International Economics Commons^™

Export Incentives And International Entrepreneurship In Malaysian Firms, Zafar U. Ahmed, Craig C. Julian, Abdul J. Mahajar

Dr Craig C Julian

This study explores Malaysian entrepreneurs' incentives to export when engaging in international business. The data gathered were based on a survey of 214 Malaysian manufacturing firms. Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way analysis of variance. With the exception of a 'decline in the value of currency relative to foreign markets', the results indicate no significant differences in the perceptions of exporters and non-exporters towards the various incentives to export. Thirteen of the export incentives tested in this study were deemed to be significant to Malaysian entrepreneurs. These were: reduction of tariffs in target countries; attractive export incentives provided by …

The Social Infrastructure And The Civil Institutions In Sudan, Professor Issam A.W. Mohamed

Professor Issam A.W. Mohamed

Contemporary Sudanese society endures many hardships which are manifested in economic retraction, inflation, recession and stagflation. However, social conflicts are also manifested in simple man's daily complaints to open rebellions. Most academicians agree on one point, that the society endures abnormal conditions. The current paper aims delves into a historical context of civil society as a concept in general which originated in the west. Next it displays differences between it and the Sudan supposing that there is unique experience appropriate to the Sudanese state of affairs. Therefore that possibility of creating an appropriate term that fully describes the social structures …

The Impacts Of Water Pollution On Economic Development In Sudan, Professor Issam A.W. Mohamed

Professor Issam A.W. Mohamed

Water pollution is a chronic crisis in Sudan that is rarely researched. However, it is combined with scarcity, disputes and uncertainty. In The current paper we introduce its concepts with emphasis on the growing problems of pollution combined with scarcity. A Case study of the growing problem of pollution is introduced and analyzed using economic parameters.

Export Margins And Export Barriers: Uncovering Market Entry Costs Of Exporters In The Netherlands, Roger Smeets, Harold Creusen, Arjan Lejour, Henk Kox

Henk LM Kox

The Impact Of The Asian Economic Crisis In Thailand, Craig C. Julian

Dr Craig C Julian

Traces the economic development of Thailand since 1945, referring to relevant research, and analyses the reasons why it was the first Southeast Asian country to collapse in the 1997 economic crisis: large current account deficits, excessive external debt, a collapse in the property sector, exchange rate mismanagement and political instability. Considers its future prospects and shows statistics on economic growth and inflation for the world as a whole and various countries and groups within it.

Human Rights Violations, Missing Justice, Civil Conflicts And Darfur Political Future, Professor Issam A.W. Mohamed

Professor Issam A.W. Mohamed

This paper reset some facts about Darfur civil conflict. It is brief statement of facts integrated with what I describe here as the missing justice. Violations of human rights are undeniable, but channels of achieving justice are absent. It is my conclusion here that the escalation of civil conflicts in Darfur from armed gangs to rebel groups and then to open civil wars were instigated by concrete evidence of human rights violations, atrocities and genocides and most of all by the inability of the concerned authorities to carry out justice which was lost in the maze of deception, lies, ignorance …

Politics, Hegemony And Survival In Sudan, Professor Issam A.W. Mohamed

Professor Issam A.W. Mohamed

Since the beginning of the year 2010, the political crisis of Sudan expands everyday. The inevitable secession of Southern Sudan amplifies with the chronic crisis of Abyei pocket between the north and the south. However, most analysts vocalize their astonishment at irrational official behavior as the de facto state of war that currently prevails in the country and call it pure stupidity. In this paper we analyze what is behind the regime structure and the conception of the Hakimya that makes their regime fortified from accepting rationality, resilience and sense of truth to respond for solutions and help of the …

Real And Nominal Effective Exchange Rates Data For Bangladesh, Nusrate Aziz

Dr. Nusrate Aziz

Data for effective exchange rates were unavailable in national (e.g., Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Bangladesh Bank) or international (e.g., IMF, World Bank) data sources while I was developing this dataset in 2008-2010. Many PhD students and academic researchers requested me to upload this dataset, so that they can do more research on Bangladesh exchange rates. It would be my pleasure indeed, if anyone finds it useful.

Brazil Currency Crisis, Yogendra Sisodia

Yogendra Sisodia

Brazil 1999 Currency Crisis. Pre and Post scenario. Contagion in world economy.

“新新贸易理论”的思想脉络及其发展, 邓翔, 路征

Zheng Lu (Chinese: 路征)

新新贸易理论将企业异质性成功的引入到国际贸易模型中 , 从微观层面解释了贸易的发生及影响 , 从而开拓了国际贸易研究的新领域。新新贸易理论解释了为什么好的企业做国际贸易 , 而较次的企业做国内贸易这一现象 , 该理论认为 , 自由贸易可以提高产业生产率水平和社会福利 , 所以在政策上应该促进自由贸易而不是贸易 保护。

Tyranny And Economic Greed: The Disintegration Of The Sudanese Nation, Professor Issam A.W. Mohamed

Professor Issam A.W. Mohamed

The present paper is part of unpublished book divided into three interrelated manuscripts that analyze the collapse of the Sudan. The current paper conclude that the decision of the International Criminal Court to arrest President Bashir triggered a process for the disintegration of an unprecedented tyrannical regime that embezzled the Sudanese nation under the pretext of imposing Islamic Sharia Laws. However, there is a pronounced prominent conflict manifested here which is the question whether it was a real Islamic laws, or was it only a powerful tool to control the country. The dogma imposed hegemonic regime that extracted all economic …

The Effects Of Labour Market Performance On Financial System Stability, Tomasz Daras, Joanna Tyrowicz

Joanna Tyrowicz

Crisis may spread through economy via the propagating mechanisms of the labour market - households becoming delinquent due to initial unemployment shock may be unable to continue servicing obligations versus the financial system. With large volume debts - e.g. mortgages - such defaults pose a threat to financial system stability. In this paper we use the Polish household budgets survey to simulate the impact of changes in the labour market status of household members on the ability of the household to service its mortgage payments. The simulation results are subsequently aggregated to facilitate macro-level interpretation of the findings. We simulate …

Shadow Employment In Post-Transition - A Matter Of Choice Or No Choice?, Stanislaw Cichocki, Joanna Tyrowicz

Joanna Tyrowicz

According to a dualistic view, shadow employment may follow from two main labour market failures: (i) official market labour taxation distortions make it ineffective for some agents to engage in registered employment due to a tax wedge; or (ii) for some workers regular employment may be unattainable do to some high access costs or demand constraints, which results in seeking earning opportunities beyond the boundaries of the official labour market. Whereas in the first case revenues from unofficial employment should be higher than the corresponding official ones (tax evasion hypothesis), in the alternative explanation labour market tightness seems to be …

Do We Really Need To Start From Scratch?, Michal Gradzewicz, Krzysztof Makarski, Joanna Tyrowicz

Joanna Tyrowicz

This paper presents views and believes of the authors on the relevance of the current economic theory for the understanding of the complex world we live in. Has the crisis indeed demonstrated that as profession we are misled by the beauty of the mathematical models and the only useful, workable solutions at hand were provided in early 1930s? The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the current state-of-the-art literature from the perspective of its usefulness in the context of economic crises. We argue that although we might be unable to answer many questions or to “predict” …

Intra-Provincial Inequalities And Economic Growth In China, Joanna Gravier-Rymaszewska, Joanna Tyrowicz, Jacek Kochanowicz

Joanna Tyrowicz

This paper approaches the problem of inequalities in China. It is specifically focused on analyzing the effects of intra-provincial disparities on the development of the 28 mainland provinces in China. Intra-provincial inequalities, as measured by Theil index, seem positively related to growth, albeit the results are only convincing for the coastal provinces. A case by case analysis, however, suggests highly diversified patterns, including linear or an inverted u-shape for fastest growing coastal provinces and virtually no relationship for the majority of regions. The results corroborate some earlier raised questions about actual policy-making standards in China.

What Happened To The Middle Class In The New Market Economies? The Case Of Croatia And Poland, Joanna Tyrowicz, Iva Tomić

Joanna Tyrowicz

Transition countries are believed to have undergone signifi cant social and economic structural changes. Indeed, the early transition resulted in the modifi cation of ownership structure and recognized processes of labor reallocation as well as in rapid educational booms in many Central and Eastern European countries. In this paper we shed some light on the changes regarding the size and composition of the middle class in two transition countries, Croatia and Poland, in the period 1995-2008. In general, the size of the middle class – as defi ned by individuals with wages around the median – decreased in Poland roughly …

Saving Less When There Is More? Foreign Debt And Domestic Savings In Developing Countries, Joanna Tyrowicz, Luke Okafor Emeka

Joanna Tyrowicz

Although literature has given considerable attention to the effects of foreign debt on the growth, we still know little about its effects on the internal potential for capital formation. Literature suggests a number of channels through which availability of foreign financing could affect domestic savings. We test empirically this relationship using data for Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean over 1975-2004. Controlling for endogeneity, we find that foreign debt adversely influences domestic savings especially in the long run. The results are not susceptible to the choice of countries, although few outliers should be noted.

Riding On The Wave? Middle Class In Transition, Joanna Tyrowicz, Joanna Nestorowicz

Joanna Tyrowicz

In this paper we inquire into how structural social changes associated with economic transition affected the relative position of the so called ‘traditional’ and ‘new’ middle classes. We use Polish quarterly labor force surveys over the period 1995-2007 and analyze the distribution of self-reported wages and educational attainment across social groups. In the analysis we account for differences observed in the metropolies (usually benefiting immensely from the economic changes) and non-metropolitan areas (where most of the negative consequences are felt).

We find that although transition has contributed to greater inequalities both in terms of earned income and education, traditional middle …

International Diversification: A Copula Approach, Lorán Chollete, Victor De La Pena, Ching-Chih Lu

Lorán Chollete

No abstract provided.

Fragmentation, Vertical Intra-Industry Trade, And Automobile Components, Nuno Carlos Leitão

Nuno Carlos Leitão

By analyzing vertical intra-industry trade (VIIT) within Portugal's automobile parts and components industry, this study adds new empirical evidence for the international fragmentation of the production process. For trade partner countries, we choose the EU countries, the BRICs, and the US during the period 1995 to 2005. From panel data analysis, the empirical evidence supports the notion that shorter geographical distance, dissimilar income levels, and dissimilar endowments between two economies lead to a higher VIIT of automobile components. In addition, our results also confirm the hypothesis that automobile (assembly) production in each country promotes higher VIIT of auto parts, while …

The Political Economy Of Telecoms And Electricity Internationalization In The Single Market, Judith Clifton, Daniel Díaz-Fuentes, Revuelta Julio

Judith Clifton

As a consequence of liberalization policies in the European Union (EU), a number of formerly inward-looking incumbents in telecommunications and electricity transformed themselves into some of the world’s leading Multinationals. The relationship between liberalization and incumbent internationalization, however, is contested. Three political economy arguments on this relationship are tested. The first claims that incumbents most exposed to domestic liberalization would internationalise most. The second asserts that incumbents operating where liberalization was restricted could exploit monopolistic rents to finance internationalisation. The third argument claims that a diversity of paths will be adopted by countries and incumbents vis-à-vis liberalization and internationalization. Using …

Evaluating Eu Policies On Public Services: A Citizens' Approach, Judith Clifton, Daniel Díaz-Fuentes

Judith Clifton

This article evaluates EU policies on public services – particularly public network services - from the citizens´ point of view. It is first argued that citizens´ perceptions are important because the provision of fundamental services is at stake and because they constitute the infrastructure necessary for social and economic development. Citizens’ “voice” can, therefore, be known, analysed and used in the design of improved policy on public services along with other indicators. Changing EU policy on public services is synthesised and classified into two main phases in section two. Citizen satisfaction with public services as revealed through surveys from 1997 …

The Importance Of Bits For Foreign Direct Investment And Political Risk Insurance: Revisiting The Evidence, Lauge Skovgaard Poulsen

Lauge N. Skovgaard Poulsen

Bilateral investment treaties (BITs) are typically presented as vital risk-mitigating instruments providing foreign investors with “credible commitments” that their assets will not be expropriated, discriminated against, or otherwise maltreated post-establishment. Accordingly, developing countries wanting to attract foreign investment should become more attractive destinations for multinationals when signing the treaties. A great number of studies and surveys indicate, however, that the vast majority of multinationals do not appear to take BITs into account when determining where - and how much - to invest abroad. Apart from reviewing such evidence, this paper discusses the feedback from a series of interviews. Firstly, BIT-negotiators …

"Análisis Espacial De La Competitividad A Nivel Municipal: Una Aplicación Del Análisis Exploratorio De Datos Espaciales", Ramiro Esqueda-Walle

Ramiro Esqueda-Walle

En este artículo se asume implícitamente la hipótesis de que el nivel de competitividad en su forma territorial (en este caso municipal) determina al nivel de desarrollo humano, no obstante, tratar de corroborar esta relación implica realizar un trabajo de naturaleza confirmatoria (por ejemplo, un modelo econométrico espacial) mismo que no forma parte de los objetivos de este trabajo, ya que se considera necesario tener un primer acercamiento al fenómeno de estudio y para ello resulta muy útil el Análisis Exploratorio de Datos Espaciales (AEDE). Entonces se echa mano de diversas herramientas del AEDE para evaluar la situación intermunicipal en …

Mitigation And The Geoengineering Threat, Juan B. Moreno-Cruz

Juan B. Moreno-Cruz

Recent scientific advances have introduced the possibility of engineering the climate system to lower ambient temperatures without lowering greenhouse gas concentrations. This possibility has created an intense debate given the ethical, moral and scientific questions it raises. In this paper I examine the economic issues introduced when geoengineering becomes available in a standard two-period two-country model where strategic interaction leads to suboptimal mitigation. Geoengineering introduces the possibility of technical substitution away from mitigation, but it also affects the strategic interaction across countries: mitigation decisions made in the first period directly affect the geoengineering decisions made in the second period. With …

Implications Of The Economic Interactions Between Northern And Southern Tribes Of Sudan, Professor Issam A.W. Mohamed

Professor Issam A.W. Mohamed

The present paper discusses issues of the tribal interactions living on the borders between North and South Sudan. Fore-sights are looked for, especially after secession. There are multiple ethnic relations and mutual resources collectively utilized. Different tribes live on those resources, in specifics those who depend on a livelihood of herding cattle, camels, sheep and goats. The conceptions of no-borders, free water resources and open range were entrenched for hundreds of years. The sudden realization of necessities of new borders generates revulsion, sense of deprivation and end of traditional life practice. Additionally, development issues are weak with lack of infrastructure, …

Effects Of Investment On Macroeconomic Variables In The Sudanese Economy, Professor Issam A.W. Mohamed

Professor Issam A.W. Mohamed

Most developing and underdeveloped countries beside Sudan suffer from the low levels of income in addition to the low savings that are result from the lack of sophisticated savings channels. Hence, the investment depends on the individual's abilities on self savings, where the investment is considered as major motivating vehicle for economic activity due to its direct correlation with the capital accumulation process that increases the productivity capacity for the national economy and creating job opportunities and achieving economic development. Subsequently, the importance of the investment comes from effective role that can be practiced on the national product. The present …

Empirical Analysis Of Field Data On Hiv/Aids Epidemic In Khartoum State, Sudan, Professor Issam A.W. Mohamed

Professor Issam A.W. Mohamed

The study focuses on the HIV/AIDS in Khartoum state during the period (2003-2007). The main objectives are to study the situation of HIV/AIDS in Khartoum state through a sample of 1439 of volunteers for the three selected blood testing and counseling centers in Khartoum, Omdurman, and Khartoum North teaching hospitals. The data of the study were collected from secondary source namely the registered information about volunteers after testing blood for HIV. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, chi-square test for dependency between demographic variables and HIV/AIDS incidence, and logistic regression model to discover the effect of predictors variables …

Introduction To The Macroeconomic Structure Of Yemen, Professor Issam A.W. Mohamed

Professor Issam A.W. Mohamed

In countries where tools of economic control are immature and disabled due to totalitarian systems, macroeconomic analyses for aggregate quantities and relationships, such as total consumption, investment, and government expenditures represents a difficult task. The practice of aggregation distinguishes this field of microeconomics and has advantages but also creates problems, a brief survey of these problems is required now, although a deeper appreciation of these must await the critical attitudes that can only develop with more exposure to entire subject. One difficulty is the complex area known as the aggregation problem, the classifying of widely varying goods or activities into …

Property Rights, Land Disputes And Social Discontent In Sudan, Professor Issam A.W. Mohamed

Professor Issam A.W. Mohamed

Under the present civil Sudanese conditions, the country endures many hardships which are manifested in economic retraction, inflation, recession and stagflation. However, those are not the sole reasons for the sporadic conflicts that infest the people. Illegitimate property and economic hoardings seem to be inflaming the Sudanese societies. Social conflicts are manifested in simple man's daily complaints to open rebellions. Most academicians agree on one point, that the society endures abnormal conditions. The current paper delves into land disputes in the South Kordofan region and displays there anomalies affecting the Sudanese state of affairs. The economic and social structures are …