Income Distribution Commons^™

External Disequilibrium And Adjustment In Egypt, 1960-1990, Halla Erfan Shafey

Archived Theses and Dissertations

No abstract provided.

Social Wage Notes, Anwar Shaikh Phd

Archives of Anwar Shaikh

This collection includes.

• Soc. wage: Discussing social spending, the concept of the welfare state, and transfers between classes [Handwritten notes for Economics 205]. Shaikh, A. (1992, March 17). Unpublished manuscript.

• On the “social wage”: Discussing post-war capitalism, expansion of the state role, and transfer payments to labor, including a table on sources of workers’ consumption from 1947–1977 and critiques of Bowles and Gintis [Paper]. Shaikh, A. (1984, May). Unpublished manuscript.

• My data, social wage: Comparing labor taxes and social consumption for 1952, 1961, and 1970 [Table]. Shaikh, A. (n.d.). Unpublished manuscript.

• The estimation procedure of net …

Employment And Income In The Informal Sector Of The Maghreb And Mashreq Countries, Jacques Charmes

Faculty Book Chapters

[abstract not provided]

Economic And Social Change In A Village In Giza, Judy H. Brink

Faculty Book Chapters

[abstract not provided]

Essays On The Economics Of Discrimination, Emily P. Hoffman Editor

Upjohn Press

This book explores the effects of discrimination on the economic outcomes of various societal groups.

Changes In The Black/White Income Ratio, 1939-87, Melvin Keys

Masters Theses

The Black/white income ratio (BWIR) has increased steadily from 1939-87 for families with two incomes. Early-on, the income disparity was greatest for black females compared to black males. Because of race and sex discrimination, black females were lagging far behind society in wage differences. Today, the opposite is true, black males lag far behind black females in income: compared to their white counterparts. One of the reasons for such a large reversal in income differences maybe the opportunities that were available to black females in such occupations as teaching and nursing from 1940-75.

Migration, which looks at regional composition, was …

Structuralist Explanations, Anwar Shaikh Phd

Archives of Anwar Shaikh

This collection includes,

• Taylor, L. (1991). Income distribution, inflation, and growth: Lectures on structuralist macroeconomic theory. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Loose Notes On Income Distribution And Inequality, Anwar Shaikh Phd

Archives of Anwar Shaikh

This collection includes:

• Taylor, L. (1991). Income distribution, inflation, and growth: Lectures on structuralist macroeconomic theory [Selected book excerpts].
• Botwinick, H. (1993). Persistent inequalities [Selected book excerpts on wage disparity, labor-market segmentation, and capitalist competition].

Central Bank Of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, December 1990, Central Bank Of Nigeria

CBN Statistical Bulletin

The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) is recognized for its role in collecting, collating, analyzing, and disseminating data on the Nigerian economy. It has made available as much information as possible through its regular publications such as the Monthly, Half-Year, and Annual Reports, as well as the Economic and Financial Review and the Intermediate Economic and Financial Indicators. However, the bulk of the statistics published in these documents have focused mainly on the current and irregular reporting periods. This has led to a gap in the availability of relevant statistics in the country. The first issue of the CBN Strategic …

The Economics Of Comparable Worth, Mark R. Killingsworth

Upjohn Press

Killingsworth provides a clear statement of the definitional and conceptual issues surrounding comparable worth as well as an examination of its actual and potential effects. He also shows how comparable worth might work in alternative labor market settings and provides evidence of the effects of the comparable worth measures implemented in San Jose, Calif., the State of Minnesota, and Australia.

The Earned Income Tax Credit: Antipoverty Effectiveness And Labor Market Effects, Saul D. Hoffman, Laurence S. Seidman

Upjohn Press

The authors begin with a detailed assessment then perform empirical analyses to predict the outcomes of changes to the structure of the program.

Two-Tier Compensation Structures: Their Impact On Unions, Employers, And Employees, James Martin, Thomas D. Heetderks

Upjohn Press

Martin conducted a study at a large company where its various wage tier systems allowed assessment of the long-term impact of tiers. Part of this study included the development of a survey designed to explore eight research questions related to tiers and to test five hypotheses of low-tier v. high-tier employees.

Entral Bank Of Nigeria Annual Report And Statement Of Accounts For The Year Ended 31st December 1989, Central Bank Of Nigeria

CBN Annual Report

The Nigerian economy showed improvement in 1989 compared to 1988. Economic Growth: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased by 4.0%, driven by growth in agriculture and industry. The overall balance of payments moved from a deficit to a surplus, largely due to a significant increase in crude oil exports. The unemployment rate declined slightly, with more jobs created through government programs. Nigeria's external assets increased significantly, reflecting a deliberate policy to build official reserves. Inflation: Despite some improvement, inflationary pressures remained high, with domestic prices rising by 40.9%. Stagnant Manufacturing: Manufacturing production grew at a slow pace due to high production …

Central Bank Of Nigeria Annual Report And Statement Of Accounts For The Year Ended 31st December 1986, Central Bank Of Nigeria

CBN Annual Report

CBN annual report and statement of accounts for 1986 covers economic performance including key economic indicators such as inflation rate, GDP growth, exchange rate stability, banking sector performance, monetary policy, financial stability, fiscal policy, and regulatory updates for 1986. The development in 1986 were mixed. The GDP at constant 1977/78 factor cost was estimated at N25,290 million, representing a decline of 3.3 per cent and the decline was largely due to poor performance of the manufacturing, crude petroleum, wholesale and retail trade sectors. The trajectory of monetary aggregates was relatively in the download direction. Money supply indicated a 1.2 per …

Restraint Economics And The New Right: A Structural Analysis Of The Political Economy Of Social Services Cutbacks, John Butcher

The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare

Restraint by government in the area of social service spending in the 1980's has become an issue of grave concern for social service practitioners, planners, and administrators. The emergence in North America of neo-conservative economic policies has engendered a body of critical and provocative literature which examines the effects of "restraint economics".

Recent work in geography has sought to locate the supply-side trend within a framework of macro-level processes. These suggest that a declining public commitment to maintaining the social safety net is linked to broader structural changes in the workplace and spatial shifts of capital and industry (Dear & …

The Immobility Of Low-Paid Workers, Marshall I. Pomer

The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare

This paper extends the labor segmentation perspective on unequal job access. Analyzed here are Census data on the occupational mobility of low-paid workers during the period 1965 to 1970. Upward mobility, defined as movement from a low-paid to a mainstream stratum, is far more common for white men than for women and blacks-even after controlling for differences in age, education, and type of low-paid job. A worker's particular low-paid occupation also strongly affects chances of entering the mainstream stratum. The dominant paradigm for quantitative research on social stratification is questioned, and social policies are suggested.

Basic Needs, Inflation, And The Poor Of Egypt, 1970-1980, Myrette Ahmed El Sokkari

Faculty Books

The aim of the study is to see how the poor have fared over the 1970's: to evaluate whether their welfare improved or worsened. The cost of the private consumption goods will be estimated over the period of 1970-1982 using detailed information on the cost of food, clothing, and shelter for both urban and rural areas.

Occ Work, Anwar Shaikh Phd19

Archives of Anwar Shaikh

This collection includes.

• Figure 1: The capital-intensity of production. (1984, March). [Handwritten graph]. Unpublished manuscript. (Anwar Shaikh, PhD, author).

• Figure 1: The capital-intensity of production and figure 2: Productivity and real wages. (1984, March). [Typewritten graphs]. Unpublished manuscript. (Anwar Shaikh, PhD, author).

• Figure 3: U.S. profit rate, non-financial corporations; figure 4: U.S. real profits and stock market index; and figure 5: U.S. real wages and unemployment rate. (n.d.). [Typewritten graphs]. Unpublished manuscript. (Anwar Shaikh, PhD, author).

• Table 1: U.S. and U.K. (% of workers’ social benefit expenditures funded out of workers’ taxes). …

Social Wage, Anwar Shaikh Phd

Archives of Anwar Shaikh

This collection includes.

• Anwar Shaikh. (1984, May). On the “social wage” (Unpublished manuscript). Department of Economics, The New School for Social Research, New York, NY.

Central Bank Of Nigeria Annual Report And Statement Of Accounts For The Year Ended 31st December 1983, Central Bank Of Nigeria

CBN Annual Report

In 1983, Nigeria's economy experienced severe stagflation, with GDP falling by 4.4%, more than the 3.4% decline recorded in 1982. Domestic inflation was 23.2%, more than three times the 7.7% recorded in 1982. The external sector also suffered from the general malaise, with the recorded value of external trade falling from N21.3 billion in 1982 to N17.3 billion in 1983. Agricultural production fell sharply due to severe droughts, bush fires, and diseases/pest infestations in livestock and crops. The volume of primary commercial energy consumed increased, with the index going up by 4.4% in 1983. Inflationary pressures intensified due to the …

The Social Work Service Commodity In The Inflationary 80'S, Harold Lewis

The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare

The decade ahead is going to be dominated by economic issues. All signs point to continued Inflation, continued high levels of unemployment, cyclical troughs and declining peaks in the overall economy, energy shortages and Increasing financial pressures, particularly on those families living on minimal or below-poverty level budgets. Stresses In management of basic requirements for maintenance of health, housing, education and transportation %III burden middle income, blue collar and the working poor family. In this context, funding of social services will be tight, relative to need. It seems useful, for these reasons, to place our discussion within an economic framework, …

Central Bank Of Nigeria Annual Report And Statement Of Account For The Year Ended 31st December, 1982, Central Bank Of Nigeria

CBN Annual Report

The economic slowdown in 1981-1982 led to a decline in mineral and export crop production, with crude oil production falling from 1.440 million barrels in 1981 to 1.29 million barrels in 1982. The Central Bank of Nigeria business survey showed increased manufacturing sales and inventories of finished goods. Inflation decelerated to its lowest level since 1973, mainly due to reduced monetary expansion and increased production of staple food, livestock products, and fish. The money supply rose by 5.6% in 1980 and 3.1% in 1982, but the government sector's share in bank credit increased. The Gross National Product of all industrialized …

Distributing Disposable Income And The Impact Of Eliminating Food Subsidies In Egypt, Karima Korayem

Faculty Books

While both papers in this issue were written on different occasions, both discuss factors relating to the standard of living of the Egyptian pop­ulation, namely, income and consumption. They, therefore are sufficiently related to comprise a single monograph. The income distribution paper shows that a large proportion of the pop­ulation falls in the relatively low income brackets. The second paper, a subject of intensive public debate at present, shows how important food sub­sidy is in keeping down the cost of living of the low-income urban popula­tion. For example, it has been found that almost one-third of the urban population devote …

The Price Of Unemployment And Inflation And Who Pays, Michael Borrero

The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare

Since the early 1960's many economists and policy makers have contended that full employment and price stability are unattainable goals. Stimulated by the works of A. W. Phillips, a British economist, they have argued that there is an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment; that is, as unemployment decreases, inflation increases. Phillips in his original article, "The Relationship between Unemployment and the Rate of Change in Money Wage Rates in the United Kingdom,"1 cautiously reasoned that when demand for commodities, services or labor was high relative to supply, prices increase. Increasing prices for labor draw out unemployed people into the …

Income Distribution, Export Instability, And Savings Behavior, David Lim

Support & Other Units (THEi)

This paper examines the effects of income distribution and export instability on the savings ratios of a group of 12 developed and 52 less developed countries (DCs and LDCs) for 1968-73. The effect of income distribution on savings has been studied before but not on as comprehensive a group of countries as presented here. The effect of export instability on savings has not been examined before in the literature on the determinants of savings behavior. It has, however, been discussed in the literature on the relationship between export instability and economic growth and part of the purpose of this paper …

Coping With Poverty In A Cairo Community, Andrea B. Rugh

Faculty Books

The monograph, a sociological study by a Western social scientist working in Egypt, on a popular quarter of Cairo. The study of the traditional quarters of the great cities of the Middle East has been a very much neglected area of research; in this monograph, bringing painstaking reseach and impressive sociological insight to bear, is our contribution towards folling the gap.

Nigeria's Economic Outlook, B. U. Ekong

Bullion

The immediate post-war era brought into the Nigerian economy some of the most significant structural transformations ever imagined. From a position of dominant dependence on agriculture, the Nigerian economy swang over to that of dominant dependence on crude petroleum production for foreign exchange earnings, for government revenues and as the main source of incomes for investment, trade and general economic development. The article therefore reviews the post war policies covering 1973 to 1977. The paper further discusses Nigeria's economic outlook while focusing on fiscal outlook, exchange control measures, petroleum export, private sector investment, income policy, monetary and fiscal policy measures.

New York City And The Economic Crisis, Joseph Harris

The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare

The crisis of New York City and the crises affecting many hundreds of other cities, counties, school districts, and other local and state governments are not accidents. They are a direct result of the neglect that social welfare receives at the hands of a government interested only in furthering the profits and position of the monopolies. Some people call the U.S. government a "warfare/welfare" state. I prefer to call it a state dominated by the giant corporations which control the economic and hence the political life of our nation. As long as federal policy continues to stress profits before people, …

Profit Squeeze, Anwar Shaikh Phd

Archives of Anwar Shaikh

This folder includes:

Handwritten note cards titled:

• Profit-Squeeze (Rowthorn) (July–August 1976)
• Profit-Margins, Profit-Shares & Wages (July 1977)
• Profit Margins, Profit Shares, Wages (July 1977)
• Note on Boddy/Crotty

An Economic Analysis Of Economic Inequality, John P. Huttman

The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare

"Inequality is what economics should be all about," argued the late R.H. Tawney. It isn't, because concern with the patterns of distribution of wealth and income is shared with production, upon which consumption is contingent. Concentration of wealth and unequal levels of income largely reflect the patterns of returns to labor and investment in a traditional capitalist economy. Additionally, income tromfers, rationalized on other than a labor or investment compensation basis, alter the patterns of income and wealth holdings. Pronounced economic inequality, while prevalent in capitalist economies, would not seem to result from the market mechanism. Broadly based ownership of …