family unit and dyadic relationship can buffer against the possible development of depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). A growing body of literature has been investigating how couples communicate during a combat separation. However, there has not been a robust framework to conceptualize the findings; this paper posits that attachment theory can fill this gap. This study was a cross-sectional retrospective design that included twenty-two heterosexual dyads. Nine modes of communication were assessed: letters, care packages, email, telephone, text with phone, social networking, Skype, instant messenger and instant messenger with video. Also, frequency of communication was examined for …


A Framework For Explaining Black–White Inequality In Homeownership Sustainability, Chunhui Ren Feb 2020

A Framework For Explaining Black–White Inequality In Homeownership Sustainability, Chunhui Ren

Center for Social Development Research

Why do housing outcomes differ by race?

To understand Black–White disparities in homeownership sustainability, this study proposes a conceptual framework that emphasizes Black homeowners’ socioeconomic challenges, challenges that go beyond the mortgage market, and focuses on the mediating role of liquid assets. Data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) enable a test of the framework through an examination of racial differences in the exit rates of homeowners during the recent housing crisis. The findings suggest that liquid assets played a significant role in such disparities.

This is a pre-print of an article published in Demography. The final …


Accessing Human Services Programs: Areas Of Improvement With Awareness And Communication, Risha Berry, Kaprea F. Johnson Feb 2020

Accessing Human Services Programs: Areas Of Improvement With Awareness And Communication, Risha Berry, Kaprea F. Johnson

Journal of Human Services: Training, Research, and Practice

Lack of accessibility to human services programs is a major barrier to service provision. Archival focus group data from 21 non-profit and public human services agency representatives examined consistency and discrepancies among reported services and services that were identifiable on the internet. This study is important because the internet is often the first step a consumer takes toward seeking help, if the information is not accessible online, this is a barrier to service. Our results found grave discrepancies between available information on websites and reported services during the focus group. Additionally, we found that most websites were not accessible to …