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Articles 151 - 180 of 386
Full-Text Articles in Economics
Identifying The Effect Of A Welfare-To-Work Program Using Capacity Constraint: A New York City Quasi-Experinmet, John Ifcher
Identifying The Effect Of A Welfare-To-Work Program Using Capacity Constraint: A New York City Quasi-Experinmet, John Ifcher
Economics
In 1999 general assistance recipients in New York City were required to participate in a job training and outplacement assistance program. Initially, recipients were enrolled in ‘waves’ due to capacity constraints. The program’s impact is identified using a quasiexperiment in which selectees are compared to concomitantly eligible non-selectees. Selectees are 15 percentage points more likely to start a job and 10 percentage points more likely to exit welfare than are non-selectees. This methodology is important since random-assignment experiments can be costly and difficult to implement. Further, experiments are not impervious to criticism; this procedure addresses three of five known shortcomings.
Long-Run Wage And Earnings Losses Of Displaced Workers, Roger White
Long-Run Wage And Earnings Losses Of Displaced Workers, Roger White
Economics
Displacement-related losses are estimated using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data that span the years 1979–2000. The typical displaced worker faces losses of $34,065 during the period 4 years prior through 5 years following displacement. Proportionally, this represents a 10.8% loss compared to earnings of similar nondisplaced workers over the period. Considerable variation in losses is reported across worker types. Union, male and more mature workers suffer greater losses, respectively, than do their nonunion, female and younger counterparts. College graduates and high school dropouts are found to suffer lower losses compared to high school diploma holders and those who completed …
Unemployment Insurance And The Role Of Retained Earnings From Part-Time Work, Chris Hocker
Unemployment Insurance And The Role Of Retained Earnings From Part-Time Work, Chris Hocker
Economics
No abstract provided.
Does Cultural Distance Hinder Trade In Goods? A Comparative Study Of Nine Oecd Member Nations, Roger White, Bedassa Tadesse
Does Cultural Distance Hinder Trade In Goods? A Comparative Study Of Nine Oecd Member Nations, Roger White, Bedassa Tadesse
Economics
We examine the effect of cultural distance, a proxy for the lack of a minimum reservoir of trust necessary to initiate and complete trade deals, on bilateral trade flows. Employing data for 67 countries that span the years 1996– 2001, we estimate a series of modified gravity specifications and find that cultural dissimilarity between nations has an economically significant and consistently negative effect on aggregate and disaggregated trade flows; however, estimated effects vary in magnitude and economic significance across measures of trade and our cohort of OECD reference countries. The consistently negative influence of cultural distance indicates that policymakers may …
Do Expenditures On Tobacco Control Decrease Smoking Prevalence?, Michael L. Marlow
Do Expenditures On Tobacco Control Decrease Smoking Prevalence?, Michael L. Marlow
Economics
Effectiveness of tobacco control programmes in reducing smoking prevalence during 2001 to 2005 is examined. Tobacco control spending is found to exert no significant effects on smoking prevalence across the 50 states. Cigarette prices are found to lower prevalence of daily smokers, but exert no effect on nondaily smoking prevalence. Several reasons are suggested for why these results might conflict with previous research. These include that most previous studies examined two states (California and Massachusetts) with long-standing tobacco control programmes and that most studies examined periods in which many of the states in their samples did not actively fund their …
Cultural Distance As A Determinant Of Bilateral Trade Flows: Do Immigrants Counter The Effect Of Cultural Distance?, Roger White, Bedassa Tadesse
Cultural Distance As A Determinant Of Bilateral Trade Flows: Do Immigrants Counter The Effect Of Cultural Distance?, Roger White, Bedassa Tadesse
Economics
We introduce ‘cultural distance’ as a measure of the degree to which shared norms and values in one country differ from those in another country, and employ a modified gravity specification to examine whether such cultural differences affect the volume of trade flows. Employing data for US statelevel exports to the 75 trading partners for which measures of cultural distance can be constructed, we find that greater cultural differences between the United States and a trading partner reduces state-level exports to that country. This result holds for aggregate exports, cultural and noncultural products exports as well, but with significantly different …
Cultural Diversity, Immigration And Trade: A Study Of Nine Oecd Host Countries, Roger White, Bedassa Tadesse
Cultural Diversity, Immigration And Trade: A Study Of Nine Oecd Host Countries, Roger White, Bedassa Tadesse
Economics
Employing data from nine OECD countries and 67 trading partners for the years 1996-2001, we examine the inter-relationships between immigration, cultural diversity and trade. We find greater cultural differences between immigrants’ host and home countries inhibit trade flows. However, immigrants exert pro-trade influences that partially offset the effect of cultural distance. We also find that greater cultural diversity within the immigrants’ host countries is associated with the creation of trade between immigrants’ host and home countries. The findings suggest that the ability of immigrants to influence their host’s trade with their home countries depends, in part, on the characteristics of …
Cultural Diversity, Immigration And International Trade: An Empirical Examination Of The Relationship In Nine Oecd Countries, Roger White, Bedassa Tadesse
Cultural Diversity, Immigration And International Trade: An Empirical Examination Of The Relationship In Nine Oecd Countries, Roger White, Bedassa Tadesse
Economics
Employing a variant of the standard gravity equation and data from nine OECD immigrant host countries and 67 trading partners for the years 1996-2001, we examine the immigrant-trade relationship. Particular emphasis is placed on the potential influences of host country cultural diversity and host-home cultural distance. Data from the World Values Surveys and the European Values Surveys are used to calculate the cultural distances between immigrants’ host and home countries. Cultural distance is taken to be a proxy measure for the extent to which immigrants’ host countries are culturally divergent from their home countries. To estimate the cultural diversity of …
A Partial Defense Of The Giant Squid, Sanjiv Jaggia, Satish Thosar
A Partial Defense Of The Giant Squid, Sanjiv Jaggia, Satish Thosar
Economics
No abstract provided.
The Influence Of Private School Enrollment On Public School Performance, Michael L. Marlow
The Influence Of Private School Enrollment On Public School Performance, Michael L. Marlow
Economics
School choice reform refers to changes that allow parents greater freedom to choose schools for their children. School choice reform is contentious because it fundamentally alters the environment in which public and private schools operate and could result in significant changes for both demanders and suppliers of education. This article develops a model of public education with imperfect exit to predict how private school enrollment influences performance of public schools. Empirical evidence from data on all private and public schools in California provides substantial support for the hypothesis that public school test scores are inversely related to private school enrollments …
Anatomy Of Public Health Research: Tobacco Control As A Case Study, Michael L. Marlow
Anatomy Of Public Health Research: Tobacco Control As A Case Study, Michael L. Marlow
Economics
Tobacco is unhealthy, and apparently it is not hard to convince people that government programs are somehow not only effective but necessary to reduce smoking. Early efforts were successful because they focused on raising prices through tax hikes. Then smoking bans became the focus. Bans have so far been imposed on restaurants and bars in 27 states and Washington, D.C., and it is argued that they will change social norms in ways that lower smoking. Spending programs represent a more recent strategy, and these are the focus of this commentary. State governments fund antismoking advertisements that run in newspapers and …
Smoking Bans And Air Quality: Reply, Michael L. Marlow
Epidemiologic And Economic Research, And The Question Of Smoking Bans, Michael L. Marlow
Epidemiologic And Economic Research, And The Question Of Smoking Bans, Michael L. Marlow
Economics
Smoking bans in public places are promoted on the dual basis that they protect the public from “secondhand smoke”— environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and that bans never harm businesses. Evidence shows that ETS does not pose health risks nearly as large as many ban advocates claim, and that bans do harm some businesses. Unintended and adverse consequences of smoking bans include (1) harm to smokers if they compensate by smoking more intensely; (2) an increase in drunk driving when smokers drive longer distances to smoke and drink; and (3) less innovation in air-filtration technology that also slows progress in removing …
The Great Depression, The New Deal, And The Current Crisis, Alexander J. Field
The Great Depression, The New Deal, And The Current Crisis, Alexander J. Field
Economics
In the past year, a rising tide of antagonism to the New Deal has formed among some economists and writers, claiming that the New Deal policies made the Great Depression worse. Is there any basis in fact to New Deal denialism? The noted economic historian Alexander Field has closely studied the period. He shows the central weaknesses of these arguments and makes a strong case that the New Deal made a remarkable contribution to the U.S. economy and the American way of life.
Is The Cdc Blowing Smoke?, Michael L. Marlow
Is The Cdc Blowing Smoke?, Michael L. Marlow
Economics
In 2007, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released a report detailing "best practice" spending recommendations for state tobacco control programs. According to the report, "Research shows that the more states spend on comprehensive tobacco control programs, the greater the reductions in smoking-- and the longer states invest in such programs, the greater and faster the impact.
Habitudes De Lecture Et Performances Scolaires, Félix Compaoré, Michael Kevane, Alain Joseph Sissao
Habitudes De Lecture Et Performances Scolaires, Félix Compaoré, Michael Kevane, Alain Joseph Sissao
Economics
La problématique de la lecture se pose de nos jours en raison de l’envahissement à tous les niveaux et dans tous les espaces de l’audiovisuel et des technologies de l’information et de la communication. La pratique de la lecture n’est plus courante de nos jours parmi les jeunes. Et pour cause, il y a une foule de distractions et d’évasions qui captent mieux leur attention que la lecture. De surcroît, la rareté des livres et leur coût relativement élevé les rendent inaccessibles à ceux qui, d’aventure, sont tentés de pratiquer la lecture.
Displacement-Related Earnings Losses: Evaluating Trade Adjustment Assistance And Wage Insurance, Roger White
Displacement-Related Earnings Losses: Evaluating Trade Adjustment Assistance And Wage Insurance, Roger White
Economics
The author examines the effectiveness of stylized versions of the Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) and Alternative TAA (or wage insurance) programs in reducing displacement-related earnings losses. Wage insurance subsidies and returns to TAAfunded training are applied to estimates of proportional earnings losses, reported by White, that were generated using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data spanning the period from 1979 to 2000. Wage insurance reduces the typical worker’s losses by 14.4 percent, while TAA-funded training is estimated to reduce losses by 23.7 percent. However, variation in the time paths and magnitudes of losses produces considerable variation in the effects …
A Solution To Proebsting's Paradox, Or "How To Skim A Bettor If You Must", Eduardo Zambrano
A Solution To Proebsting's Paradox, Or "How To Skim A Bettor If You Must", Eduardo Zambrano
Economics
Proebsting's Paradox is an argument that appears to show that the betting rule known as the Kelly criterion can lead a bettor to risk an arbitrarily high proportion of his wealth on the outcome of a single event. In this paper I show that a large class of betting criteria, including fractional Kelly, also suffer from the same shortcoming and use standard tools from microeconomic theory to explain why this is so. I also derive a new criterion, dubbed the doubly conservative criterion, that is immune to the problem identified above. Immunity stems from the bettor's attitudes towards capital preservation …
Immigration, Trade And Home Country Development: State-Level Variation In The Us Immigrant-Export Link, Roger White, Bedassa Tadesse
Immigration, Trade And Home Country Development: State-Level Variation In The Us Immigrant-Export Link, Roger White, Bedassa Tadesse
Economics
This article examines the pro-trade influence of immigrants using data on state-level exports from the 48 contiguous USA to 28 countries during the year 1993. Immigrants from lesser developed countries are found to exert stronger proportional effects on state-level exports relative to the immigrants from more developed countries. Calculation of absolute immigrant effects at state, regional and national levels also reveal influences of immigrants from developing countries are of greater magnitude; however, results depend on the metric employed to categorize countries as developing or developed. The findings emphasize the importance of immigrants’ connections to business and social networks and allow …
The Credibility Problem In Politics: Theory And Evidence From State-Level Abortion Legislation, Francisco Rodriguez, Eduardo Zambrano
The Credibility Problem In Politics: Theory And Evidence From State-Level Abortion Legislation, Francisco Rodriguez, Eduardo Zambrano
Economics
This paper proposes a simple mechanism for evaluating the relevance of credibility problems in politics. If parties are capable of making credible policy promises, we will not expect them to systematically adopt platforms that entail large probabilities of losing an election. This is because the adoption of very extreme platforms has the effect of shifting expected policies away from their ideal points. Parties who lack the capacity of making credible commitments, in turn, are unable to affect voters' expectations of the policies they will adopt upon reaching office. We test these predictions on a panel of US states by studying …
Political Affiliation And Perceptions Of Trade: Examining Survey Data From The State Of Georgia, Roger White, Richard Clark
Political Affiliation And Perceptions Of Trade: Examining Survey Data From The State Of Georgia, Roger White, Richard Clark
Economics
We examine the influences of political party affiliation and self-identification as politically conservative, centrist, or liberal on individuals’ trade preferences. Majority support for trade is reported for all political classifications, with Republicans found to be 13.7%–15.1% more likely than Democrats and independents to support trade. Similarly, conservatives are 14.8%–21% more likely to support trade than are centrists and liberals; however, distinctions exist between ‘‘very conservative’’ and ‘‘somewhat conservative’’ cohorts.
East-West Migration And The Immigrant-Trade Link: Evidence From Italy, Roger White, Bedassa Tadesse
East-West Migration And The Immigrant-Trade Link: Evidence From Italy, Roger White, Bedassa Tadesse
Economics
Employing data for Italy and 68 trade partners that span the period 1996 2001, we examine the role of immigrants in influencing Italian exports to and imports from their respective home countries. Particular emphasis is placed on variation in the immigrant-trade relationship across Former Soviet Republic (FSR) and Post-Communist (PCOM) country classifications relative to immigrants from non-FSR and non-PCOM countries. The findings provide information that may assist in policy formulation and lead to more enlightened public and political debates of the issue. Immigrants are generally found to exert pro-trade influences, with proportional immigrant effects being somewhat …
Vertical Restraints And Horizontal Control, Robert Innes, Stephen F. Hamilton
Vertical Restraints And Horizontal Control, Robert Innes, Stephen F. Hamilton
Economics
This article considers vertical restraints in a setting in which duopoly retailers each sell more than one manufactured good. Vertical restraints by a dominant manufacturer enable the firm to acquire horizontal control over a competitively supplied retail good. The equilibrium contracts produce symptoms that are consistent with a variety of observed retail practices, including slotting fees paid to retailers by competitive suppliers, loss leadership, and predatory accommodation with below-cost manufacturer pricing for the dominant brand(s). Applications are developed for supermarket retailing, where the manufacturer of a national brand seeks to control the retail pricing of a supermarket's private label, and …
Immigration, Trade And Product Differentiation, Roger White
Immigration, Trade And Product Differentiation, Roger White
Economics
Immigrant-trade links are examined with an emphasis placed on variation across product types and home country income classifications. Data for the US and 70 trading partners spanning the 1980-1997 period are employed. We find the immigrant-trade relationship varies based on degree of product differentiation and by home country per-capita income. In response to a hypothetical 10 percent increase in the immigrant stock variable, US imports of differentiated goods from high income countries increase by approximately 2 percent. A like increase in the immigrant stock from low income countries increases US differentiated goods imports by 4.25 percent, while exports of homogenous …
Excise Taxes With Multiproduct Transactions, Stephen F. Hamilton
Excise Taxes With Multiproduct Transactions, Stephen F. Hamilton
Economics
I examine excise taxes levied on multiproduct retailers. Excise taxes reduce equilibrium output and decrease equilibrium product variety in the short run, but taxes can raise output per product in the long run and induce entry. Excise taxes are overshifted into prices in a wide range of cases, including under linear and concave demand conditions, and excise taxes shift less than one-for-one into prices only when demand is highly convex. Multiproduct transactions substantively alter the efficiency of ad valorem and specific forms of excise taxes and affect the comparison of relative tax performance over short-run and long-run time horizons.
U.S. Economic Growth In The Gilded Age, Alexander J. Field
U.S. Economic Growth In The Gilded Age, Alexander J. Field
Economics
In the immediate postwar period, Moses Abramovitz and Robert Solow both examined data on output and input growth from the first half of the twentieth century and reached similar conclusions. In the twentieth century, in contrast with the nineteenth, a much smaller fraction of real output growth could be swept back to the growth of inputs conventionally measured. The rise of the residual, they suggested, was an important distinguishing feature of twentieth century growth. This paper identifies two difficulties with this claim. First, TFP growth virtually disappeared in the U.S. between 1973 and 1995. Second, TFP growth was in fact …
Rent-To-Own Agreements: Customer Characteristics And Contract Outcomes, Michael H. Anderson, Sanjiv Jaggia
Rent-To-Own Agreements: Customer Characteristics And Contract Outcomes, Michael H. Anderson, Sanjiv Jaggia
Economics
The rent-to-own (RTO) industry, by offering immediate access to household goods for a small periodic fee with no credit check or down payment, has strong appeal to low income and financially distressed consumers. An important policy question is whether an RTO agreement is used as a rental/lease with build-in purchase option or as something more akin to an installment loan. Given the embedded options to return the item or to purchase it early, the actual rent paid by RTO customers is substantially lower than the oft-reported total rent which assumes that agreements go to term. We employ a log-normal censored …
Unintended Consequences: The Spillover Effects Of Common Property Regulations, Gordon Rausser, Stephen F. Hamilton, Marty Covach, Ryan Stifter
Unintended Consequences: The Spillover Effects Of Common Property Regulations, Gordon Rausser, Stephen F. Hamilton, Marty Covach, Ryan Stifter
Economics
The closure of the Hawaiian longline swordfish fishery over the period 2001–2004, which was motivated by the protection of endangered sea turtles, created the elements of a natural experiment that allows identification of the market transfer of catch (and sea turtle bycatch) to other regions. This paper exploits the fact that the vessels in the Hawaiian longline fishery sell their catch in the US fresh swordfish market to analyze the pattern of changes in US fresh and frozen swordfish consumption both before and after the closure regulation was imposed. The mechanisms by which any unintended consequences on endangered sea turtles …
Modelling Skewness And Elongation In Financial Returns: The Case Of Exchange-Traded Funds, Sanjiv Jaggia, Alison Kelly-Hawke
Modelling Skewness And Elongation In Financial Returns: The Case Of Exchange-Traded Funds, Sanjiv Jaggia, Alison Kelly-Hawke
Economics
Recent studies have documented the importance of asymmetry and tail-fatness of returns on portfolio-choice, asset-pricing, value-at-risk and option-valuation models. This article explores the nature of skewness and elongation in daily Exchange-traded Fund (ETF) return distributions using g, h and (g x h) distributions. These exploratory data analytic techniques of Tukey (1977) reveal patterns that are hidden from a cursory glance at conventional measures for skewness and elongation. The g, h and (g x h) distributions provide parameter estimates that indicate substantial variation in skewness and elongation for individual ETFs; nonetheless, some trends are discovered …
Commentary On "Efficient Inflation Targets For Distorted Dynamic Economies, Eric O'N. Fisher
Commentary On "Efficient Inflation Targets For Distorted Dynamic Economies, Eric O'N. Fisher
Economics
No abstract provided.