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Articles 61 - 90 of 532

Full-Text Articles in Economics

The Metamorphosis Of The Interrelationship Between Competitiveness, Productivity, And Growth Within Economic Realm, Rashid Ali Baloch Nov 2023

The Metamorphosis Of The Interrelationship Between Competitiveness, Productivity, And Growth Within Economic Realm, Rashid Ali Baloch

CBER Conference

This study investigates that the relationship between competitiveness, productivity and growth is not stable or predictable, it acknowledges that the associations and influence among these factors such as technological, industrial advancement, and policy changes. By studying the changing linearity, researchers aim to comprehend the metamorphosis of the interrelations among competitiveness, productivity, and growth within the economic realm. This study examines the role of technological advancements, innovation, human capital development, and institutional reforms in shaping the country's growth trajectory.


Digital Literacy And Inclusive Growth: Examining Digital Empowerment Of Female Students In Lahore, Hafsah Batool, Samia Nasreen, Attifa Arif Nov 2023

Digital Literacy And Inclusive Growth: Examining Digital Empowerment Of Female Students In Lahore, Hafsah Batool, Samia Nasreen, Attifa Arif

CBER Conference

This research study aims to investigate the role of socio-economic factors in the digital adoption of female university students in Lahore, considering the global impact of digitalization on the economy and employment generation. The primary objective is to explore the digital empowerment status of female students in Lahore and its implications for promoting inclusive growth and bridging the digital divide. The study will utilize a modified scale for the dependent variable, focusing on the dimensions of digital awareness, legal understanding, and economic aspects of digital empowerment.


Relationship Between Human Capital And Urban Growth, Lucky Bizenjo Nov 2023

Relationship Between Human Capital And Urban Growth, Lucky Bizenjo

CBER Conference

This study has provided new insights into the relationship between urbanization and human capital, made its implications at the global income group level and national level. In the first study, panel data of 87 countries used from 1991 to 2019. The results showed that education is found to be negatively and insignificantly associated with urbanization at the global level, but it is found to be positive (though insignificant) in low-income countries, and positive and significant in low-income countries and middle-income countries, and high-income countries. Our research suggests that as the income of a country increases, the contribution of education to …


The Relationship Between Labor Market Institutions And Innovation In 177 European Regions Over The Period 2000-2015, Gaetano Perone Nov 2023

The Relationship Between Labor Market Institutions And Innovation In 177 European Regions Over The Period 2000-2015, Gaetano Perone

CBER Conference

The main goal of this paper was to investigate the relationship between a set of labor market institutions (LMIs) and innovation (proxied by patent density) in 174 NUT-1 and NUT-2 European regions, over the period 2000-2015. Fixed effects with Driscoll and Kraay's (1998) standard errors (FE-DK), ordinary least squares (OLS), the generalized method of moments estimation of the fixed effects (FE-GMM), and a multilevel model (MLM) were employed.


Impact Of Oil Price And Its Volatility On Cpi Of Pakistan: Bivariate Egarch Model, Abida Naurin Nov 2023

Impact Of Oil Price And Its Volatility On Cpi Of Pakistan: Bivariate Egarch Model, Abida Naurin

CBER Conference

The current research study targets to explore the impact of oil price and its volatility on CPI in case of Pakistan from the period 1980:M1 to 2018:M12. In this study we used the financial time series econometrics techniques; first applied the Box-Cox transformation on the data which suggested log transformation is required for all series.


Governance System For Local Governments : Part 2, Ishrat Husain Dr. Sep 2023

Governance System For Local Governments : Part 2, Ishrat Husain Dr.

Faculty Research - Newspaper and Magazine Articles

Within the political dimension, the provincial governments should devolve the following functions completely to the local governments: one, school education up to matric. Two, primary and secondary health up to district hospitals. Three, water supply, sewerage, solid waste disposal. Four, population planning. Five, sports. Six, mass transit. Seven, roads, bridges within the district limits. Eight, prosecution. Nine, social welfare and community development and, ten, women’s development. All staff up to Grade 16 should be transferred along with their salary and allowances budgets. Future recruitment and promotion etc would be decided by the local governments themselves according to their needs and …


Governance System For Local Governments – Part 1, Ishrat Husain Dr. Sep 2023

Governance System For Local Governments – Part 1, Ishrat Husain Dr.

Faculty Research - Newspaper and Magazine Articles

The devolution of authority to local tiers of government and decentralization can bring in representation of local business and citizens' interests. The visibility of the results achieved by the resources deployed in a specific geographic area maintains pressure on government functionaries. Public-private partnerships. including NGO-public partnerships have proved to be effective tools in fostering good governance.


Inflation: Causes And Consequences, Ishrat Husain Dr. Aug 2023

Inflation: Causes And Consequences, Ishrat Husain Dr.

Faculty Research - Talks, Speeches, & Discourse

First of all, let me thank Tariq Ikram and Hassan Tariq for providing me this opportunity to share my thoughts with you this morning and I’m very impressed by the presentations of the panel who are specialists in their own fields. So I won’t repeat very much what we heard this morning in the first session and also from my fellow panelists but I would pick up on the point which Atif left at the end. People don’t realize that beginning of the inflation in Pakistan is not solely externally induced through the pandemic, the supply disruptions, the price hikes, …


Educational Requirements Of Pakistan: A Normed Planning Approach, Faiza Hassan, Hafsa Hina, Arshad Ali Jun 2023

Educational Requirements Of Pakistan: A Normed Planning Approach, Faiza Hassan, Hafsa Hina, Arshad Ali

Business Review

The study assesses the performance of a developing economy's educational sector by comparing some fundamental educational statistics from Pakistan to those of ten better-performing nations, and it outlines the required levels of education for the following decade. It presents a road map for the educational sector in Pakistan for the next ten years after identifying the gap between the existing and required levels of educational statistics. For each level of education, projections for the following variables are created. The required levels of Gross enrolment ratios, student-teacher ratios, the number of enrolments and the number of teachers. The required distribution of …


A Look At Provincial Budgets, Ishrat Husain Dr. Jun 2023

A Look At Provincial Budgets, Ishrat Husain Dr.

Faculty Research - Newspaper and Magazine Articles

Budget discussions and debates in Pakistan have historically focused on the federal government and FBR, though the provincial budgets should occupy a salient place in the aftermath of the 18th Amendment and the 7th National Finance Commission Award. This has not been the case despite the fact that the objectives of raising the tax-to-GDP ratio and efficient and effective delivery of public goods and services to the citizens can be achieved mainly through provincial budgets.


Comment : Economic Consequences Of Budgetary Options, Ishrat Husain Dr. Jun 2023

Comment : Economic Consequences Of Budgetary Options, Ishrat Husain Dr.

Faculty Research - Newspaper and Magazine Articles

Let me first concede that I have great deal of sympathy with those who have been given the responsibility for preparing the FY24 Budget. We are faced with the most difficult external and domestic circumstances. Global economic conditions and geopolitical compulsions are unfavourable.


Reviving Agricultural Growth : Part - Vi, Ishrat Husain Dr. May 2023

Reviving Agricultural Growth : Part - Vi, Ishrat Husain Dr.

Faculty Research - Newspaper and Magazine Articles

Pakistan will have to develop a unified market linking the farms to retail outlets covering the full supply chain particularly in high-value commodities. Corporate investment and competition in on-farm storage, refrigerated vans and specialized trucks, silos and warehouses, wholesale distribution channels supplying to the processors, and opening up the highly inefficient and regulated marketing will eliminate the excessive rents earned by those involved in the present arrangements. This ‘unearned’ premium under a reconfigured modern value chain bolstered by competitive forces will then accrue to the farmers and the consumers while acting as a restraint on food inflation.


Reviving Agricultural Growth : Part - V, Ishrat Husain Dr. Apr 2023

Reviving Agricultural Growth : Part - V, Ishrat Husain Dr.

Faculty Research - Newspaper and Magazine Articles

Mechanization, technology and advisory services: one of the major constraints facing small holders is the lack of resources and knowledge about modern practices to adapt techniques of production using mechanization. The intensity of the use of machinery and implements by large farmers is one of the factors responsible for the wide differential in the productivity attained on their farms compared to that on small farms. A number of agritech companies have sprung up in the country but they are also mostly catering to the well-to-do and educated farmers, thus causing anxiety that this will further widen the productivity gap.


Reviving Agricultural Growth : Part - Iv, Ishrat Husain Dr. Apr 2023

Reviving Agricultural Growth : Part - Iv, Ishrat Husain Dr.

Faculty Research - Newspaper and Magazine Articles

Import substitution and export promotion: agro-based exports (food, textile, leather groups) fetch 75-80 per cent of total earnings but the direct exports of agricultural commodities are limited to only $5 billion, dominated mainly by rice. On the other hand, food and agricultural imports have risen to $10 billion creating a deficit on food and agriculture trade balance of $5 billion annually. One of the main reasons is that cotton imports have become a consistent feature for the last several years as domestic production has taken a dive drastically since Bt cotton has been introduced through theft, plagiarism and without safeguards. …


Reviving Agricultural Growth : Part - Iii, Ishrat Husain Dr. Apr 2023

Reviving Agricultural Growth : Part - Iii, Ishrat Husain Dr.

Faculty Research - Newspaper and Magazine Articles

At present, the canal irrigation management system recovers only a quarter of its repair and maintenance costs. In the 1970s, the entire cost was recovered by these water charges called ‘abiana’. The present average rate of surface water charges per acre is only one-fourth of what the farmer pays for tube wells and so it is not the ability to pay constraint. Flat water pricing or uniform water charges rather than usage based on volumetric measures militate against the adoption of high efficiency irrigation technologies and conservation of water. Punjab used to charge a flat rate of Rs 135 per …


Reviving Agricultural Growth : Part - Ii, Ishrat Husain Dr. Apr 2023

Reviving Agricultural Growth : Part - Ii, Ishrat Husain Dr.

Faculty Research - Newspaper and Magazine Articles

The question we have to address is: what can be done to boost the productivity of 88 per cent of the farms that own less than 12.5 acres of land and cultivate 45 per cent of total farm area. The highest yields achieved per acre on farms of progressive large farmers (more than 50 acres) is nine times that of small farms and four times that of medium farmers (12.5–50 acres). This gap between potential and actual productivity is to be reduced in order to raise the national average yield of crops and livestock.


Reviving Agricultural Growth : Part – I, Ishrat Husain Dr. Mar 2023

Reviving Agricultural Growth : Part – I, Ishrat Husain Dr.

Faculty Research - Newspaper and Magazine Articles

Agriculture forms the backbone of Pakistan’s economy as it provides livelihoods to almost two-thirds of the population, food, water, energy security to the country, and three-fourth of export earnings. The industrial and services sectors are dependent upon it for their sustenance. However, a country endowed with one of the largest contiguous irrigated areas (43 m acres) and vast reservoir of underground water in the world cultivating about 21 million hectares of land has not only been able to fully exploit this rich potential but in fact is facing stagnation over the last two decades. Estimates show that the value of …


Pakistan's Economy Under Musharraf, Ishrat Husain Dr. Mar 2023

Pakistan's Economy Under Musharraf, Ishrat Husain Dr.

Faculty Research - Newspaper and Magazine Articles

Economic achievements in most difficult circumstances during President Musharraf‘s regime are dismissed outright, because of abhorrence of the military rule, imposition of the emergency in 2007, his decision to join the US in Afghanistan war, open tussle with the judiciary, withdrawal of corruption cases against the politicians, and his quest to get elected in uniform. This article is an attempt to provide a first-hand data-driven account of the economic record of the period 2000-2008. Pakistan suffered serious setbacks in the 1990s in terms of most economic and social indicators. Economic growth rates decelerated, inflation rose to peak rates, debt burden …


Pakistan's Economy Under Musharraf, Ishrat Husain Dr. Mar 2023

Pakistan's Economy Under Musharraf, Ishrat Husain Dr.

Faculty Research - Newspaper and Magazine Articles

Economic achievements during President Musharraf's regime are often dismissed outright due to abhorrence of military rule, the imposition of emergency in 2007, Pakistan's involvement in the Afghanistan war, open tussle with the judiciary, and the quest to get elected in uniform. This article is an attempt to provide a first-hand, data-driven account of the economic record of the period 2000-2008, covering macroeconomic stabilization through IMF arrangements, debt re-profiling through Paris Club, aggressive privatization yielding $3 billion, financial sector reforms, fiscal consolidation, and trade liberalization that resulted in GDP growth of approximately 6.3 percent per year, poverty headcount falling from 34 …


The ‘Awam’ And Reform, Ishrat Husain Dr. Feb 2023

The ‘Awam’ And Reform, Ishrat Husain Dr.

Faculty Research - Newspaper and Magazine Articles

Pakistan’s economic situation requires fresh thinking and a clear approach. The blame game where each incoming government passes the buck to its predecessor has reached saturation level. People expect the incumbents to show them the path of relief to resolve their present difficulties, particularly inflation. All governments are scared of taking tough, but necessary decisions, for fear of alienating the awam (public), attacks by the opposition parties and media, and erosion of their political capital. Let’s see how this fear is misplaced.


Policies For Digital Banking : Part - I, Ishrat Husain Dr. Feb 2023

Policies For Digital Banking : Part - I, Ishrat Husain Dr.

Faculty Research - Newspaper and Magazine Articles

The State Bank of Pakistan has recently granted five licences for Starting digital banks that would provide the whole range of banking services through digital platforms or electronic channels from the comfort of homes and offices without making trips to brick-and-mortar branches of the banks. Two types of banks – digital retail banks and digital full banks – have been allowed both in the conventional as well as Islamic variants. The minimum capital requirement for digital banks is much lower than those for banks that are operating branches. A diverse range of applicants including domestic commercial banks, microfinance banks, electronic …


Framing Policies For A Digital Economy, Ishrat Husain Dr. Feb 2023

Framing Policies For A Digital Economy, Ishrat Husain Dr.

Faculty Research - Newspaper and Magazine Articles

Digital banking and eCommerce are ingredients of overall digital strategy. I would like to limit my remarks on the financialsector and how digital banking fits into that. We should not forget the purpose for which the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) is promoting digital banking. And that is it is an effective tool for strengthening intermediation and financial inclusion in the country inthe pursuit of larger, equitable and sustainable development of Pakistan.


Fixing The Taxation System - Part Iv, Ishrat Husain Dr. Jan 2023

Fixing The Taxation System - Part Iv, Ishrat Husain Dr.

Faculty Research - Newspaper and Magazine Articles

Among many compelling reasons for further devolution to the third tier is that citizens in a local jurisdiction are found to pay more taxes as they see that these are being used for their access to basic public services. Under a centralized system they consider it disappearing into a black box and they don’t see any perceptible benefits for themselves or the areas they live in. The quantum of revenues can rise significantly if taxes such as agriculture income tax and urban property tax are devolved to local governments. The metropolitan corporations of Karachi, Islamabad, Lahore and many others would …


Fixing The Taxation System - Part Iii, Ishrat Husain Dr. Jan 2023

Fixing The Taxation System - Part Iii, Ishrat Husain Dr.

Faculty Research - Newspaper and Magazine Articles

One of the pernicious side-effects of a large dose of the federal divisible tax pool injected into the provincial finances is that the provinces have become slack in mobilizing their own revenues. The provinces contribute only one per cent of GDP to national taxes. Indian state governments contribute 35 per cent to the total tax revenues or 6-7 per cent of GDP. Provinces in Pakistan together spend 40 per cent of the total consolidated expenditures while raising only 10 per cent of total national tax revenues. When flushed with such windfall liquidity, political will, and bureaucratic effort to tap GST …


Time Allocation Pattern For Household And Expenditure Saving Market Activities By Using Economic Value Of Time: A Gender-Based Analysis In Pakistan, Hamna Nasir, Ambreen Fatima, Gulrukh Zahid Jan 2023

Time Allocation Pattern For Household And Expenditure Saving Market Activities By Using Economic Value Of Time: A Gender-Based Analysis In Pakistan, Hamna Nasir, Ambreen Fatima, Gulrukh Zahid

Business Review

The objective of this study is to estimate the opportunity cost of time spent on household work and expenditure saving market work performed by individuals by taking into account their personal and socio-demographic characteristics. Data is gathered from Labour Force Survey of Pakistan for different years. Pseudo panel technique is used by making cohorts of household and expenditure saving market activities, region and province. Increase in the opportunity cost of time increases female household work hours and expenditure saving market hours by 6.2 and 7.001 hours/week respectively, whereas increase in the opportunity cost of time increases male household hours and …


Fixing The Taxation System - Part Ii, Ishrat Husain Dr. Dec 2022

Fixing The Taxation System - Part Ii, Ishrat Husain Dr.

Faculty Research - Newspaper and Magazine Articles

Studies on sectoral incidence show that industry bears more than two-thirds of the tax, while the services sector bears about 21 per cent and agriculture 3.0 per cent. In the services sector, transportation and trade together account for one-third of GDP. The wholesale and retail trade sector contributes 18 per cent to GDP but pays only 2.9 per cent in income tax. The potential realizable gap in this sector is 0.5 per cent of GDP. Except for a few companies, the transport subsector is dominated by small- and medium-size operators. Only air and shipping companies yield some revenues. Similarly, out …


Fixing The Taxation System - Part I, Ishrat Husain Dr. Dec 2022

Fixing The Taxation System - Part I, Ishrat Husain Dr.

Faculty Research - Newspaper and Magazine Articles

Very few people outside the economics profession realize that fiscal (government revenue and expenditure) and current accounts (inflows and outflows of foreign exchange) are closely interlinked. A current account is an accounting identity which shows the difference between a country’s national savings and domestic investments. China is a current account surplus country because its national savings are higher than its investment needs and is therefore a capital exporting nation that is financing the current account deficit of the US. Pakistan, except for three years – 2003, 2004 and 2005 – has been a current account deficit country. Since significant foreign …


The Future Of Our Economy - Part I, Ishrat Husain Dr. Nov 2022

The Future Of Our Economy - Part I, Ishrat Husain Dr.

Faculty Research - Newspaper and Magazine Articles

The future of any economy is closely linked with its present and the past. Pakistan’s economic past has gone through different phases with impressive growth and poverty reduction in the 1960s, 1980s, 2000-2007 and 2014-16, and 2020-22. The immediate precarious situation where both consumer and business confidence are at the lowest ebb, international ratings and market sentiment are negative and foreign exchange constraints are binding, if projected into the future and discounting the past, may result in an extremely dismal outlook. Should the present assumptions be carried forward as they are? Would these circumstances – both external and internal – …


Sindh: Floods And Rural Economy ‐ Part Iii, Ishrat Husain Dr. Nov 2022

Sindh: Floods And Rural Economy ‐ Part Iii, Ishrat Husain Dr.

Faculty Research - Newspaper and Magazine Articles

What needs to be done? One of the main reasons for the flooding due to torrential rains this time around rather – than the river levels rising –was that the national waterways have been encroached, the capacity of drainage system such as LBOD was limited and outlets to traditional drains leading to the sea were not functional, desilting of canals had not taken place and repair and maintenance of bund embankments were neglected. A World Bank-SIDA study of 2013 had identified projects to be executed for an integrated drainage system. The works worth Rs42 billion have been delayed for the …


Service Of Remembrance And Reconciliation, Karachi 2022: Key Note Address, Ishrat Husain Dr. Nov 2022

Service Of Remembrance And Reconciliation, Karachi 2022: Key Note Address, Ishrat Husain Dr.

Faculty Research - Talks, Speeches, & Discourse

Commodore Ejaz Chaudhri, Chairman CEST; Excellences; Distinguished Guests; Ladies and Gentlemen: As-Salam-o-Alaikum and Good Day. I would first of all like to thank Commodore Ejaz for inviting me to this function to say a few words to this distinguished audience on the occasion of Remembrance Sunday. We are gathered here today to pay homage to military martyrs who sacrificed their lives over the last two centuries, fighting as part of the armed forces of their respective countries, some of whom lie buried in this cemetery.