Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- Universitas Indonesia (98)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (24)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (14)
- Central Bank of Nigeria (5)
- Gettysburg College (3)
-
- Old Dominion University (3)
- South Dakota State University (3)
- Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School (2)
- University of the Pacific (2)
- Afreximbank (1)
- Bank of Indonesia (1)
- Bentley University (1)
- Binghamton University (1)
- Bryant University (1)
- Center for the Blue Economy (1)
- Chapman University (1)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (1)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (1)
- Clemson University (1)
- Dartmouth College (1)
- Dominican University of California (1)
- East Tennessee State University (1)
- Eastern Illinois University (1)
- Georgia College (1)
- Harding University (1)
- Kean University (1)
- Purdue University (1)
- SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad (1)
- Sacred Heart University (1)
- Singapore Management University (1)
- Keyword
-
- Arkansas (15)
- Dry county (7)
- Economic benefits (7)
- Economic growth (7)
- Retail alcohol (7)
-
- Wet county (7)
- Economic impact (4)
- Direct expenditures (3)
- Economic activity (3)
- Efficiency (3)
- Financial inclusion (3)
- Fiscal policy (3)
- Monetary policy (3)
- Recurring operational impacts (3)
- Taxation (3)
- Agriculture (2)
- Banking (2)
- Benton County (2)
- California (2)
- Competition (2)
- Crime (2)
- Economic development (2)
- Economics (2)
- Education (2)
- Exchange rate (2)
- Financial stability (2)
- GDP (2)
- Gettysburg College (2)
- Gettysburg Economic Review (2)
- Global economy (2)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Economics and Finance in Indonesia (95)
- Publications and Presentations (19)
- Yeutter Institute International Trade Policy Review (14)
- Bullion (3)
- Economics Staff Paper Series (1969 - 2017) (3)
-
- Gettysburg Economic Review (3)
- CBN Annual Report (2)
- Finance Undergraduate Honors Theses (2)
- Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review (2)
- University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations (2)
- 2022 REYES Proceedings (1)
- All Dissertations (1)
- All Graduate Reports and Creative Projects, Fall 2023 to Present (1)
- Behavioral and Computational Economics (MS) Theses (1)
- Belden Center Books (1)
- Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version) (1)
- Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking (1)
- CSID Journal of Infrastructure Development (1)
- City and Regional Planning -- Florida (1)
- Collected Faculty Scholarship (1)
- Departmental Papers (E & F) (1)
- Dissertations (1)
- Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects (1)
- Doctor of Business Administration Dissertations (1)
- Economics Faculty Journal Articles (1)
- Economics Theses & Dissertations (1)
- Economics Undergraduate Honors Theses (1)
- Economics Undergraduate Senior Theses (1)
- Electronic Theses & Dissertations (2024 - present) (1)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (1)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 91 - 120 of 187
Full-Text Articles in Regional Economics
The Contribution Of Islamic Banks Towards The Achievement Of Sustainable Development Goals: The Case Of Indonesia, Nunung Ghoniyah
The Contribution Of Islamic Banks Towards The Achievement Of Sustainable Development Goals: The Case Of Indonesia, Nunung Ghoniyah
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
This study aims to strengthen the opinion that the main goal of Islamic banks is not to obtain profit, but rather to improve the standards of living. In this study, the evidence is obtained by processing secondary data on Islamic banks in Indonesia during the period of 2011 to 2017 by using panel data regression model. The results of the data analysis support the hypothesis that banks whose goals are aimed at falah will demand lower payment obligations from customers, allowing the customers to manage funds in the real sector. The implication is also strengthened by good financial quality control, …
The Effect Of School Operational Assistance Program On Investment In Education By Households: Evidence From Indonesia, Nia Pramita Sari
The Effect Of School Operational Assistance Program On Investment In Education By Households: Evidence From Indonesia, Nia Pramita Sari
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
The School Operational Assistance Program, referred to as BOS, is a demand intervention program indirectly provided by the government of Indonesia to students through schools, started in July 2005. This paper examines the impact of BOS on educational investment by households and other expenditure such as food and non-food consumption. Using the observations of 1,161 households with at least one member studying in public school from the fourth wave of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS 4), we discover that BOS is effective in relaxing household's budget constraint, thus increasing educational investment by households. We also discover that households with …
Book Review: Indonesia's Digital-Based Economic Transformation: The Emergence Of New Technological, Business, Economic, And Policy Trends In Indonesia, Anika Widiana
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
No abstract provided.
Utilization Of Free Trade Agreement In Indonesia: Firm-Level Data Analysis Of The Yogyakarta Special Region, Nadira Asrifa Nasution
Utilization Of Free Trade Agreement In Indonesia: Firm-Level Data Analysis Of The Yogyakarta Special Region, Nadira Asrifa Nasution
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
This study aims to observe the utilization of Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The findings are obtained by processing primary data collected from in-depth interviews and a survey of firms by applying descriptive analysis. The findings show that FTA is utilized by merely 44% of the total population of 64 firms in Yogyakarta. The benefits of FTA obtained by firms include market access, ease of processing custom documents, and lower preferential tariffs. However, the disadvantages include onerous document requirements, limited information, and difficulties in understanding regulations. Another issue related to the utilization of FTA concerns …
Corruption And Economic Growth In Asean Member Countries, Anisah Alfada
Corruption And Economic Growth In Asean Member Countries, Anisah Alfada
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
This study examines the effect of corruption on economic growth and determines the corruption threshold in nine ASEAN member countries in 1999-2016. This study assesses whether the effect of corruption is growth-enhancing or growth-deteriorating in different corruption threhsolds using a sample-splitting and threshold model. In contrast to the existing literature, this study does not group countries based on income level and therefore can reveal the corruption level of a country relative to a corruption threshold. The estimation results show that the adverse effect of corruption on economic growth is stronger for countries with corruption levels above the second threshold of …
Economic Inequality, Regional Development, And Internal Migration In Indonesia, Khoirunurrofik Khoirunurrofik
Economic Inequality, Regional Development, And Internal Migration In Indonesia, Khoirunurrofik Khoirunurrofik
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
This study aims to probe the determinants of inter-provincial migration flows in Indonesia and how economic and development changes affect migration patterns. We employ three census periods, 1990, 2000, and 2010. Our study finds that an increase in relative inequality between origin and destination provinces decreases inter-provincial migration and relatively high distance elasticity in Indonesia leads to high migration cost. People are more inclined to migrate due to push factors as opposed to pull factors from the destination region, thus indicating a strong relationship between the level of regional development and the willingness of people to migrate.
Microcredit Accessibility In Rural Households: Evidence From Indonesia, Danang Budi Santoso
Microcredit Accessibility In Rural Households: Evidence From Indonesia, Danang Budi Santoso
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
Extant literature suggests that microcredit may improve borrowers social and economic welfare. This study aimed to investigate the microcredit accessibility of rural households in Indonesia. Binary Logistic regression was used to distinguish the characteristics of microcredit borrowers and non-borrowers, and the factors affecting the approval of microcredit application. Primary data was collected through a survey on 488 rural households in Bantul, Yogyakarta. The empirical results suggested that age, marital status and education attainment significantly affect the characteristics of clients and non-clients of microcredit. The results also revealed that age of borrowers, household income, interest rates, and loan duration are key …
Does Gender Diversity In The Boardroom Improve Firm Performance? Evidence From Indonesia, Pananda Pasaribu
Does Gender Diversity In The Boardroom Improve Firm Performance? Evidence From Indonesia, Pananda Pasaribu
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
This study investigates board gender diversity in Indonesia's listed firms and its effect on firm performance from 2011-2016. After addressing the endogeneity of diversity, the results in this paper show that the proportion of female in the boardroom marginally improve firm performance. Firms with two or more female in the boardroom have a stronger impact on firm performance than firms with one female in the boardroom, consistent with the critical mass effect. Finally, certain sectors will gain more benefits of appointing females in the boardroom. The results suggest that increasing gender diversity in the boardrooms can have beneficial effects on …
The Effect Of Hedging With Financial Derivatives On Firm Value At Indonesia Stock Exchange, Prof. Dr. Budi Frensidy
The Effect Of Hedging With Financial Derivatives On Firm Value At Indonesia Stock Exchange, Prof. Dr. Budi Frensidy
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
This study aims to analyze the effect of hedging for the risks of foreign currency, interest rate, and commodity price on firm value as measured by Tobin's Q. The findings reveal that hedging with derivative instruments is insignificantly related to firm value but significantly varied in financial risks. Hedging for foreign currency risk has a significantly positive relation to firm value, while hedging for interest rate and commodity price risk has no relation. Furthermore, this study provides a novelty compared to previous studies in the utilization of the extent of hedging as the variable to measure the implementation of hedging.
Promoting The Indonesian Special Economic Zones For Tourism: Lessons From Mandalika And Tanjung Kelayang, Latif Adam
Promoting The Indonesian Special Economic Zones For Tourism: Lessons From Mandalika And Tanjung Kelayang, Latif Adam
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
This paper aims to analyze the design and implementation of the policy to develop tourism special economic zones (TSEZs) in Indonesia with special reference to Mandalika and Tanjung Kelayang. Using descriptive analysis, it is revealed that these TSEZs have not attracted many investors yet. The policy design to promote the two TSEZs is unattractive, unclear, and at odds with the characteristics of the tourism sector. Furthermore, the implementing institutions have insufficient capacity and professionalism to implement the policy. Various critical actions are necessary to take. First, accelerating the provision of infrastructure. Second, clarifying several regulations to be in compliance with …
Given Today's New Wave Of Protectionsim, Is Antitrust Law The Last Hope For Preserving A Free Global Economy Or Another Nail In Free Trade's Coffin?, Allison Murray
Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review
No abstract provided.
Venezuela Undermines Gold Miner Crystallex's Attempts To Recover On Its Icsid Award, Sam Wesson
Venezuela Undermines Gold Miner Crystallex's Attempts To Recover On Its Icsid Award, Sam Wesson
Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review
No abstract provided.
Structural Change, Productivity, And The Shift To Services: The Case Of Indonesia, Nabil Rizky Ryandiansyah
Structural Change, Productivity, And The Shift To Services: The Case Of Indonesia, Nabil Rizky Ryandiansyah
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
Since Chenery & Syrquin (1975), the pattern of transition from agriculture-heavy economies to industry and then later to services has been central to growth literatures. But recent empirical works have casted doubts on whether developing countries are able to follow the same path. This paper analyzes whether structural change in Indonesia has been productivity-enhancing. This paper finds that structural change from 1998-2014 has not been able to generate impact on economy-wide productivity. This paper also explores possible determinants of the direction of structural change. This paper does not find commodity dependence nor human capital to have clear association with low …
A Comparative Analysis Between Islamic Banks And Conventional Banks In Indonesia Before And After Global Financial Crisis, Lina Nugraha Rani
A Comparative Analysis Between Islamic Banks And Conventional Banks In Indonesia Before And After Global Financial Crisis, Lina Nugraha Rani
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
The objective of this study is to elaborate the comparison and examine the stability level between Islamic and conventional banks operational in Indonesia during the period of before and after Global Financial Crisis (GFC). The impact of Global Financial Crisis on Islamic and conventional banks was analyzed using the tests of IRF (Impulse Response Function) and Variance Decomposition Analysis (VDA) which existed in the VAR (Vector Autoregressive) Method. The pre (GFC) period used in this study is between January 2003 and July 2007, whereas the post GFC is between August 2007 and December 2016. The results of this study are …
Financial Development And Income Inequality In Indonesia: A Sub-National Level Analysis, Harry Aginta
Financial Development And Income Inequality In Indonesia: A Sub-National Level Analysis, Harry Aginta
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
This study constructs financial inclusion indicator and analyzes the link of financial inclusion and income inequality for 33 provinces in Indonesia. By using Fixed Effect Panel Model, we find financial inclusion appears to have insignificant effect to on inequality at national level. While at sub-national level, adding other variables such as GRDP, years of schooling, and trade openness, we find financial inclusion appears to have negative and significant impact on income inequality in manufacture and mining-based provinces, not in agriculture-based. The results suggest that financial inclusion helps to lower income inequality when economic condition encourage people to utilize financial access …
Corruption And Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi) In Asean-5: A Panel Evidence, Bakri Abdul Karim Mr, Zulkefly Abdul Karim
Corruption And Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi) In Asean-5: A Panel Evidence, Bakri Abdul Karim Mr, Zulkefly Abdul Karim
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
This paper examines the effects of corruption on the inflow of FDI in ASEAN-5 countries by controlling twomacroeconomic variables namely Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and inflation. Using a static panel dataestimation, the results show the significant relationship between corruption and Gross Domestic Product(GDP) on the inflow of FDI in ASEAN-5. This results indicate that less corrupted countries and largermarket size would attract more FDI inflows. The policy implications from this study suggests that ASEAN-5 governments need to have concerted and continues efforts in improving the integrity and credibility of theiradministration and transactions. In addition, maintaining their sustainable of economic growth …
Availability Of Infrastructure For Poverty Reduction In Indonesia: Spatial Panel Data Analysis, Galih Pramono
Availability Of Infrastructure For Poverty Reduction In Indonesia: Spatial Panel Data Analysis, Galih Pramono
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
Poverty is a key issue in various developing countries, including Indonesia. One of the efforts to reduce poverty is building the infrastructure. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of infrastructure on the level of poverty by considering the spatial effect in the period 2011-2015. This study applies spatial panel data analysis with Spatial Autoregressive (SAR) model with fixed effect. The findings show that the infrastructure of electricity, health, sanitation, and building of senior high school has a significant negative impact on the percentage of the underprivileged people. Meanwhile, the building of elementary school has a significant positive impact …
New Jersey Urban Enterprise Zone Program Assessment 2019, Thomas Edison State University, Pel Analytics, Anderson Economic Group, The John S. Watson Institute For Public Policy
New Jersey Urban Enterprise Zone Program Assessment 2019, Thomas Edison State University, Pel Analytics, Anderson Economic Group, The John S. Watson Institute For Public Policy
Urban Mayors Policy Center
In 2019, the State of New Jersey sought an evaluation of its Urban Enterprise Zone (UEZ) Program to determine the program’s economic impact and make recommendations for the program’s future. The John S. Watson Institute of Public Policy of Thomas Edison State University joined with PEL Analytics and Anderson Economic Group to produce the following study. The main recommendation of this analysis is to retain the UEZ Program while instituting various changes to make it stronger. Recommended changes in brief include reinstating some form of Zone Assistance Funds (ZAFs), creating a better system to collect data and track outcomes, assisting …
Does Manufacturing Sophistication Lead To Higher Demand For Vocational Workers? Evidence From Indonesia, Padang Wicaksono, Lionel Priyadi
Does Manufacturing Sophistication Lead To Higher Demand For Vocational Workers? Evidence From Indonesia, Padang Wicaksono, Lionel Priyadi
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
Indonesia post-crisis manufacturing growth has been dominated by technologically sophisticated industry. Hypothetically, this development would increase the demand for skilled and more specialized workers like vocational school graduates. However, statistical evidences show that manufacturing sophistication stimulated by integration with the Global Production Network increase demand for vocational as well as general high school graduates. Moreover, higher demand does not necessarily result in sustainable career prospect, as many vocational graduates still have limited opportunity to improve their skills while climbing the seniority ladder possibly caused by shifting Global Value Chain from export-oriented toward domestic market-oriented that affect the industry's technological complexity.
The Relationship Of Vat Rate And Revenues In The Case Of Informality, Riatu M. Qibthiyyah
The Relationship Of Vat Rate And Revenues In The Case Of Informality, Riatu M. Qibthiyyah
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
This study explored relationship between tax rate and revenues in the case of VAT, one of few type of consumption taxes that is considered to be a broad-based tax. Based on a larger set of countries - in comparison to previous studies, this study shows VAT rate has an inverted U-shaped relationship to VATÂ revenues, confirming the Laffer Curve theory. Exploring further on the effect of informality to maximum VAT rate, we found that higher informality will reduce government flexibility in its effort to increase tax rate. Furthermore, openness has significant and positive effect on VAT revenues performance, and tax …
Income Inequality Between Formal-Informal Employees Based On Education Group, Dias Satria
Income Inequality Between Formal-Informal Employees Based On Education Group, Dias Satria
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
Integrally, the informal sector deals with the formal sector with pro-cyclical nature or as a complementary sector. Such conditions allow for wage disparity between sectors even in the same education group. Thus, this study seeks to determine the determinants of wage inequality between formal and informal employees in skilled and unskilled workers in Indonesia in 2017 using Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition. The results showed that the discrimination factor had a greater influence than the endowment factor on wage inequality and the endowment factors that contributed to the increase in wage inequality between the two groups were age squared, experience, and job training.
Recent Developments In Indonesia's Macro-Economy And Trade, Q1-2018, Febrio Kacaribu
Recent Developments In Indonesia's Macro-Economy And Trade, Q1-2018, Febrio Kacaribu
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
This paper discusses Indonesia's macroeconomic and trade development in the first quarter of 2018. The macroeconomic data shows that the industrial growth was inhibited by regulatory regime inconsistency, while consumption growth still lagged overall GDP growth, and investment growth tended to rise. The trade data shows that the non-oil-and-gas commodities dominated its export, although the commodities terms-of-trade declined. Indonesia's imports were mostly used as raw and auxiliary materials for the input of domestic production. The data also reveals that the larger the firms, the stronger tendency that they have comparative advantage in capital-intensive commodities, and vice versa.
Modification Of The Regulatory Impact Assessment On Indonesia's Economic Policies, Kiki Verico
Modification Of The Regulatory Impact Assessment On Indonesia's Economic Policies, Kiki Verico
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
This paper modifies the Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) method in Indonesia's trade, investment, and industrial incentive policies. First, it analyses the Indonesian Bilateral Trade Agreements of Indonesia - Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) and Indonesia - Pakistan Preferential Trade Agreement (IP-PTA) This paper found if the trading partner has GNI per capita higher than Indonesia's then the expected outcome was the increasing FDI inflows and if its GNI per capita lower therefore the most top foreseeable result was the rising net trade balance of Indonesia. Second, it analyses industrial sector incentive analysis and found that firms prefer supply-side than fiscal …
Romania -- Systematic Country Diagnostic: Background Note-Agriculture (English), Edinaldo Tebaldi, Anatol Gobjila
Romania -- Systematic Country Diagnostic: Background Note-Agriculture (English), Edinaldo Tebaldi, Anatol Gobjila
Economics Faculty Journal Articles
Agriculture plays a significant socio-economic role in Romania and its transformation to a modern, vibrant, and market-oriented sector is central to fighting poverty, promoting social inclusion, and reducing the urban/rural development divide. Most of Romania's poor live in rural areas and earn their living from agriculture or agriculture-related activities. In 2016, eight out of ten people who were at risk of poverty or social exclusion lived either in rural areas or in towns and suburbs that were predominately rural. Using microdata from the 2013 Household Budget Survey (HBS), this report finds that individuals living in rural areas are 16.5 percent …
Economic Impact Of Imposing Excise Tax On Plastic Bottles Of Drinks, Eugenia Mardanugraha
Economic Impact Of Imposing Excise Tax On Plastic Bottles Of Drinks, Eugenia Mardanugraha
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
This research simulates the effect of imposing excise tax on plastic container of drinks towards economic performance of beverage industry in Indonesia and governments ´Zs tax revenue. The results showed that by imposing excise tax on plastic cups and plastic bottles the government would lose tax revenue from value added tax (PPN) and corporate income tax (PPh badan) more than they gain additional revenue from excise tax. Hence, imposing excise tax on drink containers should serve a clear purpose and an undeniable reason. This paper recommends the government to develop proper excise infrastructure to extend the goods or services to …
On Nonlinear Relationship Between Inflation And Economic Growth: A Study Of Asean-5 Countries Period 2000€“2016, Ambar Galih, Sugiharso Safuan
On Nonlinear Relationship Between Inflation And Economic Growth: A Study Of Asean-5 Countries Period 2000€“2016, Ambar Galih, Sugiharso Safuan
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
Money (inflation) has played a vital role in economic growth. However, the nexus between them has always drawn mesmerizing debates. From the thoughts of Classical and Keynes which argued the existence of money neutrality, to the level of empirical studies which find either positive or negative correlation between inflation and economic growth. Recent studies concerning the debatable relationship have evolved it into a hypothesis whether the relation is nonlinear with a threshold or a point where the link switches. This study aims to re-examine the causality between inflation and economic growth in ASEAN-5 countries period 2000Q1-2016Q4. The results based on …
Indonesia Poverty Reduction Strategies: Shifting Policies To Promote Employment In The Poorest Four Deciles, Ardi Adji, Sri Hartini Rachmad
Indonesia Poverty Reduction Strategies: Shifting Policies To Promote Employment In The Poorest Four Deciles, Ardi Adji, Sri Hartini Rachmad
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
This paper observes the working status and conditions of people who fall into the poorest four deciles in Indonesia. The research aims to provoke policy shifts in the drive to accelerate poverty reduction in Indonesia, taking a longer view of people being more employable and less dependent; also identifying the dominant factors preventing people from moving out of poverty and improving their life quality. By comparing elements of gender, age, education and health against employment status and opportunities. Simultaneously social assistance and protection programs are evaluated in relation to their stated target groups to determine their suitability and their impact.
Provinces And Local Government Revenues Structures And Intra-Province Economic Disparity, Riatu Qibthiyyah
Provinces And Local Government Revenues Structures And Intra-Province Economic Disparity, Riatu Qibthiyyah
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
One of major policies of Indonesia Decentralisation is the adoption on various type of revenue sharing among provinces and local governments and also the devolved of taxes to lower level government in particular to the province level. Challenges of policy toward higher degree of revenue autonomy, is that an increase in revenue sharing as well as devolved taxes would enhance economic disparity among regions. Further, our finding shows that different types of revenue sharing seem to have different effect on intra-province economic disparity.
Revenue And Distributional Impact Analysis Of Indonesian Personal Income Tax Reform In 2008, Bimo Wijayanto, Yogi Vidyattama
Revenue And Distributional Impact Analysis Of Indonesian Personal Income Tax Reform In 2008, Bimo Wijayanto, Yogi Vidyattama
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
Since 1983, Indonesian tax policy has been the subject of ongoing reforms in order to replace the old colonial tax arrangements, reduce income dependency from oil and gas, decrease the government's foreign debt and maintain its fiscal sustainability. Nevertheless, after 25 years of reform, actual Indonesian tax performance is still far from what might have been expected as Indonesia have one of the lowest total tax ratios among the ASEAN countries. This research show that the most recent changes put in place may have reduced potential tax revenue from personal income but an increase in the compliance rate.
Determinants Of Port Performance - Case Study Of 4 Main Ports In Indonesia (2005-2015), Atika Aqmarina
Determinants Of Port Performance - Case Study Of 4 Main Ports In Indonesia (2005-2015), Atika Aqmarina
Economics and Finance in Indonesia
Port plays significant role in supporting economic growth of a country. This study aims to analyze the determinant of port performance in Indonesia. In this research, the ports selected are four main ports in Indonesia which are Port of Belawan, Port of Tanjung Priok, Port of Tanjung Perak, and Makassar. These ports are designed as the hub ports in the national sea transport system of the country. The study used pooled OLS as the methodology to analyze the determinant. The result of this studies shows that total traffic is not influenced by operating surplus per ton, whereas the rest of …