Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons^™

Child (Un)Awareness Of Parental Incarceration As A Risk Factor: Evidence From South Korea, Youngki Woo, Melissa A. Kowalski

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

A large body of research has been devoted to the relationship between parental incarceration and adverse outcomes for children, but such studies often compare children of incarcerated parents to those whose parents have never been imprisoned. Research is lacking regarding the effects of parental incarceration on children aware of their parent’s imprisonment compared to those who are unaware of their parent’s incarceration. In the current study we use propensity score weighting with a sample of 219 incarcerated Korean parents to examine differences in developmental outcomes between children cognizant of their parent’s incarceration and those who are unaware of parental imprisonment. …

Mother Knows Best: A Brief Examination Of The 1982- 2019 Us Mass Shootings Data From Mother Jones’S Investigation, Gordon A. Crews, Garrison A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

In the aftermath of the movie theater mass shooting in July of 2012 in Aurora, Colorado, Mother Jones magazine created one of the first open-source databases documenting mass shootings in the United States. They focused on documenting rampage shootings in public places which resulted in four or more victims killed by the attacker(s). Their initial database consisted of incidents between 1982 and 2012, then an additional 54 cases were added to this data base of incidents which occurred between 2013 and August 2019. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the incidents gathered in this complete database from 1982 …

Mi Casa No Es Tu Casa: Attitudes Of Rio Grande Valley Police Regarding Immigration And Crime, Catherine E. Burton, Gordon A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Extremism In Society, Gordon A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

K-12 School Killers Speak: A Qualitative Analysis Of Interviews, Surveys, Holiday Cards, And Conversations, Gordon A. Crews, Garrison A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

•The purpose of this presentation is to offer: •Qualitative content analysis of various communications •interviews, surveys, holiday cards, and conversations •36 current/former incarcerated K-12 American school violence perpetrators •their views on the causes of K-12 school violence in the United States •Extremely candid and unique information •many freely offered insights as to their own involvement in incidents •analyzed using the qualitative data analysis software package NVivo 12 •Coding categories and themes •analytical units/categories •relationship between teachers and students •personal views on such violence (placing of blame/lack of personal guilt) •causes of violence (revenge, mistreatment, hopelessness, environment), and, possible solutions •Materials …

Understanding Offender Needs Over Forms Of Isolation Using A Repeated Measures Design, Michael F. Campagna, Melissa A. Kowalski, Laurie A. Drapela, Mary K. Stohr, Elizabeth Thompson Tollefsbol, Youngki Woo, Xiaohan Mei, Zachary K. Hamilton

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

A number of studies find that solitary confinement is associated with mental impairment. Yet, confinement dosage and which individual and exogenous variables lead to mental impairment have received less attention. This study of 2 years of data on disciplinary segregation male inmates employs a repeated measures design to examine how isolation affects mental health and psychological needs. The findings indicate that the duration of disciplinary segregation and incarceration, incidence of homelessness, and other individual-level factors had deleterious effects on mental health and psychological needs. Vocational programming and a high school education were found to be protective factors for psychological needs.

Disciplinary Segregation’S Effects On Inmate Behavior: Institutional And Community Outcomes, Youngki Woo, Laurie A. Drapela, Michael F. Campagna, Mary K. Stohr, Zachary K. Hamilton, Xiaohan Mei, Elizabeth Thompson Tollefsbol

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

Disciplinary segregation (DS) is practiced in a variety of correctional settings and a growing body of research explores its subsequent effects among offenders. The present study contributes to this literature by analyzing the impact of short-term DS on violent infractions and community recidivism among a sample of inmates in Washington State. We assessed the impact of DS on these outcomes from deterrence and stain theory perspectives while controlling for social support variables such as visitations and correctional programming. Mentally ill offenders were excluded, as their abilities to make rational choices may be inconsistent with deterrence theory. Results show DS does …

Wreck On The Highway: The Intersectionality Of Driver Culpability, Thc, Other Intoxicants And Fatalities In Washington State, Youngki Woo, Dale W. Willits, Mary K. Stohr, Craig Hemmens, Staci Hoff

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

Objective: Given the legalization of recreational cannabis in 2012 in Washington State and recent mixed results regarding the effects of cannabis on driver safety, we examine the link between Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinols (THC) and driver’s behavior, including speeding and driver errors which may have contributed to a particular fatal crash.

Methods: The current study utilized data from the Washington State Fatality Analysis Reporting System Analytical File (WA FARS) in years 2008-2016. A series of logistic regression were employed to compare THC positive and negative drivers, as well as drivers who tested positive for other intoxicants.

Results: The results of …

Violence Is As American As Cherry Pie: Mass Incarceration And Juvenile Violence, Stephen C. Stanko, Gordon A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

The purpose of this chapter is to offer “food for thought” regarding an under researched area of juvenile violence causation: the possible connection between steadily increasing incarceration rates and steadily increasing incidents of school violence. Unfortunately, the negative, and sometimes violent, traits individuals develop while incarcerated are often brought out into their lives in society and personal lives, which often involve the raising of children. Research has documented the impacts that being incarcerated can have upon an individual. There is growing research supporting that these newly developed traits and behaviors can easily be imbedded in the children in which they …

Sex, Drugs, And Rock 'N' Roll: What Shall We Ban Next?, Gordon A. Crews, Samantha Leigh Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

Music, literature, movies, and all forms of entertainment play an important role in the socialization of adolescents. Present everywhere and easily available, this allows children almost limitless access to questionable entertainment alone or with friends. Parents are unaware of the content of what their children are absorbing because of the use of downloaded music, videos, and literature, and the use of headphones. Research on popular culture/entertainment has explored its effects on schoolwork, social interactions, and particularly behavior. Lyrics have become more explicit in their references to drugs, sex, and violence over the years, particularly in certain genres. And, in turn, …

The Power And The Passion: Using Pop Culture To Teach Concepts Of Criminal Justice And Criminology, Garrison A. Crews, Gordon A. Crews, Catherine E. Burton

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

•Use of familiar/interesting entertainment + to discuss potentially difficult content = more engaged students/ better retention •The focus of this example is teaching the various types of power relationships that exist between individuals and law enforcement/correctional agencies, society, and criminal enterprises •Specifically, the use of “The Wire” and “Oz”, widely known television storylines (police/corrections)

What Legally Prescribed Functions Tell Us: Role Differences Between Adult And Juvenile Probation Officers, Moana Hafoka, Youngki Woo, Ming-Li Hsieh, Jacqueline Van Wormer, Mary K. Stohr, Craig Hemmens

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

The authors' current study, which is built on prior attempts to explore legally prescribed probation functions across 50 states and the District of Columbia, examines the statutorily prescribed duties of adult and juvenile probation officers in the past 10 years. Analyses of role shifts and the complementarities and differences that exist in the statutes are also explored.

Gooble, Gobble, We Accept Her, We Accept Her, One Of Us, One Of Us: An Examination Of The Views Of Self For Incarcerated School Violence Perpetrators, Gordon A. Crews, Garrison A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

•Examination of the views of self of 36 incarcerated school violence perpetrators who committed acts of violence in U.S. K-12 schools between 1979 and 2011 •These views were collected from a projective technique style survey instrument and personal interviews •This includes views of self before, during, and after their violent act(s) •Analytical units/categories discovered: •Relationship between teachers and students •Personal views on such violence (placing of blame/lack of personal guilt) •Causes of violence (revenge, mistreatment, hopelessness, environment) •Findings presented through 4 newly developed typologies of school violence perpetrators: •Traditional •Gang Related •Associated •Non-Associated

When It Gets Gangsta: An Examination Of Gang-Related K-12 School Violence Perpetrators, Gordon A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

This article resulted as part of a comprehensive and on-going research project investigating the causes ofK-12 school violence and disturbance in America. Gang related school violence perpetrators are defined as those who were identified (i.e., self.. identification and/or law enforcement identification) involved in the "gang lifestyle" and committed their acts of violence as part of such lifestyle on school grounds or at school ·functions.· This article is a summary of the findings in regard to this type of offender. "It is extremely interesting that this type of offender seems not to suffer from many of the issues ( e.g., mental …

Maritime Cyber Security: What About Digital Forensics?, Scott Blough, Gordon A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

The American Gun Culture: Potential Impact On K-12 School Violence, Gordon A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

•Many insist on combining all types of school shootings/violence saying they are the same, but: •This could not be further from the truth when examining K-12 school violence historically in the United States •Public mass shootings, university shootings, international shootings, and K-12 school shootings are not the same •They have different catalysts, motivations, types of occurrence, and offenders

School Killers Speak: A Qualitative Content Analysis Of School Violence Perpetrators Comments, Gordon A. Crews, Catherine E. Burton, Garrison A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

•A Qualitative Content Analysis (Summative Content Analysis) •various communications (interviews, surveys, holiday cards, and conversations) between the authors and 28 currently incarcerated school violence perpetrators as to their views on the causes of K-12 school violence in America •Extremely Candid and Unique Information •many involved freely offered insights as to their own involvement in incidents •Analytical Units/Categories Discovered •relationship between teachers and students •personal views on such violence (placing of blame/lack of personal guilt) •causes of violence (revenge, mistreatment, hopelessness, environment) •possible solutions

The Impact Of Mass Incarceration And Social Issues Of Institutionalization On School Violence In Youths, Stephen C. Stanko, Gordon A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

In this chapter the authors examine the impact that mass incarceration has had upon children in the United States over the last several decades. Inherent in this examination is to discuss the impact of institutionalization on the propensity of committing violent acts by children. The authors also discuss the impact of these American phenomena on many aspects of juvenile delinquency and violence.

School Killers Speak: A Comprehensive Examination Of Gang-Related School Violence Perpetrators In K-12 American Schools, Gordon A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

The purpose of this work is to examine the perpetrators of acts of school violence in K–12 schools in the United States. It is hoped that this examination will offer new and unique insight into the extremely complex issues surrounding juvenile violence in general and school violence in particular. There have been myriad works categorizing, theorizing, and profiling the causes of these types of events and the offenders who commit them. The problem is that very few have actually sought answers where they lie, from those who actually know why an event happened—the individuals who committed the act. …

School Killers Speak: A Comprehensive Examination Of Traditional School Violence Perpetrators In K-12 American Schools, Gordon A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

School Killers Speak: A Comprehensive Examination Of Associated And/Or Mentally Ill And Non-Associated And/Or Mentally Ill School Violence Perpetrators In K-12 American Schools, Gordon A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

The American Gun Culture: Potential Impact On K-12 School Violence, Gordon A. Crews, Garrison A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

Most researchers insist on combining all school shootings/violence incidents into one type of act and therefore one type of actor and one type of event. However, public mass shootings, university environments, international incidents, and K-12 school shootings and violence are not the same. They have different catalysts, motivations, types of occurrence, and offenders. The research for this work is part of a comprehensive examination of 78 currently incarcerated U.S. K-12 school violence offenders and their acts between 1979 and 2011 in 33 states. Topics examined include: weapons used and injuries incurred, availability of guns, where the gun or weapon …

School Killers Speak: A Comprehensive Examination Of Perpetrators, Events, And Characteristics Of K-12 School Violence In America, Gordon A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

This book resulted as part of a comprehensive and ongoing research project investigating the causes of K–12 school violence and disturbance in America. Between 2008 and 2012, all publicly available lists and news reports were scoured to obtain a population of names of perpetrators who committed violence on kindergarten to 12th-grade school property or at a school function since the 1700s (approximately 500-plus incidents initially identified).

Then the deceased, released, un-adjudicated, and otherwise un-locatable individuals were eliminated from the sample (decreasing cases to approximately 120 incidents). Finally, state correctional systems were extensively searched to determine the number of these offenders …

Undocumented And Unaccompanied Latino Youth Who Are Exposed To Violence Are More Likely To Turn To Crime To Overcome Disadvantage., Marika Dawkins-Cavazos, Frank Anthony Rodriguez

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

Recent years have seen growing concern over the increasing number of unaccompanied youth arriving at the US-Mexico border. But despite this concern, such undocumented youth have been an understudied group. In new research, Marika Dawkins and Frank A. Rodriguez interviewed undocumented and unaccompanied Latino youth living at the US-Mexico border. They find that members of this group who experience pervasive violence may be more likely to commit crimes in order to overcome personal hardships.

A Comparison Of Attributions, Self-Esteem, Anxiety, And Parental Attachment In Sexually Abused And Non-Abused Korean Children, Kyung-Shick Choi, Elizabeth Englander, Youngki Woo, Jisun Choi, Ji-Eun Kim, Hyejung Kim

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

This study attempts to address the dearth of information about child sexual abuse (CSA) and psychological functioning in Korean children by measuring the psychological impact of sexual abuse on children in South Korea. The original data were collected on 92 sexually abused children (age 13 or younger) who underwent medical forensic interviews and psychological evaluations prior to treatment. This study collected additional data reflecting specific psychological evaluations from a control group drawn from five randomly chosen elementary schools. The psychological impact on the group of sexually abused children was compared to the control group via the assessment of four major …

The Death Row Cookbook: An Examination Of Hustling As A Coping Mechanism For Death Row Prisoners, Gordon A. Crews, Stephen C. Stanko, Garrison A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

•Discuss a project examining the coping mechanisms and strategies of death row prisoners •Extensive research = humans imprisoned in general •Less research = individuals on death rows •Focus = “hustling” as a coping mechanism (inmates/COs) •Special interest = how food production (cooking ingenuity) in one’s cell can be used for both a coping mechanism and a revenue stream •Final consideration will be given to the impact on the “well-being” of inmates, security, and the prison environment

Is Bad Stronger Than Good? The Impact Of Police-Citizen Encounters On Public Satisfaction With The Police, Yudu Li, Ling Ren, Fei Luo

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

Purpose

Drawing upon the negativity bias theory, the purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of positive and negative perceptions of police-initiated or citizen-initiated contacts on three distinctive dimensions of public satisfaction with police (PSWP).

Design/methodology/approach

The data were obtained from a random-sample telephone survey of 1,143 residents in Houston in 2012. The OLS regressions were conducted with variables derived from the contact model and neighborhood context model that were often employed in the PSWP research. Particularly, five dichotomous variables were created to tap into the nature and quality of the police-citizen encounters.

Findings

The results confirm the …

Sometimes They Come Back: Examining The Threat Of Associated And Non-Associated And/Or Mentally Ill School Violence Perpetrators, Gordon A. Crews

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

In this chapter it is argued that school violence and its potential in K-12 schools cannot be dealt with by simply removing the troublesome/problematic students from classrooms and/or school grounds. The expelling, suspending, incarcerating, or placing of a juvenile in an alternative school setting may only increase their anger against their former school and teachers. An anger which may continue to grow throughout their lives. Moreover, there is a growing trend of students who have failed to achieve in life returning to their former school and committing acts of violence. The author focuses on two types of these perpetrators. First, …

South Africa, Gordon A. Crews, Sara K. Green

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

Since the late 1990s, empirical evidence has strongly suggested a gradual increase in drug-related problems and substance abuse (illicit and prescription) in South Africa. Abuse of alcohol is still the primary issue, but other illegal drugs are a very close in any list of social ills for South Africa As in most parts of the world, issues and social problems associated with substance abuse continue to be exacerbated and perpetuated by socio-economic and developmental factors in South Africa. This issue is made worse by the fact that South Africa is one of the world’s largest producers of some illegal drugs …

Probation Officer Roles: A Statutory Analysis, Ming-Li Hsieh, Moana Hafoka, Youngki Woo, Jacqueline Van Wormer, Mary K. Stohr

Criminal Justice Faculty Publications

There are a limited number of studies that explore the legally prescribed roles of probation officers. To address this, the current study employed a statutory analysis to examine how probation officer roles have changed over the past 30 years, identifying which tasks and roles are statutorily mandated for probation officers. Findings indicate that there is an emergence of a "case manager" approach in the legally prescribed roles for probation officers in many states, even though law enforcement-oriented tasks are slightly more prescribed by law than rehabilitation-oriented tasks.