Economics Commons^™

Lessons Learned: Eric Dinallo, Maryann Haggerty

Journal of Financial Crises

Eric Dinallo was New York State Superintendent of Insurance from January 2007 through July 2009. In New York, as throughout the United States, insurance companies are regulated at the state level. In his position as Superintendent, Dinallo oversaw the insurance operating companies of American International Group (AIG) within New York. AIG’s holding company, however, was supervised at the federal level. Much of AIG’s problems came from its non-insurance subsidiary AIG Financial Products (AIGFP), which was a major presence in the market for credit default swaps (CDS), a type of derivative that was a factor behind the 2007-09 financial crisis. This …

The Rescue Of Fannie Mae And Freddie Mac–Module F: Federal Reserve’S Large-Scale Asset Purchase (Lsap) Program, Daniel Thompson, Adam Kulam

Journal of Financial Crises

By late 2008, the secondary mortgage markets were suffering high default rates, causing mortgage lending to slow and the value of mortgage securities to plummet. The Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate, and the government placed Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac into conservatorship, yet credit in housing and other financial markets remained tight. On November 25, the Fed announced its intent to purchase up to $500 billion in agency mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and $100 billion in agency debt to reduce the cost and increase the availability of mortgage credit, which would support housing markets and improve conditions in financial …

The Rescue Of Fannie Mae And Freddie Mac – Module E: The Housing And Economic Recovery Act Of 2008, Daniel Thompson

Journal of Financial Crises

As the U.S. housing crisis worsened in 2007, and through 2008, the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac) headed towards insolvency. At the same time, contractions in private securitization resulted in these two government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) purchasing nearly half of all new mortgages. In July, the government passed the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 (HERA) to provide a more effective regulator and to address public uncertainty regarding whether the government would back the GSEs’ assets and liabilities. HERA provided Treasury and the newly formed Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) …

The Rescue Of Fannie Mae And Freddie Mac – Module D: Treasury’S Gse Mbs Purchase Program, Michael Zanger-Tishler, Rosalind Z. Wiggins

Journal of Financial Crises

As the housing crisis escalated during the second half of 2007, two government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs), the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), occupied an increasingly central role in the secondary mortgage market, purchasing a greater percentage of new mortgages as private securitization rapidly contracted. As their importance in this market grew, the two GSEs also began to suffer billion-dollar losses, inciting concerns that they might not be able to stay solvent throughout the remainder of the crisis. On September 6, 2008, fearing the systemic consequences of the two firms’ failures, the …

The Rescue Of Fannie Mae And Freddie Mac – Module C: Gse Credit Facility, Emily Vergara

Journal of Financial Crises

In 2007 and 2008, the collapse of the subprime mortgage market and the deterioration of the housing market more generally precipitated a crisis at the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), which together held or guaranteed $5.3 trillion in mortgage assets. Over the course of two years, both entities suffered high losses and saw their liquidity positions deteriorate as the market perceived their rapid decline. On September 6, 2008, the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA), pursuant to the authority of the Housing and Economic Recovery Act (HERA) of 2008, took Fannie …

The Rescue Of American International Group Module Z: Overview, Rosalind Z. Wiggins, Aidan Lawson, Steven Kelly, Lily S. Engbith, Andrew Metrick

Journal of Financial Crises

In September 2008, in the midst of the broader financial crisis, the Federal Reserve Board of Governors used its emergency authority under Section 13(3) of the Federal Reserve Act to authorize the largest loan in its history, a $85 billion collateralized credit line to American International Group (AIG), a $1 trillion insurance and financial company that was experiencing severe liquidity strains. In connection with the loan, the government received an equity interest representing 79.9% of the company’s ownership. AIG continued to experience a depressed stock price, asset devaluations, and the risk of ratings downgrades leading to questions about its solvency. …

The Rescue Of American International Group Module E: Maiden Lane Iii, Lily S. Engbith, Devyn Jeffereis

Journal of Financial Crises

Starting in mid-2007, American International Group (AIG) faced increasing collateral calls from counterparties looking to protect their positions in credit default swap (CDS) contracts that AIG had written on residential and commercial collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) (US COP 2010, 28-30). Per these agreements, the AIG parent company was responsible for insuring the value of the CDOs against the risk of a negative credit event, such as default (GAO 2011, 5; US COP 2010, 29-30). AIG’s immediate need for liquidity on September 16, largely driven by a securities lending program and those collateral calls, prompted the Federal Reserve to lend the …

The Rescue Of American International Group Module D: Maiden Lane Ii, Lily S. Engbith, Devyn Jeffereis

Journal of Financial Crises

In September 2008, American International Group (AIG) faced increasing difficulty in returning cash collateral to counterparties looking to terminate, rather than roll over, their securities lending agreements, in part because the company had invested the collateral in residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS), which were becoming illiquid. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York (FRBNY) provided liquidity to the company, including through the Securities Borrowing Facility (SBF), which allowed for the repayment of cash collateral but did not address the falling values of the RMBS. In November 2008, the Federal Reserve Board authorized the creation of Maiden Lane II (ML II), a …

The Rescue Of American International Group Module C: Aig Investment Program, Alec Buchholtz, Aidan Lawson

Journal of Financial Crises

In September 2008, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (FRBNY) extended an $85 billion credit line to AIG to address its liquidity stresses, but AIG’s balance sheet remained under pressure. The insurance giant was projected to report large third-quarter losses and was at risk of being downgraded by major credit rating agencies. For these reasons, in early November 2008, the US Treasury invested $40 billion of Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP) funds into AIG in exchange for 4 million shares of AIG Series D preferred stock and a warrant to purchase AIG common stock. The investment helped repay a …

The Rescue Of American International Group Module B: The Securities Borrowing Facility, Lily S. Engbith, Alec Buchholtz, Devyn Jeffereis

Journal of Financial Crises

In 2008, American International Group (AIG) was among the largest insurance corporations in the world and maintained a profitable securities lending program. However, AIG invested much of the cash collateral received from counterparties in residential mortgage-backed securities, whose value began to collapse rapidly and unexpectedly, creating liquidity strain for AIG when borrowers returned their securities. Because of these strains, credit downgrades, and losses, in September, the company sought assistance from the Federal Reserve which, on October 6, 2008, approved the establishment of the Securities Borrowing Facility by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (FRBNY). The FRBNY agreed to loan …

Stress Tests And Policy, Greg Feldberg, Andrew Metrick

Journal of Financial Crises

Ten years after the Federal Reserve’s crisis-era bank stress test, it is time to recalibrate the stress tests for “peacetime.” Outside of a crisis, supervisors should tailor stress tests to focus on their comparative advantages by taking a macroprudential focus, with severe scenarios that enable them to learn about emerging risks in both traditional and shadow banking sectors. In peacetime, also, supervisors should emphasize risk- management practices and be wary of forcing rapid changes in capital levels for individual banks, while linking stress-test results with countercyclical capital buffers across the system.

Mobility Pattern Changes In Indonesia In Response To Covid-19, Setia Pramana, Yuniarti Yuniarti, Dede Yoga Paramartha, Satria Bagus Panuntun

Economics and Finance in Indonesia

All countries affected by the COVID-19 pandemic have established several policies to control the spread of the disease. The government of Indonesia has enforced a work-from-home policy and large-scale social restrictions in most regions that result in the changes in community mobility in various categories of places. This study aims to (1) investigate the impact of large-scale restrictions on provincial-level mobility in Indonesia, (2) categorize provinces based on mobility patterns, and (3) investigate regional socio-economic characteristics that may lead to different mobility patterns. This study utilized Provincial-level Google Mobility Index, Flight data scraped from daily web, and regional characteristics (e.g., …

Small Business Debt Financing: The Effect Of Lender Structural Complexity., Jaume Franquesa, David Vera

Business Administration Faculty Scholarship

Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) depend on a large measure on commercial banks for external capital, and US SMEs are increasingly experiencing bank credit constraints and resorting to costly alternatives. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of lender organizational complexity on SME financing shortfalls. In particular, it examines the credit shortage effects associated with the SME's reliance on bank holding company (BHC) owned, as opposed to independent, lenders.

An Ethnological Analysis Of The Influence Of Mobile Money On Financial Inclusion: The Case Of Urban Zambia, Edna Kabala, Rosemary Mapoma, Chitimba Nalutongwe, Diana Muyani, John Lungu

Zambia Social Science Journal

The issue of access to financial products has been a public policy issue since 2005 when the first FinScope Zambia study was conducted. The 2015 study indicated that 40.7% of adults were financially excluded. This article investigates the influence of mobile money on financial inclusion using urban Kitwe and Kalulushi as case studies. We employ an ethnographic methodology to understand the extent to which mobile money has encouraged the unbanked population to access financial products and services. The findings indicate that mobile money has a positive influence on financial inclusion. It is easier to open accounts with mobile money kiosks …

Three Essays On Empirical Asset Pricing, Xueying Bian

Dissertations and Theses Collection (Open Access)

The dissertation consists of three essays on empirical asset pricing. The first chapter proposes a novel inter-firm link - similar employee satisfaction. Based on the employee satisfaction data on Glassdoor, the returns of similar employee satisfaction (SES) firms are documented to predict focal firm stock returns. A long-short portfolio sorted on the lagged returns of SES firms yields the Fama-French six-factor alpha of 135 bps per month. The observed predictability cannot be explained by risk-based arguments or subsumed by other known inter-firm momentums. According to the international tests, we observe stronger return predictability in countries with more flexible labor markets. …

Information Processing Costs And Corporate Tax Avoidance: Evidence From The Sec’S Xbrl Mandate, Jeff Z. Chen, Hyun Hong, Jeong-Bon Kim, Ji Woo Ryou

School of Economics and Finance Faculty Publications

The IRS uses information contained in financial statements as well as tax returns to detect tax avoidance behavior. We examine the impact on corporate tax avoidance behavior of reductions in the IRS’s information processing costs resulting from the mandatory adoption of XBRL for financial reporting. Motivated by the recent debate in the U.S. Congress over the cost-benefit of mandatory XBRL reporting for small firms, we pay particular attention to small firms, which inherently have relatively high information frictions. We find that the adoption of XBRL for financial reporting results in a significant decrease in tax avoidance. We further find …

Organizational Resources, Country Institutions, And National Culture Behind Firm Survival And Growth During Covid-19, Yu Liu, Mike W. Peng, Zuobao Wei, Jian Xu, Lixin Colin Xu

School of Economics and Finance Faculty Publications

This paper provides one of the first comprehensive and most updated studies on the effects of firms’ organizational resources, country institutions, and national culture on the survival and growth of private firms around the world during the COVID-19 pandemic. Analyzing World Bank Enterprise Follow-up Surveys on COVID-19 that cover 18,770 firms in 36 countries, the paper documents four sets of findings. (1) During the pandemic, firms with favorable organizational resources (state ownership and affiliation with parent companies) are more likely to survive and grow, whereas firms with foreign ownership or more financial obstacles are less likely to survive or grow. …

A Hybrid Equity Release Plan For Retirement Financing, Koon Shing Kwong, Yiu Kuen Tse, Junxing Chay

Research Collection School Of Economics

There are two main equity release plans for retirement financing: reverse mortgage plan and home reversion plan. Both plans entitle the homeowners not only to release cash from their properties but also to allow them living there for life. In the lease buyback scheme (LBS) recently introduced in Singapore, the home owner sells the tail-end of the property lease to the government in exchange for a cash payment upfront. Unlike the two main equity release plans, the LBS only allows the owner to stay in the property for the front part of the lease but not for life.

In this …

Earnings Momentum Meets Short-Term Return Reversal, Zhaobo Zhu, Licheng Sun, Jun Tu, Jun Tu

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of a joint strategy that exploits fundamental-based momentum and return-based reversal anomalies. This joint strategy is motivated by two considerations. First, reversal can serve as a natural hedge to momentum. Second, both fundamental and price-related information can contribute to stock return predictability. Consequently, we propose a new joint strategy that synthesises both earnings momentum and short-term reversal. We find that this joint strategy generates considerable economic gains and outperforms the sum of profits from two individual anomalies. Moreover, the proposed strategy appears to be quite robust, generating stable and persistent profits across different market conditions.

Monetary And Fiscal Policies In The Covid-19 Crisis. Will They Work?, Daniel Lacalle

Journal of New Finance

The spread and mortality rate of the COVID-19 virus has created enormous strains on global healthcare systems and driven governments to take extreme measures to contain the virus, including the lock down of most citizens and shutting down most economic sectors. Due to these unique challenges and coming from an economy that was weak already in 2018 and 2019, the world faces a global crisis of unprecedented impact and high uncertainty about the recovery process. In this paper, we analyze how the world economy is addressing the COVID-19 pandemic. We start with the situation of the main economic regions at …

Fiscal Sustainability In Indonesia With Asymmetry, Mohamad Ikhsan, I Gede Sthitaprajna Virananda

Economics and Finance in Indonesia

The management of fiscal balance determines public debt sustainability, where a positive response of primary balance towards the debt ratio indicates a sustainable path. However, there might be asymmetry in the government's fiscal management between different phases of the debt trajectory and business cycle. This study examines the sustainability of fiscal imbalance and public debt in Indonesia using the fiscal reaction function with annual fiscal data from 1976 to 2019. We incorporate asymmetry by decomposing the lagged debt ratio and cyclical output variables into their positive and negative partial sums. We find that Indonesia's fiscal imbalance is on a path …

Factors To Improve Fishery Household Welfare: Empirical Analysis Of Indonesia, Bayu Rhamadani Wicaksono, Yuniarti Yuniarti, Dede Yoga Paramartha

Economics and Finance in Indonesia

This study attempts to verify the linkage between the characteristics of fishers and the welfare of fishery household in Indonesia, which is explained by the surplus obtained by fishers. Based on the empirical results using multiple linear regression analysis, variables with significant impacts on improving the welfare of fishery household in Indonesia in both marine and inland open water fisheries are fishing gear, number of fishers, number of crew, salary, province, age, gender, education level, processed storage, transportation, and market target. Furthermore, the characteristics of fishers are divided into similarities and differences. Observed from the similarities, the main fishers play …

العوامل التنظيمية لهيكل الإدارة المالية في المؤسسات الحكومية واثره على التدفقات النقدية في البيانات المحاسبية, حيدر عباس الجنابي, رضوان الشغري, خولة جحيل زكيم

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

تناولت الدراسة واقع العوامل التنظيمية للإدارة المالية في المؤسسات الحكومية والتي تعد مطلباً مهماً لنجاح المؤسسة الحكومية من خلال تقديم إطار عملي لربط العوامل المنظمة لهيكل الإدارة المالية داخل المؤسسة الحكومية , بغية الوقوف على واقع الإدارة المالية في المؤسسات الحكومية وهو ما انفردت به الدراسة من أجل تأشير عدد من المؤشرات التي من الممكن تكون انطلاقة للتطوير إن الحركية المستمرة لمتغيرات البيئة المالية وتأثيراتها في أنشطة المؤسسات الحكومية مجتمع الدراسة, اذ تبين أهمية العلاقة بين المتغيرات المالية والعوامل التنظيمية متمثلة بالمتغيرات (الداخلية والخارجية) وأثر انعكاسات تلك العلاقة سوف يؤدي إلى تعزيز مكانة المنظمة من الناحية المالية ، ولمحدودية الدراسات …

دور الابداع المحاسبي في تشجيع الاستثمار الاجنبي وتحقيق التنمية المستدامة دراسة تطبيقية في عينة من المصارف العراقية المدرجة في سوق العراق للأوراق المالية, موج عباس جاسم, امجد كريم غضب, عباس هادي كاطع

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

يهدف البحث الى معرفة الدور الذي يمارسه الابداع المحاسبي في تحسين صورة القوائم المالية بالشكل الذي يساعد في جذب الاستثمارات الخارجية والذي يؤدي الى زيادة رؤوس الاموال وتحقيق التنمية المستدامة ، ولغرض تحقيق ذلك تم تطبيق البحث على عينة من المصارف العراقية في سوق المال للسنوات المالية (2013-2018) من خلال تحليل مقدار الابداعات المحاسبية ومعرفة نمو رأس المال المستثمر خلال نفس الفترة وتم من خلال ذلك تحقيق اهداف البحث واختبار الفرضية . واهم ما توصل اليه البحث يتمثل بان الابداع المحاسبي يؤدي دورا فاعلا في تغيير نظرة المستخدمين الخارجيين على التقارير المالية المقدمة من قبل المصارف العراقية فضلا عن تحسين …

الشغف الاستراتيجي ودوره في بناء المنظمات الريادية دراسة تطبيقية في المستشفيات الاهلية في محافظة النجف الاشرف, هاشم فوزي العبادي, حوراء رشيد الموسوي

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

الغرض: بدأ الشغف الاستراتيجي في الآونة الأخيرة في جذب عدد متزايد من الباحثين على الرغم من وجود عدد قليل من الدراسات المنهجية، إلا أن ظاهرة الشغف سائدة بين رواد الأعمال وهذه دعوة لإجراء دراسات تجريبية ومنهجية من الشغف الاستراتيجي في ريادة الأعمال لتقديم رؤى للممارسة حيث يهدف البحث إلى تطبيق الشغف الاستراتيجي لبناء منظمات ريادية. التصميم ، المنهجية ، النهج : باستخدام مقاربة نوعية في دراسة تطبيقية المتعمقة، تمت دراسة مستشفيات أهلية تعدُّ من المشاريع المتطورة في القطاع الصحي في محافظة النجف الأشرف. النتائج : تشير النتائج بقوة إلى أن أسس بناء منظمات ريادية على مستوى المؤسسات الصحية تتطلب شغف …

إمكانية تقديم منتجات ثورية من خلال تبني استراتيجية المحيط الازرق دارسة تحليلية لآراء الموزعين في شركة ابل في العراق, عمار عواد عمار عواد محمد, ثامر ثامر حواس, ثامر عكاب حواس

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

تهدف الدراسة الى تحديد اثر تبني استراتيجية المحيط الأزرق في دعم تقديم منتجات ثورية لدى شركة ابل، وتتمحور مشكلة الدراسة بأن المنتجات الثورية بوصفها بديلا عمليا للتخلص من المنافسة المحتدمة بين المنظمات (وان كان في المدى القصير) لا يمكن التوصل اليها الا من خلال صياغة وتبني استراتيجية شاملة ومتكاملة من قبل الإدارة العليا في المنظمة كاستراتيجية المحيط الأزرق، وقد اعتمدت الدراسة مخطط افتراضي حددت من خلاله فرضياتها لبلوغ اهدافها واستخدم المنهج الوصفي والتحليلي من اجل بلوغ النتائج، والاستبانة بوصفها اداة رئيسة في جمع البيانات والمعلومات المتعلقة بالجانب الميداني من الدراسة، وجرى اختيار شركة ابل ميدانياً للدراسة واختبار فروضها، وتم استطلاع …

محددات النمو الاقتصادي في العراق : دراسة قياسية للمدة (1970- 2016), حيدر طالب موسى, كريم سالم حسين

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

أخذ موضوع النمو والتنمية الأقتصادية حيزاً كبيراً من الأهمية في العقود الاخيرة سواء على مستوى التنظير الأقتصادي والبحوث العلمية والأكاديمية أو على مستوى الهيئات والمؤسسات الدولية العالمية أو على مستوى الدول وتوجهاتها الأقتصادية، فالنمو الأقتصادي كظاهرة عامة هو وسيلة لتحقيق مختلف الأغراض لهذا فأن معظم الدول تسعى الى تعظيم معدل النمو أو على الأقل تحسينه بأدخال كل الشروط التي تفرضها التنمية الاقتصادية . فالنمو الأقتصادي يبقى الهاجس الأساسي لمختلف الأنظمة من جهة وللأفراد من جهة أخرى فهو على رأس أهداف السياسات الأقتصادية كونه يمثل الخلاصة المادية للجهود الأقتصادية وغير الأقتصادية المبذولة في المجتمع.

دور التدقيق الالكتروني في التحقق من اسس ومداخل القياس المحاسبي للأدوات المالية عند تبني معايير الابلاغ المالي الدولية Ifrs : بحث تطبيقي في شركتي (الشركة العراقية لتصنيع وتسويق التمور ش . م . مختلطة)و(الشركة الوطنية للاستثمارات السياحية والمشاريع العقارية ش . م . مختلطة), عبد المجيد سلمان داود, سعد سلمان عواد المعيني

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

ان تنوع الاصول المالية التي تمتلكها الشركات العراقية والتي يتم قياسها وعرضها بطرق مختلفة وفقاً لتصنيف هذه الاصول وفق معايير الابلاغ المالي الدولية ، وان إعادة قياس هذه الاصول (الاسهم ) يؤثر على قائمة الدخل والمركز المالي للشركات وذلك حسب التغير في القيمة العادلة للاسهم ، لذلك يتطلب من المدقق استعمال وسائل تدقيق متعددة لغرض التحقق من القياس والعرض لهذه الاصول منها استعمال الوسائل الالكترونية في التدقيق ( التدقيق بواسطة الحاسوب) .يكمن هدف البحث الى بيان ماهية التدقيق الالكتروني وبيان وتحليل متطلبات القياس وفق معيار الابلاغ المالي الدولي(IFRS – 9) بالإضافة الى اعداد برنامج تدقيق الكتروني يساعد المدقق في التحقق …

دراسة التغيرات الهيكلية في بيئة المحاسبة كمدخل لممارسة المحاسبة الإبداعية, عبد الرحمن عبد الله الدين حبه عبد الله, محمد حسن محمد عبد الجليل

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

هدفت الدراسة الي تناول التغيرات الهيكلية في بيئة المحاسبة الداخلية والخارجية ودورها في ممارسات المحاسبة الإبداعية. وتمثلت مشكلة الدراسة في التغيرات الهيكلية في عوامل بيئة المحاسبة، والتغيرات في ضوابط سلوك وأخلاقيات المهنة وما تسببه تلك التغيرات من خلل يتم استغلاله كمدخل لممارسات المحاسبة الإبداعية. وتوصلت الدراسة الي عدم وجود علاقة ذات دلالة إحصائية بين التغيرات الهيكلية في بيئة المحاسبة وممارسات المحاسبة الإبداعية. حيث أظهرت نتائج التحليل الإحصائي للدراسة أن اقل قيمة لعبارات الفرضية الأولى حسب تحليل مربع كاي تساوي (1.035) عند درجة حرية (42)، بمستوى دلالة (.000) وهي أكبر من 0.05 ودالة إحصائياً وهو ما يؤكد صحة الفرضية “تجود علاقة …

Performance Comparison Of Neural Networks (Mlp, Rbfnn, Ernn, Jrnn) Models For Stock Prices Forecasting To Bank Of Palestine, Shady I. Altelbany, Anwar A. Abualhussein Anwar A. Abualhussein Anwar A. Abualhussein

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

This study aimed to Performance Comparison of Neural Networks (MLP, RBFNN, ERNN, JRNN) Models for the time series data of a monthly Stock Prices to Bank of Palestine from Nov. 2005 to Oct. 2020, and comparing between models to see which one is better in forecasting. The results of applying the methods were compared through the (MAPE, MAE, RMSE), the most accurate model is ERNN 14-25-1 with minimum forecast measure error.