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Articles 31 - 60 of 245
Full-Text Articles in International Economics
Should Smaller Countries Be More Protectionist? The Diversification Motive For Tariffs, James Gaisford, Olena Ivus
Should Smaller Countries Be More Protectionist? The Diversification Motive For Tariffs, James Gaisford, Olena Ivus
Olena Ivus
This paper examines the diversification motive for tariffs under trade-related uncertainty when there is incomplete international and domestic risk sharing. In the context of a two-country Ricardian continuum-of-sectors model with shocks to foreign technologies or preferences, tariffs allow a country to mitigate external risk by diversifying across sectors. Given sufficiently high risk and risk aversion, the optimality of tariffs depends primarily on a country's ability to diversify, rather than its market power, such that small countries gain most.
Implementing A Real Sdr Currency Board, Warren Coats
Implementing A Real Sdr Currency Board, Warren Coats
Warren Coats
The enormous utility of money is a function of how widely it can be used for pricing and paying for the things we buy and sell and how stable or at least predictable is its value over time. The United States dollar became and remains the world’s common currency for global trade because of the relative size of the American economy, the relative stability of the purchasing power of the dollar, and the extensive development and liquidity of dollar financial instruments. Its use is now well entrenched. As pointed out by Richard Cooper: “It would take both a major shock …
That Is The Story Of A Hurricane: Within Country Impacts Of Extreme Weather Events, Martino Pelli, Jeanne Tschopp
That Is The Story Of A Hurricane: Within Country Impacts Of Extreme Weather Events, Martino Pelli, Jeanne Tschopp
Martino Pelli
In this paper, we consider the within-country, across-product impacts of hurricanes on export growth. While hurricanes are thought to exert large costs in terms of development on countries who bare the brunt of such events, there is little consensus on the literature to back up these claims. We argue that one reason for this is that the existing literature fails to take into account the potential for hurricanes to have differential impacts across products (or industries). We show that one important source of heterogeneity is a country’s comparative advantage and demonstrate, using a triple-difference identification strategy, that product lines with …
Export, R&D And New Products. A Model And A Test On European Industries, Dario Guarascio, Mario Pianta, Francesco Bogliacino
Export, R&D And New Products. A Model And A Test On European Industries, Dario Guarascio, Mario Pianta, Francesco Bogliacino
Mario Pianta
In this article we extend the model developed by Bogliacino and Pianta (2013a, 2013b) on the link between R&D, innovation and economic performance, considering the impact of innovation of export success. We develop a simultaneous three equation model in order to investigate the existence of a ‘virtuous circle’ between industries’ R&D, share of product innovators and export market shares. We investigate empirically – at the industry level – three key relationships affecting the dynamics of innovation and export performance: first, the capacity of firms to translate their R&D efforts in new products; second, the role of innovation as a determinant …
Changing Revealed Comparative Advantage Of Textile And Clothing Sector Of Pakistan: Pre And Post Quota Analysis, Nawaz Ahmad
Changing Revealed Comparative Advantage Of Textile And Clothing Sector Of Pakistan: Pre And Post Quota Analysis, Nawaz Ahmad
Nawaz Ahmad
Many Asian countries have been beneficiaries of quota abolition for textile and clothing sector since 2005. After the implementation of the Agreement on Textile and Clothing (ATC) in December 2004, member countries of World Trade Organization (WTO) have quota-free trade except People’s Republic of China (PRC). It was expected that Pakistan will be beneficiaries in textile and clothing due to expected superior export performance in this sector. Therefore, this study aims estimating revealed comparative advantage (RCA) of textile and clothing sector of Pakistan at HS-2digit level and SITC-3 digit level. It reveals Pakistan has comparative advantage in textile sector and …
Changing Revealed Comparative Advantage Of Textile And Clothing Sector Of Pakistan: Pre And Post Quota Analysis, Nawaz Ahmad
Changing Revealed Comparative Advantage Of Textile And Clothing Sector Of Pakistan: Pre And Post Quota Analysis, Nawaz Ahmad
Nawaz Ahmad
Abstract Many Asian countries have been beneficiaries of quota abolition for textile and clothing sector since 2005. After the implementation of the Agreement on Textile and Clothing (ATC) in December 2004, member countries of World Trade Organization (WTO) have quota-free trade except People’s Republic of China (PRC). It was expected that Pakistan will be beneficiaries in textile and clothing due to expected superior export performance in this sector. Therefore, this study aims estimating revealed comparative advantage (RCA) of textile and clothing sector of Pakistan at HS-2digit level and SITC-3 digit level. It reveals Pakistan has comparative advantage in textile sector …
A Note On Dummies For Policies In Gravity Models: A Montecarlo Experiment, Claudio Vicarelli, Maria Pina Cipollina, Luca Salvatici, Luca De Benedictis
A Note On Dummies For Policies In Gravity Models: A Montecarlo Experiment, Claudio Vicarelli, Maria Pina Cipollina, Luca Salvatici, Luca De Benedictis
Claudio Vicarelli
The use of the gravity model to evaluate the effect of policies in a cross-country framework is largely predominant in the international economics empirical literature. This literature usually implements importer and exporter fixed effects to account for the theoretical Multilateral Trade Resistances, while preferential trade policies are approximated through the use of dummy variables. Results from a Monte Carlo experiment confirms that the identification of trade policy impact using a gravity equation including fixed effects is severely limited. Moreover, the consequences of the error in measurement of the policy variable are magnified by the fixed effects control for unobserved heterogeneity.
Fdi Spillovers In Tanzania`S Manufacturing Sector, Johansein Rutaihwa
Fdi Spillovers In Tanzania`S Manufacturing Sector, Johansein Rutaihwa
Johansein Rutaihwa
Using cross sectional data, this study analyses the spillover effects of foreign direct investment in Tanzania’s manufacturing sector. The findings reject a proposition that FDI intensity has improved domestic manufacturing firms productivity; no vertical technological spillovers occurred and a negative correlation between vertical spillover and FDI presence was found. Instead there is a positive correlation between FDI and horizontal technology spillover. The study, therefore, recommends that the government should make concerted efforts to ensure that FDI promotion addresses technology spillovers both within the industry and across the sector; as well as strengthening and widening the education system to enable it …
Imports Of Intermediate Inputs And Country Size, Mohammad Amin, Asif Islam
Imports Of Intermediate Inputs And Country Size, Mohammad Amin, Asif Islam
Mohammad Amin
The present paper analyzes the relationship between country size and the use of imported intermediate inputs by firms in 76 developing countries. Recent evidence indicates that the use of imported inputs can have a large positive effect on productivity and growth thus motivating a better understanding of the determinants of imported inputs. Our results confirm that relative to large countries, firms in small countries are both likely to use more imported inputs and a larger share of imported inputs in their total inputs. Interestingly, adjusting for the mean level of imports of inputs and exports of goods in our sample, …
Examining The Institutional Framework For Investment In Tanzania: A Perspective From The Executive Opinion Survey, 2012-13, Johansein L. Rutaihwa
Examining The Institutional Framework For Investment In Tanzania: A Perspective From The Executive Opinion Survey, 2012-13, Johansein L. Rutaihwa
Johansein Rutaihwa
This policy brief looks at the country-level findings from the 2012/13 Global Competiveness Report prepared for the World Economic Forum; highlights the current institutional set up in relation to investment; and identifies institutional and policy reforms that could stimulate growth and make Tanzania more competitive on the global market.
The Sino-Centric Fault-Lines Of Turkish Geopolitics, Oğuz Dilek Dr.
The Sino-Centric Fault-Lines Of Turkish Geopolitics, Oğuz Dilek Dr.
Oğuz Dilek Dr.
Turkey has recently started to situate its security into a new geographical expanse with borders inching closer to the emerging China-centered world, and away from the European Peninsula. China by forming voluminous trade links with energy-rich Middle Eastern and Caucasian states has made the economic geography around Turkey’s borders appealing more than ever. Two outcomes lying face-to-face transpired from this new neighborhood. First, Turkey now enjoys an economic shelter that provides additional export outlets and foreign financial resources at a time of great distress in the West. Second, now Turkey’s material wellbeing is contingent on countries, such as Russia and …
When The Claim Hits: Bilateral Investment Treaties And Bounded Rational Learning, Lauge N. Skovgaard Poulsen, Emma Aisbett
When The Claim Hits: Bilateral Investment Treaties And Bounded Rational Learning, Lauge N. Skovgaard Poulsen, Emma Aisbett
Lauge N. Skovgaard Poulsen
Using the international investment regime as its point of departure, the paper introduces notions of bounded rationality to the study of economic diplomacy. Through a multi-method approach, it shows that developing countries often ignored the risks of bilateral investment treaties (BITs) until they themselves became subject to an investment treaty claim. Thus the behavior of developing country governments with regard to the international investment regime is consistent with that observed for individuals in experiments and field studies: they tend to ignore high-impact, low-probability risks if they cannot bring specific ‘vivid’ instances to mind.
The Dangers Of Diversity: Ethnic Fractionalization And The Rule Of Law, Michael Touchton
The Dangers Of Diversity: Ethnic Fractionalization And The Rule Of Law, Michael Touchton
Michael Touchton
Research linking ethnic cleavages to economic underdevelopment is a hallmark of recent efforts to explain economic growth. Similarly, the rule of law as a credible commitment to property rights and contract enforcement is also identified with economic development. Rather than treating these factors as rival explanations for economic development around the world, I propose the rule of law as the causal mechanism through which ethnic fractionalization (EF) influences growth in many countries. I argue ethnic diversity negatively impacts the rule of law due to the prevalence of ethnically-based patronage networks in developing countries. Public officials, I argue, face greater incentives …
¿Quo Vadis Paraguay? ¿A Westfalia O Al Mercosur?, Francisco Carlos Ruiz Diaz
¿Quo Vadis Paraguay? ¿A Westfalia O Al Mercosur?, Francisco Carlos Ruiz Diaz
Francisco Carlos Ruiz Diaz
Las relaciones políticas y económicas entre países están estrechamente vinculadas entre sí. Para entender los cambios en la economía mundial, es necesario ahondar en los aspectos centrales de la política internacional, o en otras palabras, de las relaciones internacionales. El sistema actual de las relaciones internacionales se sustenta sobre pilares de los Tratados de Paz de Westfalia de 1648. Estos acuerdos se firmaron con el propósito de poner fin a la guerra de los treinta años, librada entre las potencias hegemónicas de la Europa del Siglo XVII. Los dos aportes más importantes de estos Tratados fueron la imposición del concepto …
'The Determinants Of Outward Processing Exports In The European Union' , Brighton: Ids, Dirk Willenbockel, Dimitra Petropoulou
'The Determinants Of Outward Processing Exports In The European Union' , Brighton: Ids, Dirk Willenbockel, Dimitra Petropoulou
Dr Xavier Cirera
This paper analyses the determinants of outward processing (OP) trade; specifically, imports of intermediates subsequent to processing abroad. A model where firms choose between OP and importing intermediates directly from a third country (generic offshoring, GO) predicts higher tariffs, lower monitoring costs and higher quality make OP more likely, while better institutions and rule of law abroad lower contractual breakdown risk under GO making OP less likely. Analysis of EU trade data from 2002 to 2008 emphasizes proximity, quality differentiation and weaker rule of law as OP determinants. Results suggest relationship-specific investments and monitoring under OP may offset contractual uncertainty.
Dodd-Frank Act And Remittances To Post-Conflict Countries: The Law Of Unintended Consequences Strikes Again, Raymond Natter
Dodd-Frank Act And Remittances To Post-Conflict Countries: The Law Of Unintended Consequences Strikes Again, Raymond Natter
Raymond Natter
The Dodd-Frank Act established a new Federal framework for the regulation of international remittance payments that originate in the U.S. However, the statute and implementing regulations may have the unintended consequence of disrupting the flow of remittance funds to post-conflict nations.
The International Ipad Index: Price Variants Across Countries And Associated Population Factors, Laura A. Renfroe
The International Ipad Index: Price Variants Across Countries And Associated Population Factors, Laura A. Renfroe
Laura A Renfroe
The goal of this research was to determine which population factors were associated with iPad pricing differences across countries. Specifically, this paper measured the relationship between iPad prices in a given country and its U.S. dollar exchange rate, amount of income inequality, Gross Domestic Product per capita, luxury good sales growth, Individualism Index score, and population density. Panel data was collected for the iPad 2, the iPad Retina, and the iPad Mini tablets from 38 countries of varying geographic locations, economic paradigms, and political structures. The pooled data set yielded 114 observations in total. Regressing iPad price as a percent …
Multinational Corporations Are Overlooked Players In Stability, Security, Transition And Reconstruction Operations, Samuel W. Bettwy
Multinational Corporations Are Overlooked Players In Stability, Security, Transition And Reconstruction Operations, Samuel W. Bettwy
Samuel W Bettwy
It has long been acknowledged that multinational corporations have acquired legal personality under international law. Unlike states, however, MNCs are not precluded by notions of sovereignty and territorial inviolability. In the narrative of rogue and failing states and the emerging international norm of humanitarian intervention, most observers characterize MNCs as villainous predators. In states that have a permissive regulatory environment, MNCs exploit cheap labor, enable authoritarian regimes, and pollute the environment. Some observers believe that MNCs are also positive forces that contribute to the economic and political stability of the state and its people. Either way, combatant commanders need to …
Trade Margins And Exchange Rate Regimes: Evidence From A Panel Varx, Lilia Cavallari, Stefano Daddona
Trade Margins And Exchange Rate Regimes: Evidence From A Panel Varx, Lilia Cavallari, Stefano Daddona
Lilia Cavallari
This paper studies output and trade margin dynamics in the aftermath of external shocks in fixed and floating exchange rate regimes. Using a panel VARX model, it traces the mean responses of output, terms of trade, extensive and intensive margins to real and nominal shocks in 22 developed economies over the period 1988-2011. It clarifies the role of trade margins for the transmission of shocks. A business cycle expansion abroad implies positive output spillovers through the trade channel in any exchange rate regime. Yet in the sample of peggers, there is a switch from trade of previously traded goods towards …
Environmental Innovations, Internationalisation And Local Factors, Massimiliano Mazzanti, Giulio Cainelli, Sandro Montresor
Environmental Innovations, Internationalisation And Local Factors, Massimiliano Mazzanti, Giulio Cainelli, Sandro Montresor
Massimiliano Mazzanti
No abstract provided.
Are Environmental Innovations Embedded Within Organizational Change?, Massimiliano Mazzanti, Davide Antonioli, Susanna Mancinelli
Are Environmental Innovations Embedded Within Organizational Change?, Massimiliano Mazzanti, Davide Antonioli, Susanna Mancinelli
Massimiliano Mazzanti
No abstract provided.
Strategic Incentives For Climate Geoengineering Coalitions To Exclude Broad Participation, Juan B. Moreno-Cruz, Kate L. Ricke, Ken Caldeira
Strategic Incentives For Climate Geoengineering Coalitions To Exclude Broad Participation, Juan B. Moreno-Cruz, Kate L. Ricke, Ken Caldeira
Juan B. Moreno-Cruz
Solar geoengineering is the deliberate reduction in the absorption of incoming solar radiation by the Earth's climate system with the aim of reducing impacts of anthropogenic climate change. Climate model simulations project a diversity of regional outcomes that vary with the amount of solar geoengineering deployed. It is unlikely that a single small actor could implement and sustain global-scale geoengineering that harms much of the world without intervention from harmed world powers. However, a sufficiently powerful international coalition might be able to deploy solar geoengineering. Here, we show that regional differences in climate outcomes create strategic incentives to form coalitions …
Applying Best Practice Principles To International Intellectual Property Lawmaking, Jeremy De Beer
Applying Best Practice Principles To International Intellectual Property Lawmaking, Jeremy De Beer
Jeremy de Beer
This article applies the Max Planck Principles on Intellectual Property Provisions in Bilateral and Regional Agreements to several recently established or still-being-negotiated international lawmaking instruments. It identifies recent, fundamental changes and overarching patterns in the evolution in the procedures, institutions, and substantive outcomes of international intellectual property law- making. Specific analysis is provided of the Principles’ potential application to the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA), the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP), the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), the Pan-African Intellectual Property Organization (PAIPO), and the Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who are Blind, Visually Impaired, or …
Waste Dynamics, Country Heterogeneity And The European Environmental Policy Effectiveness, Massimiliano Mazzanti
Waste Dynamics, Country Heterogeneity And The European Environmental Policy Effectiveness, Massimiliano Mazzanti
Massimiliano Mazzanti
No abstract provided.
Reserve Currency And A Lender Of Next-To-Last Resort: A Literature Review, Alida S. Skold
Reserve Currency And A Lender Of Next-To-Last Resort: A Literature Review, Alida S. Skold
Alida S. Skold
The role of the US dollar as the global dominant reserve currency is eroding. Debate is ongoing regarding next steps. Moving the international monetary system to a single global currency is part of the debate. Literature reviews the eroding role of the US dollar and implications the erosion carries for the US. The Special Drawing Rights developed by the IMF could fill the role of Keynes’ recommended global currency known as the “bancor.” Regardless of the nature of the global reserve currency, access to liquidity is required to have an effective international monetary system. Literature defines a missing layer of …
Paths To Success: Benchmarking Cross-Country Sustainable Tourism, Lucian Cernat, Julien Gourdon
Paths To Success: Benchmarking Cross-Country Sustainable Tourism, Lucian Cernat, Julien Gourdon
Julien Gourdon
Given the complexity of the issues surrounding the concept of sustainable tourism, the current paper tries to provide a unified methodology to assess tourism sustainability, based on a number of quantitative indicators. The proposed methodological framework (Sustainable Tourism Benchmarking Tool – STBT) will provide a number of benchmarks against which the sustainability of tourism activities in various countries can be assessed. A model development procedure is proposed: identification of the dimensions (economic, socio-ecologic, infrastructure) and indicators, method of scaling, chart representation and evaluation on three Asian countries. This application to three countries shows us that a similar level of tourism …
India China Services Trade: Promise Or Predicament?, Suparna Karmakar, Nipika Walia Sharma
India China Services Trade: Promise Or Predicament?, Suparna Karmakar, Nipika Walia Sharma
Suparna Karmakar
India-China bilateral trade has witnessed a huge spurt over the years, and China is now one of India’s largest trading partners. Amid growing trade relations between the two nations, however, increasing trade deficit with China has become a major concern for India. In order to reverse this trend, Indian government is looking at possible solutions, one of which is exploring the bilateral trade prospects in tradable services, a sector in which the country has demonstrated competitive advantage. This paper explores the prospects and challenges for India in garnering a higher market access into the large and nascent domestic services market …
Does Small And Medium Enterprises’ (Smes) Understand The Concept Of Intellectual Property Rights (Ip) On Their Business?:, Johansein L. Rutaihwa Mr.
Does Small And Medium Enterprises’ (Smes) Understand The Concept Of Intellectual Property Rights (Ip) On Their Business?:, Johansein L. Rutaihwa Mr.
Johansein Rutaihwa
No abstract provided.
Ser O No Ser! El Dilema De Paraguay En El Mercosur, Francisco Carlos Ruiz Diaz
Ser O No Ser! El Dilema De Paraguay En El Mercosur, Francisco Carlos Ruiz Diaz
Francisco Carlos Ruiz Diaz
E junio de 2012 el Parlamento paraguayo obtuvo la mayoría para destituir al Presidente Fernando Lugo. En reacción a esta decisión, los Presidentes de Argentina, Brasil y Uruguay, reunidos en la ciudad de Mendoza (Argentina) el 29 de junio del corriente, acordaron suspender al país su derecho de participar en los órganos del MERCOSUR. Esta decisión produjo una indignación generalizada por parte de la sociedad paraguaya. La misma promovió a un nivel, casi dogmático, la discusión sobre la conveniencia de seguir perteneciendo al bloque. En las redes sociales se crearon sitios como las de “Paraguay es Soberano” y “Paraguay Soberano”, …
Regional Integration And Natural Resources: Who Benefits? Evidence From Mena, Céline Carrère, Julien Gourdon, Marcelo Olarreaga
Regional Integration And Natural Resources: Who Benefits? Evidence From Mena, Céline Carrère, Julien Gourdon, Marcelo Olarreaga
Julien Gourdon
This paper is built on Venables (2011) theoretical predictions which show that gains from regional integration are unevenly distributed between resource rich and poor countries. We explore the effects of different integration schemes in Middle East and North Africa. Results suggest that within Pan Arab Free Trade Agreement (PAFTA), there is significant trade creation for resource poor countries associated with regional integration, and no evidence of trade diversion. In resource rich countries, however, there is evidence of pure trade diversion in both resource-rich/labor-abundant countries and resource-rich/labor-importing countries. This underscores the idea that regional integration can help to spread benefits of …