Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Sociology (79)
- Law (72)
- Business (71)
- Arts and Humanities (59)
- Political Science (36)
-
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (36)
- Education (35)
- Family, Life Course, and Society (26)
- Economics (25)
- Higher Education (21)
- International Relations (18)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (17)
- East Asian Languages and Societies (16)
- Anthropology (15)
- History (14)
- Religion (14)
- Communication (13)
- Psychology (13)
- Social and Cultural Anthropology (13)
- Dispute Resolution and Arbitration (12)
- Geography (12)
- Leadership Studies (12)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (12)
- Asian History (11)
- Inequality and Stratification (11)
- Technology and Innovation (11)
- Urban Studies and Planning (11)
- Institution
-
- Singapore Management University (224)
- SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad (35)
- Chulalongkorn University (19)
- The University of San Francisco (6)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (5)
-
- Purdue University (4)
- California State University, Monterey Bay (3)
- Stony Brook University (3)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (3)
- University of Rhode Island (3)
- Ateneo de Manila University (2)
- Bard College (2)
- Claremont Colleges (2)
- College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University (2)
- George Fox University (2)
- Georgia Southern University (2)
- Gettysburg College (2)
- Old Dominion University (2)
- The University of Southern Mississippi (2)
- University at Albany, State University of New York (2)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (2)
- University of South Florida (2)
- Yale University (2)
- Binghamton University (1)
- Boise State University (1)
- Bryn Mawr College (1)
- Butler University (1)
- California State University, San Bernardino (1)
- Chapman University (1)
- Cleveland State University (1)
- Keyword
-
- Singapore (54)
- China (28)
- Japan (10)
- Indonesia (9)
- Thailand (8)
-
- Southeast Asia (7)
- ASEAN (6)
- Education (6)
- Higher education (6)
- India (6)
- Philippines (6)
- Gender (5)
- Higher Education (5)
- Leadership (5)
- Management Education (5)
- Singapore Management University (5)
- United States (5)
- WTO (5)
- Asia (4)
- Deterrence (4)
- Migration (4)
- Technology (4)
- Ageing-in-place (3)
- Corporate governance (3)
- Culture (3)
- Customer satisfaction (3)
- Elderly (3)
- Geopolitics (3)
- Globalization (3)
- History (3)
- Publication
-
- Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law (67)
- Research Collection School of Social Sciences (54)
- Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection (35)
- Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business (19)
- Research Collection Institute of Service Excellence (2007-2024) (13)
-
- Asian Review (11)
- Research Collection School Of Economics (10)
- Research Collection College of Integrative Studies (9)
- Research Collection School Of Accountancy (9)
- Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems (9)
- Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD) (8)
- Oral History Collection (8)
- Master's Projects and Capstones (5)
- Asian Management Insights (4)
- Research Collection Library (4)
- SMU Press Releases and News (4)
- Asian & Asian American Studies Student Research Symposium (3)
- Capstone Projects and Master's Theses (3)
- Dignity: A Journal of Analysis of Exploitation and Violence (3)
- Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects (3)
- CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture (2)
- Dissertations and Theses Collection (Open Access) (2)
- Faculty Publications - George Fox Digital (2)
- Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal (2)
- Graduate Program in International Studies Theses & Dissertations (2)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (2)
- History - Master of Arts in Teaching (2)
- Korean Studies Department Faculty Publications (2)
- Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024) (2)
- Libraries Faculty and Staff Presentations (2)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 61 - 90 of 359
Full-Text Articles in Asian Studies
Perception And Prejudice: Sino-Ghanaian Relations Within The Service Sector And The Wavering Perception Of China On The Global Stage, Jodi-Ann (Juexuan) Wang
Perception And Prejudice: Sino-Ghanaian Relations Within The Service Sector And The Wavering Perception Of China On The Global Stage, Jodi-Ann (Juexuan) Wang
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Opinions on the impacts of China in Africa differ from one observer to the next, be it in media, academic, or elsewhere. While most general discourses have been nuanced and coherent, there is nevertheless a prevailing sentiment of unbridled fear and Sinophobia, or anti-Chinese populism. Based on a two-sided study in Ghana, this research uses Chinese-Ghanaian employment relations as a way of entry to analyze and explore cross-cultural understandings, or lack thereof, that leads to conflict. From there, this paper examines the style of politicized media in broadcasting Sino-Ghanaian (Chinese-Ghanaian) engagements and its role in creating the anti-Chinese populism on …
Woven Narratives From Tsum Valley: Reconfiguring Local, Erica Gibble
Woven Narratives From Tsum Valley: Reconfiguring Local, Erica Gibble
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
Tsum Valley is on the border between Nepal and Tibet. It exists as a border land and a trekking trail and a home. Despite its label as a “Hidden Himalayan Valley,” Tsum is currently undergoing changes that make it increasingly connected to the globalized world. I set out to study and learn weaving in Tsum. I dispersed within my account of learning the craft with scenes from everyday life to better understand how weaving and production of the chu pa fits into work, family, economy and community. For my study I stayed in one home in Lamaguan, Upper Tsum to …
Stories From A Place Called Walung, Jenny Ding
Stories From A Place Called Walung, Jenny Ding
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
The goal of the project is to explore the relationship between people and the natural landscape through storytelling. I’m interested by elements like: terrain, topography, path, wayfinding, natural disasters, weather, natural resources, flora and fauna. How do these elements manifest in people’s oral history, daily lives, and spatial identity? How are these elements and the environment changing, and how are people adapting to these changes? My approach will be to talk to people at Walung about their interactions with elements of the natural landscape, both current and from the past. I will also document my own observations of these elements. …
Comprehending Climate Change In The Himalayas: An Exercise In Digital Storytelling, Emily Carlson
Comprehending Climate Change In The Himalayas: An Exercise In Digital Storytelling, Emily Carlson
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
This study was completed as an attempt to visualize, contextualize, and humanize the effects of climate change in the Himalayan orogen through the lens of digital storytelling. The ArcGIS software application, Story Maps, was used to create a highly visual “storytelling” webpage. It combines spatial and empirical data from across the whole Himalayan range with stories and case studies collected in eight villages of Lower Mustang, Nepal. This project is thus a union of climatologic and ethnographic research. As climate change continues to charge ahead in an incredibly vulnerable part of the world, the people of the region face the …
Boys’ Sex Education In Rural Maharashtra: Context, Community, And Trust, Sierra Bradshaw-Kreimer
Boys’ Sex Education In Rural Maharashtra: Context, Community, And Trust, Sierra Bradshaw-Kreimer
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
The primary research question of this study is: do alumni of CRHP’s Adolescent Boy’s Program (ABP) and parents of alumni of the ABP report that the boys have changed after completing the program, and if yes, in what ways? Beyond that, the study is also concerned with examining potential reasons behind the results of the primary research question. The researcher conducted interviews with 3 ABP alumni and 3 parents of ABP alumni, in addition to attending information sessions and observing the workings of CRHP. The primary findings were that yes, the respondents reported a change. The change was described as …
Trust, Access, And Adaptation To Needs: The Role Of Community-Based Promoters In Health Insurance Delivery In Gujarat, India, Lauryn Stafford
Trust, Access, And Adaptation To Needs: The Role Of Community-Based Promoters In Health Insurance Delivery In Gujarat, India, Lauryn Stafford
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
The research question this study addresses is: How do community-based promoters contribute to the delivery and utilization of health insurance among marginalized populations in India? To address this question, the successes and difficulties experienced by VimoSEWA community-based insurance promoters, called aagewans, were investigated through field visits and personal interviews in Ahmedabad and nearby rural districts in Gujarat. VimoSEWA’s insurance delivery model is an appropriate topic of investigation for this study because its beneficiaries are self-employed women with limited prior access to financial protection. Both aagewans and insurance members were interviewed during this study to develop a comprehensive understanding of the …
Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome In India: A Socio-Cultural Perspective, Hannah Wickham
Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome In India: A Socio-Cultural Perspective, Hannah Wickham
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
This study examines the ways in which cultural determinants affect the health-seeking, diagnosis and treatment process of women with Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) as well as the underlying socio-cultural causes of the illness. Often coined as a “lifestyle disease”, PCOS is becoming a growing concern of physicians and women alike as its prevalence is on the rise with no signs of slowing down. Lifestyle, stigmas/taboos, PCOS’s effect on identity, and quality of life are all areas that are examined throughout this paper. A mixture of patients’ and doctors’ perspectives on PCOS were gathered throughout a three-week time period in …
Is Article 16(3) Of The Model Law A ‘One-Shot Remedy’ For Non-Participating Respondents In International Arbitrations?, Darius Chan
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
It is not uncommon for practitioners acting for claimants in an arbitration to encounter a respondent who chooses to boycott the arbitral process. In cases involving such “non-participating” respondents, what are the rights and obligations of each party? Specifically, insofar as Model Law jurisdictions are concerned, if a tribunal decides on jurisdiction as a preliminary issue must the non-participating respondent apply under Article 16(3) of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (Model Law) to the curial Court to review that decision, or otherwise lose the right to challenge any eventual award thereafter on jurisdictional grounds? Can the non-participating …
The 2017/18 International Moots Season In Review, Siyuan Chen, Eunice Chua
The 2017/18 International Moots Season In Review, Siyuan Chen, Eunice Chua
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Overview of the Season. This is the fourth annual review of Singapore’s performance in international moot competitions. As the latest moot season draws to a close, we are happy to report that the 2017/18 season has been another fairly decent one for Singapore mooters.
Enforcing Town Councils’ Duties Of Financial Prudence: Problems Addressed By The Town Councils (Amendment) Act 2017, Benjamin Joshua Ong
Enforcing Town Councils’ Duties Of Financial Prudence: Problems Addressed By The Town Councils (Amendment) Act 2017, Benjamin Joshua Ong
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This article discusses the means by which a TownCouncil’s statutory duties, particularly its duties of financial prudence, maybe enforced. It studies the law as it was prior to 2017 and reveals variousconceptual and practical problems, the result of which was that it was possiblefor a Town Council to fail to perform its statutory duties and face onlyminimal consequences. This article willprovide a background to some of the new statutory procedures introduced in the2017 amendments to the Town Councils Act, which solve the problems from whichthe previous law suffered. It is hoped that this will shed light on the historyof the …
Candidate-Centric Systems And The Politicization Of Ethnicity: Evidence From Indonesia, Colm A. Fox
Candidate-Centric Systems And The Politicization Of Ethnicity: Evidence From Indonesia, Colm A. Fox
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
When and why do electoral candidates politicize ethnicity? From the literature, we might expect this behaviour to occur during democratic transitions or under proportional rules. However, empirical support for these arguments is mixed. This article presents a new approach, arguing that candidate-centric rules offer candidates incentives to politicize ethnicity. The argument is tested in Indonesia with empirical evidence drawn from coding newspaper reports on campaign events, endorsements and group appeals. Indonesia used party-centric rules from 1997 to 2004, and even though the country democratized during this period, the politicization of ethnicity actually declined. I show how party-centric rules, coupled with …
The Politics Of Disaster: The Great Singapore Flood Of 1954, Fiona Williamson
The Politics Of Disaster: The Great Singapore Flood Of 1954, Fiona Williamson
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Singapore in the 1950s was a deeply divided society. Struggling to recover from the hardships ofthe Second World War and fighting an internal battle that the British government termed an‘emergency’, it was a time of hardship, tension, and anxiety. In the midst of this crisis, Singapore’sinhabitants continued to manage the natural elements of their climate and environment, especiallythe dangerous combination of heavy monsoonal rains, low-lying marshland, and tidal flooding.This article examines the circumstances surrounding a particularly severe episode of flooding thatoccurred in December 1954. It explores how the flood’s impact was exacerbated by humanexigencies, especially recent government resettlement plans and …
Family Law, Siyuan Chen
Family Law, Siyuan Chen
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
No abstract provided.
Towards More Intra-Asia Judicial Cooperation In The Constitutional Sphere, Maartje De Visser
Towards More Intra-Asia Judicial Cooperation In The Constitutional Sphere, Maartje De Visser
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
On 14 August 2015, the Association of Asian Constitutional Courts and Equivalent Institutions unanimously agreed to welcome Myanmar’s Constitutional Tribunal and the constitutional chamber of the Supreme Court of Kyrgyzstan as new members.
Uphill Struggle: Impediments And Facilitators To Porter Health In The Khumbu Region, Nate Barott
Uphill Struggle: Impediments And Facilitators To Porter Health In The Khumbu Region, Nate Barott
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection
The surge of Nepal’s tourism industry has resulted in new waves of tourists visiting popular trekking areas such as the northern Khumbu region of the Solukhumbu District. One effect of this growing industry has been the increased prominence of porters in the area. Coming mostly from lowlands south of the Khumbu, porters are composed mainly of young individuals looking to make a career in the enticing business of trekking and mountaineering tourism. The current status of porter health in Solukhumbu is poor. Many ailments exist to physical and social well-being, and social segregation, incentives to carry heavier loads and a …
Dialogue With Religious Life In Asia, Lily Kong, Junxi Qian
Dialogue With Religious Life In Asia, Lily Kong, Junxi Qian
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Over the past decade or so, debates on the advent of a postsecular present have moved center-stage in social and cultural theory. These exchanges have made commendable achievements in analyzing the increasing relevance of religion to public politics and policies. Theorization of the postsecular makes for a hefty intellectual agenda, and a comprehensive review of this agenda is clearly beyond the scope of a single contribution, addressed, more appropriately, in a collective way by this Handbook. Nevertheless, we would like to contribute a few ideas to help delineate the broader permutations of the postsecular turn in social sciences, which serve …
Faith C. S. Ho, Western Medicine For Chinese: How The Hong Kong College Of Medicine Achieved A Breakthrough, Jack Greatrex
Faith C. S. Ho, Western Medicine For Chinese: How The Hong Kong College Of Medicine Achieved A Breakthrough, Jack Greatrex
Research Collection College of Integrative Studies
The Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese was founded in 1887 with expansive ambitions: the adoption of western medicine and science by the Chinese population of colonial Hong Kong and China more broadly.
(S)Expectations Abroad: Male Traveler Interactions With Southeast Asian Economies, Elliot J. Glotfelty, Glenn M. Miles
(S)Expectations Abroad: Male Traveler Interactions With Southeast Asian Economies, Elliot J. Glotfelty, Glenn M. Miles
Dignity: A Journal of Analysis of Exploitation and Violence
Interacting with locals is a highlight of the tourism experience; however, these interactions may be accompanied by unsolicited propositions for the traveler to participate in the sex industry. Through the lens of Thailand’s largely visible sex industry, this work addresses issues of tourism and travel intertwined with the sex industry in greater Southeast Asia. Governments, a variety of businesses and individuals benefiting financially from a burgeoning sex tourism industry encourage persistence of a viable local sex trade. Although subtleties exist between human trafficking, the sex industry, and sex tourism, each can be intertwined. This article provides an overview of the …
Marginalized Migrants And Urbanization In Southeast Asia, George Wong, George Wong
Marginalized Migrants And Urbanization In Southeast Asia, George Wong, George Wong
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Asia is now the region with the largest movements of migrants in the world. International migration within Asia accounts for a significant proportion of those mobilities, with Southeast Asia a highly popular destination region. Within this zone, Thailand, Brunei and Malaysia receive the highest levels of migrants. The city-state of Singapore, however, tops the list, with the highest total population of international migrant arrivals, and about 53 per cent of its foreign resident population coming from other parts of ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) region. Most migrants who move transnationally migrate to engage in low waged dirty, dangerous and …
Build Your Own Nest: Singapore's First Study On Matched Savings Schemes For Lower Income, Older Women, David Chan, Benedict S. K. Koh
Build Your Own Nest: Singapore's First Study On Matched Savings Schemes For Lower Income, Older Women, David Chan, Benedict S. K. Koh
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Matched Savings Scheme is a research study, commissioned by the International Longevity Centre – Singapore (ILC – Singapore) of the Tsao Foundation and funded by the Tote Board, found that a monthly matched savings scheme is effective in sustaining the retirement savings behaviour among a group of 377 elderly women from low-income households over the study period of 18 months. The research, conducted by principal investigator psychology professor David Chan and co-investigator finance professor Benedict Koh, used an experimental design and longitudinal tracking to examine the effects that different factors of a matched savings scheme have on the participants’ decision …
Adaptasi Sirkulasi Patron Dalam Implementasi Sentralisme Demokratik Partai Komunis Vietnam Dalam Kongres Pada Era “Doi Moi”, Hilwan Givari
Adaptasi Sirkulasi Patron Dalam Implementasi Sentralisme Demokratik Partai Komunis Vietnam Dalam Kongres Pada Era “Doi Moi”, Hilwan Givari
Jurnal Politik
Kebertahanan negara satu partai pimpinan Partai Komunis Vietnam (PKV) pada era Doi Moi (Đổi Mới atau reformasi ekonomi) biasanya dijelaskan oleh para ilmuwan politik secara struktural dan kultural melalui teori ‘performance-based legitimacy’ atau pemikiran nasionalisme dari Ho Chi Minh. Kedua penjelasan itu menilai bahwa PKV memiliki ciri-ciri akuntabilitas politik yang sama dengan partai komunis lain yang berkuasa di dunia dengan sifatnya yang singular dan top-down birokratis, namun belum menyentuh fitur institusional negara-partai komunis seperti prinsip sentralisme demokratik. Dengan menerapkan sejumlah teori/konsep alternatif dan hasil penelitian kontemporer seputar institusionalisasi PKV dan pelaksanaan Kongres partai yang dilakukan pada era Doi Moi, tulisan …
Is A Bamboo Ceiling Stifling The Rise Of Potential Leaders?, Singapore Management University
Is A Bamboo Ceiling Stifling The Rise Of Potential Leaders?, Singapore Management University
Perspectives@SMU
Asian women face the double-jeopardy of gender and culture in Western workplaces
Customer Satisfaction Index Of Singapore 2018: Q2 Results, Institute Of Service Excellence, Smu
Customer Satisfaction Index Of Singapore 2018: Q2 Results, Institute Of Service Excellence, Smu
Research Collection Institute of Service Excellence (2007-2024)
The Customer Satisfaction Index of Singapore (CSISG) computes customer satisfaction scores at the national, sector, sub-sector, and company levels. The CSISG serves as a quantitative benchmark of the quality of goods and services produced by the Singapore economy over time and across countries. This is the CSISG’s 12th year of measurement.
Boosting The Life-Changing Power Of Universities, Arnoud Cyriel Leo De Meyer
Boosting The Life-Changing Power Of Universities, Arnoud Cyriel Leo De Meyer
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
For decades, if not centuries, societies all over the world have assumed that universities have a positive socio-economic impact on them.
Asian Relevance, Global Impact: Asian Management Research Entering A New Era, Daphne W. Yiu, Long W. Lam, Ajai Gaur, Seung-Hyun Lee, Chi-Sum Wong
Asian Relevance, Global Impact: Asian Management Research Entering A New Era, Daphne W. Yiu, Long W. Lam, Ajai Gaur, Seung-Hyun Lee, Chi-Sum Wong
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
In 1998, the Asia Pacific Journal of Management (APJM) was formally affiliated with Asia Academy of Management (AAOM), the official affiliate of the Academy of Management, with the mission to “encourage contextualized management research with Asian relevance towards contribution to global scholarship” (Lau, 2007: 401). According to Peng (2007), APJM has become a highly reputable and the most prestigious journal in Asian management research. To date, APJM has published over 1,000 articles with a five-year average journal Impact Factor of 2.647 (as of 2018).
Teaching Basic Programming To Pre-University Students Through Blended Learning Pedagogy: A Descriptive Study, Vandana Ramachandra Rao, Ngee Mok Heng
Teaching Basic Programming To Pre-University Students Through Blended Learning Pedagogy: A Descriptive Study, Vandana Ramachandra Rao, Ngee Mok Heng
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Students enrolling for undergraduate programmes in Singapore would have either finished their polytechnic diploma or completed Junior College (JC) studies. Most pre-university students coming through the JC pathway are not exposed to programming as computing is offered as a subject in a very few JCs. The authors of this paper conducted four runs of an introductory programing course between 2016 and 2017 for a research project funded by the Ministry of Education, Singapore. The project named “Let’s Code!” was intended to introduce fundamental programming concepts to students and guide them to consider taking a computer-science related degree for their university …
“Are They Supposed To Be Heugin?": Negotiating Race, Nation, And Representation In Korean Musical Theatre, Ji Hyon Yuh
“Are They Supposed To Be Heugin?": Negotiating Race, Nation, And Representation In Korean Musical Theatre, Ji Hyon Yuh
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
This dissertation examines contemporary Korean musical theatre as a form of popular culture that has served an important role in reflecting and establishing personal and national identity in Korea, especially as it intersects with the global and local manifestations of race and racial ideologies. I argue that musical theatre has served an important political and economic role, since its beginning as a cultural weapon in the height of the Cold War to more contemporary examples in which Korean musicals serve as a tool to brand Korea as an advanced nation in the world. To make a case for this relationship …
"When We Demand Our Share Of This World”: Struggles For Space, New Possibilities Of Planning, And Municipalist Politics In Mumbai, Malav J. Kanuga
"When We Demand Our Share Of This World”: Struggles For Space, New Possibilities Of Planning, And Municipalist Politics In Mumbai, Malav J. Kanuga
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
This dissertation presents an urban history of Bombay/Mumbai from the perspective of a politics of plurality, arguing that while the city has emerged from governmental control and planning, its development has also been shaped by myriad popular productive forces of urban society. The dissertation traces the uneven development of the city through significant planning policies, popular movements, and lived experiences of various struggles against regimes of developmentalism—the governing ideologies of development, techniques, policies, and rules of law through which the city has been planned and governed. These ideologies and practices have shifted over time, but since the earliest days of …
Warrants And Their Underlying Stocks: Microstructure Evidence From An Emerging Market, Charlie Charoenwong, David K. Ding, Nuttawat Visaltanachoti
Warrants And Their Underlying Stocks: Microstructure Evidence From An Emerging Market, Charlie Charoenwong, David K. Ding, Nuttawat Visaltanachoti
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The Stock Exchange of Thailand provides an ideal platform for comparing the trading characteristics of warrants and their underlying stocks since both of them trade in the same market under identical trading rules. If their patterns diverge significantly, it may be possible for an astute trader to devise profitable arbitrage strategies during the life of the warrants. We find that both their patterns are downward-sloping for spreads, U-shaped for flow toxicity, volatility, depth concentration, and trading volume; and upward-sloping for depth and market order flow ratio. This implies that trading under identical market structures leads to similar trading characteristics. We …
Laozi In Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy, Alan Kam Leung Chan
Laozi In Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy, Alan Kam Leung Chan
Research Collection College of Integrative Studies
Confucianism, Daoism (Taoism), and Buddhism generally name the three main currents of Chinese thought, although it should be obvious that like any “ism,” they are abstractions—what they name are not monolithic but multifaceted traditions with fuzzy boundaries. In the case of “Daoism,” it designates both a philosophical tradition and an organized religion, which in modern Chinese are identified separately as daojia and daojiao, respectively. With their own rich histories and internal differences, the two are deeply intertwined. Laozi (or Lao-tzu, in the “Wade-Giles” system of transliteration favored by earlier generations of Western scholars) figures centrally in both.