Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Library and Information Science Commons™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

San Jose State University

Discipline
Keyword
Publication Year
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 841 - 870 of 8849

Full-Text Articles in Library and Information Science

Impact And Challenges Of Open Learning On Library And Information Science Community With Special Reference To Moocs, Fazia Azhar, Babita Jaiswal Nov 2022

Impact And Challenges Of Open Learning On Library And Information Science Community With Special Reference To Moocs, Fazia Azhar, Babita Jaiswal

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

With the occurrence of the internet and new technologies, particularly the role of the World Wide Web (WWW) and along with many added forms of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), the process of learning kept on altering their structure, modes, and shapes dynamically. This has ensued with the emergence of online learning. There are numerous online learning platforms such as online courses, online education systems, various modes of distance e-learning, and so on accessible to the users. Nowadays, in the arena of online learning environment, a new concept of MOOC has been penetrated as a prevalent medium of learning. The …


A Decade Of Job Prospects In The Librarianship Profession, Akwasi Duffour Frimpong, Anthony Obeng Mr. Nov 2022

A Decade Of Job Prospects In The Librarianship Profession, Akwasi Duffour Frimpong, Anthony Obeng Mr.

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

ABSRACT

From 2010 to 2020, the study examined job advertisements for library practitioners in Ghana. The study results reveal no substantial changes over a ten-year period. Notwithstanding, job opportunities have gradually increased. In both 2010 and 2020, Assistant Librarians had more job openings than Librarians which is the topmost position in the library profession. Higher degrees of Ph.D. and MPhil are mostly the requisite for any positions, but most jobs require a Master of Arts in Information Studies or Information Science or Bachelor of Arts in Information Science. Despite the fact that technology is permeating job openings in libraries, employers …


Users’ Perception Of Plagiarism: A Study Of Researchers At Mahe, Meghna Borpuzari, Rekha Pai Nov 2022

Users’ Perception Of Plagiarism: A Study Of Researchers At Mahe, Meghna Borpuzari, Rekha Pai

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Plagiarism is morally and legally wrong, but its occurrence in the academic scene is widespread and sometimes unbridled. Authors have a right to have their works legally protected and at the same time expect that their peers would respect that enough to not steal their hard work. This study aims to analyse the knowledge that research scholars have about academic ethics and academic misconduct. There is an attempt to understand their perception of plagiarism, as a terminology, including understanding why research students plagiarize. There is also an attempt to understand the awareness of anti-plagiarism tools, citation and reference methods and …


Exploring Library Leadership Technology Decision-Making And Support Through The Use Case Of The Institutional Repository, Todd Digby Nov 2022

Exploring Library Leadership Technology Decision-Making And Support Through The Use Case Of The Institutional Repository, Todd Digby

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Academic and research libraries are dependent on a wide range of technology and systems to manage access and storage of digital research materials and collections. Given the high level of costs and staff needed to support these systems, the factors that influence library leadership in their decision-making process to support or adopt new technologies is important.

To understand the dynamics involved with this decision-making process, this study specifically examined influencing factors that academic library leaders use in their decisions to support or adopt institutional repository (IR) systems. A mixed method research study using a quantitative research survey instrument, adapted from …


Leadership And Innovative Behaviour In The Twenty First Century Academic Library, Ugwunwa Esse Oct 2022

Leadership And Innovative Behaviour In The Twenty First Century Academic Library, Ugwunwa Esse

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The paper considered leadership and innovation behaviours in the academic libraries of the 21st century. Based on an extensive review of literature it explored concepts in leadership behavior that can engender innovation in academic libraries. It was discovered that change is inevitable in environment due to the emergence of a pervasive application of information technology and communication to its operations. Thus, the 21st century library needs to integrate emerging technologies to its routine activities as well as expand the frontier of its services to gain competitive advantage over other information retrieval systems in order to ensure continuous relevance …


A Proposed E-Readiness Assessment Model For University Libraries In Nigeria, Muhammad Kabir Abubakar Oct 2022

A Proposed E-Readiness Assessment Model For University Libraries In Nigeria, Muhammad Kabir Abubakar

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Information and communication technology (ICT) deployment has been prompted by the desire to increase effective services and have a favorable impact on organizational development. The development in the creation of e-readiness frameworks in many organizations, including libraries, is as a result of this demand. While the e-readiness study is widely used in libraries developed nations, it has not yet expanded into many libraries in underdeveloped nations. This study’s objective is to close this knowledge gap by outlining a model for e-readiness in Nigeria, with a focus on university libraries. The study has an e-readiness framework with eight (8) variables that …


Webometrics Analysis Of Websites Of Private Engineering College Of North India: A Study Through Google Search Engine, Rima Hazarika Oct 2022

Webometrics Analysis Of Websites Of Private Engineering College Of North India: A Study Through Google Search Engine, Rima Hazarika

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The study examines and explores the websites of 20 private engineering colleges in North India through a webometric analysis. The data have collected through the Google search engine. Webometrics is a tool for measuring the impact of the web. This study investigates the domain systems of the websites, analysis the number of web pages and link pages, and calculates the internal and external links. The result found that the Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences (BITS), Pilani with 65 (7.20%), ranks first with the highest Domain Authority, and Amity University Noida leads with the highest Page Authority of 84 (7.22%). …


An Overview Of Knowledge Management Research In Zimbabwe: From 2010 To 2022, Jonathan Munyoro, Takawira Machimbidza, Stephen Mutula Oct 2022

An Overview Of Knowledge Management Research In Zimbabwe: From 2010 To 2022, Jonathan Munyoro, Takawira Machimbidza, Stephen Mutula

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This paper gives an overview of knowledge management (KM) research in Zimbabwe and analyses the most significant research trends and patterns from 2010 to 2022. The literature review technique was used to collect data, focusing on characteristics of publication outputs, focus of the researches, research methods, and summary of key findings. Findings show that research in knowledge management is still limited in Zimbabwe. The corporate sector receives the most focus from KM researchers, followed by knowledge-oriented institutions, the public sector, Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs), media organisations, and agriculture-related enterprises. Universities, despite being both knowledge factories and large consumers of …


Digital Libraries And Skill Acquisition Training Among Rural Communities For Poverty Alleviation In Rivers State, Nigeria, Christian Olori, Chinyere Anigbogu, Adaobi Nwoye, Judith Ugwueke, Gloria Olori Oct 2022

Digital Libraries And Skill Acquisition Training Among Rural Communities For Poverty Alleviation In Rivers State, Nigeria, Christian Olori, Chinyere Anigbogu, Adaobi Nwoye, Judith Ugwueke, Gloria Olori

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This study explores the extent of contribution of digital libraries to poverty alleviation of rural communities through skill acquisition training in Rivers State. The study was guided by one research question and a null hypothesis. The descriptive survey research was adopted. The sample size of 236 was drawn from the population of 2,355 registered learners from 12 registered vocational education centres using the convenience sampling technique. Data collecting instrument was the researchers’ structured questionnaire which was face validated by three experts. A reliability coefficient value of 0.83 was obtained using the Pearsons Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. Data were analysed using …


Intercultural Communication In Agriculture Libraries: A Case Study In Ethiopia, Scarlett Kelly Oct 2022

Intercultural Communication In Agriculture Libraries: A Case Study In Ethiopia, Scarlett Kelly

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

International development and assistance programs have been running for many years. Yet there is a significant a gap in comparative studies of intercultural communication in academic libraries between Africa and North America. There is also a gap in understanding intercultural communication in terms of library management, library staff training, and cross-cultural knowledge transfer. This research aims to fill the gaps. Based on internal document review, workplace survey, and a series of observation and reflection during the case studies in Ethiopia, the research project focuses on the different culture in library staffing and management, library service culture, the use of technology, …


Research Productivity Of Library And Information Science Faculty Of West Zone Of India: A Bibliometric Study, Mahendra Kumar Oct 2022

Research Productivity Of Library And Information Science Faculty Of West Zone Of India: A Bibliometric Study, Mahendra Kumar

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This study conducts a Bibliometrics analysis with the aim of identifying significant contributions of LIS faculties. There has been rapid increase of academic literature by faculties so that it is an important aspect to analyse their intellectual work with Bibliometric parameters. Bibliometrics used as a research method in Library and Information Science field. This research work based on secondary data total 13 universities taken from the West Zone of India in which 37 permanent faculties presently working. Researchers collected data from University websites, Google Scholar and Research Gate. In this study examined the Prolific Authors, Authorship Pattern, degree of collaboration …


Developing A Subject Gateway For Accessing Online Resources On Korean Studies, W.M. Tharanga Dilruk Ranasinghe Dr. Oct 2022

Developing A Subject Gateway For Accessing Online Resources On Korean Studies, W.M. Tharanga Dilruk Ranasinghe Dr.

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The growth of online resources on Korean Studies (KS) has increased over past several years. They cover almost all facets of the discipline ranging from Korean Art to Korean Sociology. Majority of these resources offer free and unrestricted access and are managed by various institutions and individuals.

The demand for KS has increased as a fast-growing discipline in South Asia. There are number of institutions in the region which offer various academic programs related to KS, especially on Korean language and culture studies. However, despite of little collections, majority of libraries and resource centers in these institutions do not have …


Marketing Information Product And Services In The Digital Age In Academic Libraries Environment, Peter Olubunmi Olubiyo, Jude Timilehin Olubiyo Oct 2022

Marketing Information Product And Services In The Digital Age In Academic Libraries Environment, Peter Olubunmi Olubiyo, Jude Timilehin Olubiyo

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Library and information centers have began to realize that by using marketing principles and techniques, they can understand better their users needs, justify finding, communicate more effectively with a variety of internal and external audiences and achieved greater efficiency and result in delivering product and services that meet the identified needs of their client. In contemporary society, people can now easily access information and information- bearing resources on the go as long as they are connected with their laptop, smart phones, ipad e.t.c. Even though users can have access to information via the internet and other technology, the fact remains …


Webometric Study Of National Institutional Ranking Framework (Nirf) Listed College Website With Special Reference To Library Web Pages, Sunil V. Narnaware, Shashikant Ganpatrao Rokade Oct 2022

Webometric Study Of National Institutional Ranking Framework (Nirf) Listed College Website With Special Reference To Library Web Pages, Sunil V. Narnaware, Shashikant Ganpatrao Rokade

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The present study is an analysis of National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) listed top 20 college website under the college category on NIRF websites with special reference to library web pages in the year 2021. A total of top 20 NIRF listed college website selected for the study. The study focused on webometric analysis, which examines the domain, domain age and all three types of web impacts factors. To collect data in this study, various small SEO tools such as opensiteexplorer.org (now moz.com), duplichecker.com and smallseotools.com had used to find out domain age, domain authority, page authority and total, internal …


Transforming Thesaurus Records Into Marc 21 And Mads: Designing A Framework For Libraries, Sukumar Mandal, Sailendra Malik Oct 2022

Transforming Thesaurus Records Into Marc 21 And Mads: Designing A Framework For Libraries, Sukumar Mandal, Sailendra Malik

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Purpose

This paper analyzes various thesaurus formats for converting data and how they can easily be implemented in libraries. These data formats are very important and necessary because they can easily transfer data from one system to another. The main focus of this system is on the data format of the Thesaurus Constructon.

Methodology

It is made with the TemaTres tool, which is used by many other tools. It has many new and modern features that librarians can use to create a new interface. In other words, it is possible to link other software very easily through these formats. There …


Equivalent Access To Library: A Means Of Bridging The Gap Between The Abled And Disabled, Mukesh Kumar Jha Oct 2022

Equivalent Access To Library: A Means Of Bridging The Gap Between The Abled And Disabled, Mukesh Kumar Jha

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Libraries, bookkeepers and their subsidiary establishments have for some time been logically proactive in giving equivalent access to data to everybody. Notwithstanding a characteristic proclivity for this demeanor, there are number of laws that require this stance. In the course of the most recent two decades, there has been a change in perspective in the manner in which the general public perspectives people with handicaps. This distinction in methodology for example seeing handicap not as an individual pathology but rather as a social develop not just discovers articulation in the lawful instruments that have been authorized for their social, monetary …


Growth Of Literature In “Information Literacy” Topic 2000-2021 Through Bibliometric Study., Amar Krishnaji Kulkarni, Rama Krushna Charan Patro Dr. Oct 2022

Growth Of Literature In “Information Literacy” Topic 2000-2021 Through Bibliometric Study., Amar Krishnaji Kulkarni, Rama Krushna Charan Patro Dr.

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Information literacy has been an emerging topic for many fields in recent years, and this paper aims to evaluate the field of information literacy in the context of Library and Information Science (LIS). The evaluation will be conducted by using bibliometrics and scientific visualization techniques. A total of 2288 articles were retrieved that are indexed under topic information Literacy on web of science (Science Citation Index, Social Science Citation Index & Arts & Humanities Citation Index) were identified in order to achieve this objective. Search using the term 'information literacy'. Unify and standardize the data to make reliable evaluations. Evaluate …


Users' Perception And Utilization Of Serial Resources In The Academic Library, Kwara State University, Nigeria, Abdrahman Atanda Moustapha Oct 2022

Users' Perception And Utilization Of Serial Resources In The Academic Library, Kwara State University, Nigeria, Abdrahman Atanda Moustapha

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Investigative research, focused on users' perception and use of serial materials, was conducted in academic libraries at Kwara State University library, Nigeria. The study population consisted of users in the respective faculties. A stratified random sampling method was used to select the sample. A questionnaire dealing with users' perception and use of serial materials was conducted on 4500 users registered in the Kwara State University library. The collected data was analyzed mainly by frequency counts and simple percentages. Study results indicate that university users occasionally use serial materials. The majority of users are somewhat satisfied with the reference materials available …


Awareness And Use Of Social Media: A Study Of Ict Students At Kwara State University, Nigeria, Abdrahman Atanda Moustapha Oct 2022

Awareness And Use Of Social Media: A Study Of Ict Students At Kwara State University, Nigeria, Abdrahman Atanda Moustapha

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The use of social networks among students at higher institutions has become popular and is widely celebrated amid criticism. This is because these social networks are changing the way people communicate, interact, and socialize. The purpose of this paper is to explore students' awareness and use of social media: a study of ICT students at Kwara State University, Nigeria. This study used a survey research method. The respondents were students’ faculty of information and communication technology, and the results reveal that the majority of respondents (91.4%) are familiar with social networks, have access to the Internet, and regularly use mobile …


Security Of Information Resources In Academic Libraries In Kwara State, Nigeria, Abdrahman Atanda Moustapha Oct 2022

Security Of Information Resources In Academic Libraries In Kwara State, Nigeria, Abdrahman Atanda Moustapha

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This study was on the security of information resources in academic libraries in Kwara State, Nigeria. Academic libraries in Kwara State include both private and public institutions. The libraries were predominantly selected for academic purposes, such as Kwara State University, University of Ilorin, Al-Hikmah University, and Kwara State Polytechnic Ilorin. Four research questions and four corresponding objectives of the study were framed. The case study design was approved for research. Targeted sampling was used to select 25 respondents from a pool of 115 professionals in all four academic libraries in Kwara State. Semi-structured interview guides were used to collect data …


Marketing Of Library And Information Product And Services: Study Of Special Libraries Of Karachi, Hafiz Muhammad Huzaifa, Naweed E. Sehar Oct 2022

Marketing Of Library And Information Product And Services: Study Of Special Libraries Of Karachi, Hafiz Muhammad Huzaifa, Naweed E. Sehar

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Marketing and advertising are essential for expanding awareness of library product and services. Special libraries have an assortment of difficulties in marketing library and information product and services due to quickly changing media advancements, expanded user demands, competitions from other data sources like the web, and diminished library financial plan. The focal point of this study was on the promoting view of LIS Professionals working in Karachi's special libraries, likewise centered on marketing procedures for library and data items and services. The Research was restricted to Special libraries of Karachi. The study was directed utilizing a quantitative methodology and an …


Marketing Of Library Products And Services: A Theoretical Analysis, Shashikumar Hatti, Satishkumar Naikar, Sayed Ahemd Inamdar Oct 2022

Marketing Of Library Products And Services: A Theoretical Analysis, Shashikumar Hatti, Satishkumar Naikar, Sayed Ahemd Inamdar

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The creation of libraries and information centres reflects the realization that marketing of information products and services is a crucial component of administration, particularly for readers' expected levels of satisfaction. Taking this into consideration, the study outlines all the procedures and tactics that may be used when selling information products and services. Additionally, it looks into the intent, viability, and actual application of Web 2.0 in the marketing and promotion of library resources and services. The idea of marketing does not come to mind when we think of library operations. But because of the literature's explosive expansion and the widespread …


Mentoring As A Tool For Re-Skilling The Academic Librarian In Ict Age, Chukwunaza N. Ekwelem Mr, Zikrat Abdulsalam, Emmanuel Abigeal Bimpe Oct 2022

Mentoring As A Tool For Re-Skilling The Academic Librarian In Ict Age, Chukwunaza N. Ekwelem Mr, Zikrat Abdulsalam, Emmanuel Abigeal Bimpe

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Abstracts

Without doubt, the increase in ICT has proven a library to be a living and growing organism. Coping with technology changes are the principal driving forces of the emerging information age librarian and it seems most librarians are less equipped through formal training for the technological demand in library services. The study investigated the use of mentoring as a tool for re-skilling the academic librarian in the ICT age. Descriptive survey was adopted for the study and total enumeration was used for the sample as all the librarians in the university were used for the study. The questionnaire was …


User Perception Of The Effectiveness Of Open Access Resources In Academic And Professional Achievements, Eness Munzya Miyanda-Chitumbo Dr., Thomas Van Der Walt Prof., Magdalene Simalalo Dr., Pailet Chewe Mr., Zachary Zulu Mr., Inonge Milupi Dr., Mercy Monde Wamunyima Mrs. Oct 2022

User Perception Of The Effectiveness Of Open Access Resources In Academic And Professional Achievements, Eness Munzya Miyanda-Chitumbo Dr., Thomas Van Der Walt Prof., Magdalene Simalalo Dr., Pailet Chewe Mr., Zachary Zulu Mr., Inonge Milupi Dr., Mercy Monde Wamunyima Mrs.

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Abstract.

This study examined the University of Zambia students and researchers’ perception of the relevance of open access resources in their academic and professional work.The investigation was based on continued problem of low usage of online resources provided by the University of Zambia Library to support learning, teaching and research in the University. The study used a mixed-methods approach and took a case study-mixed methods design to investigate the research problem.

Findings:The study revealed that although the overall results showed an average level of awareness and low usage of the open access resources among students and researchers, …


Perception Of The Users Of The Dhanvantri Library Of University Of Jammu Regarding The E-Learning In The Current Time Of Pandemic: A Case Study, Meghabat Singh, Avinash Singh Charak Oct 2022

Perception Of The Users Of The Dhanvantri Library Of University Of Jammu Regarding The E-Learning In The Current Time Of Pandemic: A Case Study, Meghabat Singh, Avinash Singh Charak

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The paper highlights the perception of the users of the Dhanvantri library of the University of Jammu regarding e-learning in the current time of the pandemic. The role of e-learning is to extend learning effectively in addition to the technological tools and devices to the existing learning. A total of 278 respondents responded with complete information regarding the survey. The majority of (56.47%) of the respondents were male and most of the respondents were between age group 26-29 years. Most of the students were moderately interested in the online classes. Laptops and Tablet are the most used devices for attending …


The Role Of Academic Libraries In Restoring Quality Teaching And Learning In Education For Sustainable Development In Nigeria, Muhammad Kabir Abubakar Oct 2022

The Role Of Academic Libraries In Restoring Quality Teaching And Learning In Education For Sustainable Development In Nigeria, Muhammad Kabir Abubakar

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The quality of teaching and learning is the key to sustainable development. This has inspired innumerable educational stakeholders to search for means of restoring quality teaching and learning in Nigeria’s education system. To accomplish this, significant epistemological efforts have been made over the years on teaching methods/models, student learning styles, and curriculum content reforms. However, the role of academic libraries has not been given any significant consideration. It is, therefore, the conviction of this paper that sustainable development depends profoundly on the availability of information provided and accessed through a well-managed library for effective teaching, learning, and research. So, using …


Effect Of Edutainment Videos On Literacy Skills Acquisition Among Preschool Children. Implications For Updating Children's Audio-Visual Library, Akobi Thomas Ogbeche Dr, Chinedu Ifedi Okeke Prof. Oct 2022

Effect Of Edutainment Videos On Literacy Skills Acquisition Among Preschool Children. Implications For Updating Children's Audio-Visual Library, Akobi Thomas Ogbeche Dr, Chinedu Ifedi Okeke Prof.

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The need for the use of edutainment videos in the teaching and learning of preschool children cannot be overstated. This study therefore examined the effect of edutainment videos on literacy skills acquisition among preschool children. Implication for updating children’s audio-visual library. Two research questions and three hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted the non-equivalent pretest posttest quasi-experimental research design. The study population comprised all the nursery three preschool children in Nsukka LGA for the 2021/2022 academic year. A sample of 95 preschool children drawn through judgmental sampling technique were studied. The Literacy Skills Acquisition Test (LSAT) was the instrument …


An Appraisal Of Traditional And Modern Methods Of Security Of Information Resources In Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Library, Chibueze Norbert Onwuekwe Oct 2022

An Appraisal Of Traditional And Modern Methods Of Security Of Information Resources In Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Library, Chibueze Norbert Onwuekwe

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

ABSTRACT

This study carried out an appraisal of traditional and modern methods of security of information resources in Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Library. The population of the study consists of 51 library staff, and sample size of the study was 44 library staff which was selected randomly using simple random sample techniques. Three research questions were formulated to guide this study. Data was collected using the questionnaire, and was analysed with descriptive statistics such as mean, and simple percentage. The study revealed that the traditional method of security of information resources used in Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University library includes: Security …


Computer Skills As Correlates Of Use Of Online Information Resources By Library And Information Science Undergraduates Of University Of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria., Nelson Onyeka Nwabueze, Adaora Joy Udo-Anyanwu Ph.D, Nneka Eugenia Okore Oct 2022

Computer Skills As Correlates Of Use Of Online Information Resources By Library And Information Science Undergraduates Of University Of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria., Nelson Onyeka Nwabueze, Adaora Joy Udo-Anyanwu Ph.D, Nneka Eugenia Okore

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

ABSTRACT

The study focused on computer skills as correlates of use of online information resources by Library and Information Science undergraduates of University of Benin, Edo State. The study was guided by three research questions and two null hypotheses. A correlation research design was adopted for study. A census study technique was adopted to cover the entire population of 273 Library and Information Science undergraduates of University of Benin, Edo State. A rating scale titled “Students’ Computer Skills and Use of Online Information Resources” (SCSUOIR) was used as data collection instrument. The data collected were analyzed using mean and standard …


Toward A New Approach To Information Science: Intertextuality, Narges Neshat Oct 2022

Toward A New Approach To Information Science: Intertextuality, Narges Neshat

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Intertextuality is the meaning of the text that is formed by other texts. It means the formation of a new text based on contemporary or previous texts, so that the new text is a compact of a number of texts, the border between which is blurred, and its structure is renewed in a new way, so that nothing is left of the previous texts except its substance, and its essence is in the new text is hidden and only experts can recognize it. No text can be understood on its own without relying on other texts, because it is impossible …