Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Counseling Commons

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Articles 61 - 90 of 91

Full-Text Articles in Counseling

Attitudes And Action: Social Tolerance And Legal Coercion Towards Those Suffering From Schizophrenia, Fred A. Washburn, Meaghan C. Nolte Feb 2021

Attitudes And Action: Social Tolerance And Legal Coercion Towards Those Suffering From Schizophrenia, Fred A. Washburn, Meaghan C. Nolte

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This study examines stigma towards those suffering from schizophrenia on two levels: social tolerance and support for legal coercion. Recent research has found that counselors are more tolerant towards those suffering from schizophrenia than the general population (Smith & Cashwell, 2010; Smith & Cashwell, 2011; Crowe & Averett, 2015; Crowe et al., 2016). These studies have not examined support for legal coercion. Findings from this study indicate that counseling students have greater levels of social tolerance than undergraduates in other educational programs, there were no differences in social tolerance for counseling students when compared to other graduate students. No significant …


In The Gap: Peer Support Group Experiences For Post-Graduate, Pre-Licensed Counseling Candidates, Elizabeth A. Keller-Dupree, Christine N. Scott, Janet Leane Shannon, Robert L. Durham, Ashley Woltjer Aug 2020

In The Gap: Peer Support Group Experiences For Post-Graduate, Pre-Licensed Counseling Candidates, Elizabeth A. Keller-Dupree, Christine N. Scott, Janet Leane Shannon, Robert L. Durham, Ashley Woltjer

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Counselor development evolves throughout one’s professional tenure. One unique phase is the developmental gap post-graduation and pre-licensure in which counseling candidates develop an autonomous sense of self beyond the institution in which they were trained. This study sought to explore those “in the gap” experiences for eight CACREP graduates who participated in a five-session peer support group. A content-driven thematic analysis revealed (a) a feeling of disconnection and (b) a sense of disillusionment brought participants to the group, and (c) a need for homecoming, (d) a call for continued growth, and (e) a practice of empowerment were received by participants …


Aligning Cognitive Complexity Models: Bridging Development Across Educational And Supervisory Contexts, J. Scott Branson, Ashley N. Branson Aug 2020

Aligning Cognitive Complexity Models: Bridging Development Across Educational And Supervisory Contexts, J. Scott Branson, Ashley N. Branson

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Cognitive complexity is a requisite skill for mental health professionals, as they routinely face complex, ambiguous tasks such as working within an evidence based practice framework in ways that bridge clients’ subjective experiences with relevant psychotherapeutic outcome research. Multiple models for conceptualizing and promoting cognitive complexity development in educational and supervisory settings have been articulated, and the similarities across these models is striking. The purpose of this article is to: 1) introduce readers to King and Kitchener’s (1994) Reflective Judgement model of educational development and 2) demonstrate the striking alignment between the Reflective Judgement model and prominent developmental models of …


The Role Of Clinical Supervision In Treating Clients With Antisocial Personality Disorder, Edward T. Dunbar Jr., Rebecca L. Koltz, Anna Elliott, Kara M. Hurt-Avila Aug 2020

The Role Of Clinical Supervision In Treating Clients With Antisocial Personality Disorder, Edward T. Dunbar Jr., Rebecca L. Koltz, Anna Elliott, Kara M. Hurt-Avila

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Clinicians often have negative attitudes toward clients diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), which can sabotage treatment and lead to clinician burnout and job dissatisfaction. Researchers recommend clinicians receive regular clinical supervision; however, clinical supervision strategies and models related to working with ASPD are lacking. We identify supervisors’ primary task as exploring and improving clinicians’ attitudes toward clients having ASPD and examine this task within the discrimination model of clinical supervision. A case study is offered as an illustration for how to approach working with ASPD in supervision.


Phenomenological Experiences Of Masters Students With University-Based Supervisors Using A Cognitive Development Process, Natoya Hill Haskins, Katherine Hermann-Turner, Laura Pignato, Asha Moses, Kelley Olds May 2020

Phenomenological Experiences Of Masters Students With University-Based Supervisors Using A Cognitive Development Process, Natoya Hill Haskins, Katherine Hermann-Turner, Laura Pignato, Asha Moses, Kelley Olds

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

The researchers qualitatively investigated the individual supervision experiences of nine masters’ students who were supervised by university-based supervisors, who used a cognitive developmental supervision process. The participants indicated that supervisors using Deliberate Psychological Education (a) provided a supportive environment, (b) cultivated counselor identity development, (c) encouraged personal growth, and (d) offered a space for concurrent development. The authors discuss the implications and limitations for counselor educators and clinical supervisors.


Navigating Multicultural Considerations For In-Home Counselors: A Case-Study Example, Janelle M. Bettis Feb 2020

Navigating Multicultural Considerations For In-Home Counselors: A Case-Study Example, Janelle M. Bettis

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

The in-home modality is an area of counseling that has received minimal research, yet the need to serve clients within their home continues. This case-study example demonstrates an ethical dilemma that can arise relating to multicultural considerations. Frame and Williams’ (2005) Multicultural Ethical Decision-Making Model was used as the method to assess the situation and the following ethical dilemma was identified: conducting counseling sessions during religious prayer times. To clarify values within the clinical supervision triad related to multicultural identities, the Heuristic Model of Non-Oppressive Interpersonal Development (Inman & DeBoer Kreider, 2013) was also used.


Training Issues Related To Touch In Counseling, Jonathan D. Wright Feb 2020

Training Issues Related To Touch In Counseling, Jonathan D. Wright

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Touch is considered by many to be the most important of the five senses for optimal human development and has been used in healing and medical practices throughout history. Touch also plays a key role in human communication but maintains a position detached from other forms of verbal and nonverbal communication within the field of counseling. Most counselors receive little training in the role of touch in counseling, and there are no ethics codes specific to the use of touch available to guide counselors. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of historical and current issues related …


Applying Markov Chain Analysis To Supervisory Interactions, Dan Li, David K. Duys, Darcy Haag Granello Feb 2020

Applying Markov Chain Analysis To Supervisory Interactions, Dan Li, David K. Duys, Darcy Haag Granello

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

In this study, we explored transitional dynamics (i.e., movement patterns between six common supervision events) of the supervision process using transcripts of 20 actual supervision sessions in naturalistic settings. Specifically, we first proposed an events-based framework to conceptualize the supervision process. We then provided a step-by-step protocol to perform Markov chain analysis, which is an innovative and useful means to study ongoing processes. Next, we identified transitional dynamics of the entire sample and then detected statistically different verbal interactional patterns for the dyads with longer or shorter trainee experience. Results of this study provided insights on supervision process features for …


The Effect Of Affect: Krathwohl And Bloom’S Affective Domains Underutilized In Counselor Education, J Scott Nelson, Debra A. Pender, Charles E. Myers, Donna Sheperis Feb 2020

The Effect Of Affect: Krathwohl And Bloom’S Affective Domains Underutilized In Counselor Education, J Scott Nelson, Debra A. Pender, Charles E. Myers, Donna Sheperis

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Bloom's (1956) Taxonomy cognitive domains have proven useful for decades. Counselor educators are experts in affect, and yet most are unfamiliar with Bloom's affective domains that correspond to the cognitive domains. The affective domains focus on attitudes and values that can help counselor educators assist students to more successfully navigate Bloom's cognitive process by harnessing the effect of affect through combining Bloom's affective and cognitive domains. Since Bloom's cognitive domains are already widely and effectively utilized, perhaps it is time for counselor educators, the experts in affect, to use the affective domains in conjunction with the cognitive domains as initially …


Integrating Intersectionality Into Clinical Supervision: A Developmental Model Addressing Broader Definitions Of Multicultural Competence, Jennifer H. Greene, Paulina S. Flasch Nov 2019

Integrating Intersectionality Into Clinical Supervision: A Developmental Model Addressing Broader Definitions Of Multicultural Competence, Jennifer H. Greene, Paulina S. Flasch

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Intersectionality addresses multiple areas of diversity while considering areas of power, privilege, marginalization, and oppression. Intersectionality as a theory has gained recognition and utilization in multiple fields, including counseling. Intersectionality can and should be utilized in counseling supervision while maintaining a focus on the development of counselors in training. Intersectional supervision is a part of social justice work, the “fifth force” in counseling. The authors provide context for intersectionality as a theory and apply intersectionality to the multiple roles that supervisors take on in the context of supervision. Potential impact on clients is discussed. Suggestions for specific supervision techniques and …


The Validation Of The Multicultural Supervision Scale, Varunee Faii Sangganjanavanich, Yue Dang, Xin Liang Nov 2019

The Validation Of The Multicultural Supervision Scale, Varunee Faii Sangganjanavanich, Yue Dang, Xin Liang

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

The Multicultural Supervision Scale (MSS) is a self-reported instrument aimed at measuring supervisors’ multicultural supervision competencies. A total of 308 individuals completed the present study for the purpose of validating the MSS with the consideration of the influence of social desirability. Results from a confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the three-factor structure of the MSS including Supervisory Skills, Supervisors’ Attitudes and Beliefs, and Stereotypes Toward Diverse Populations. Statistical evidence suggested that the MSS, which consists of 21 self-reported items, demonstrated a moderate level of internal consistency and validity of its construct. Directions for future research and implications to clinical supervision and …


Increasing The Use Of Evidence-Based Practices In Counseling: Cbt As A Supervision Modality In Private Practice Mental Health, Jerome Fischer, Diana M. Mendez Nov 2019

Increasing The Use Of Evidence-Based Practices In Counseling: Cbt As A Supervision Modality In Private Practice Mental Health, Jerome Fischer, Diana M. Mendez

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This paper demonstrates how Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) supervision can be applied in a private practice mental health setting. The CBT model of supervision is a good fit for a private practice mental health setting because of its action orientation and empirical grounding. The CBT modality meets the challenges of a private practice mental health setting since it is appropriate for the types of issues presented by clients in counseling. While CBT is an effective therapy to use for supervision and counseling in a private practice mental health setting, it is recommended that mental health practitioners expand their professional identity …


Parallel Process Of Professional Identity Development During Clinical Supervision, Nancy E. Thacker, Joel F. Diambra Aug 2019

Parallel Process Of Professional Identity Development During Clinical Supervision, Nancy E. Thacker, Joel F. Diambra

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Counselors-in-training (CITs) and counselor educators-in-training (CEITs) have a similar need to develop professional identities that are genuine to self and congruent with the counseling and counselor education professions. As CITs and CEITs enter their respective professional roles, they experience a parallel process of professional identity development (PID). This parallel process can be used as a tool to promote PID during clinical supervision. The authors will explore the PID processes of CITs and CEITs, consider their mutual influence on each other’s growth in clinical supervision, and provide a case study application with suggestions for supervision practice that fosters mutual PID.


Mental Health Professionals’ Attitudes Toward Clients With Antisocial Personality Disorder: An Exploratory Study, Edward T. Dunbar Jr., Shari M. Sias, Stephen Leierer, William L. Atherton, Robert J. Campbell, Lloyd R. Goodwin Jr Aug 2019

Mental Health Professionals’ Attitudes Toward Clients With Antisocial Personality Disorder: An Exploratory Study, Edward T. Dunbar Jr., Shari M. Sias, Stephen Leierer, William L. Atherton, Robert J. Campbell, Lloyd R. Goodwin Jr

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This exploratory study examined mental health professionals’ attitudes toward clients with antisocial personality disorder. Specifically, are mental health professionals’ attitudes influenced by (a) personal experiences with criminal victimization, or (b) contact with clients with antisocial personality disorder. A factorial MANOVA and follow-up univariate ANOVAs revealed a statistically significant main effect in relation to participants’ level of clinical contact with clients having antisocial personality disorder. Participants with higher levels of clinical contact were associated with more positive attitudes towards clients. Implications for mental health professionals, supervisors, and counselor educators are discussed, and suggestions for future research are provided.


Gatekeeping In Master’S Level Rehabilitation Counseling Programs: An Exploratory Study, Allison Levine, Connie Sung, Alicia Strain May 2019

Gatekeeping In Master’S Level Rehabilitation Counseling Programs: An Exploratory Study, Allison Levine, Connie Sung, Alicia Strain

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

The current study explores attitudes and procedures of gatekeeping in rehabilitation counseling programs. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the current study explores underlying causes for a lack of gatekeeping discussion and action in rehabilitation counseling. Rehabilitation educators and program directors from both CORE and CACREP-accredited rehabilitation counseling programs participated in the online Gatekeeping Attitudes and Procedures Survey (GAPS). Results indicate that, while attitudes towards gatekeeping were positive, programs lack formalized procedures. TPB aids in understanding that attitudes towards gatekeeping may not influence educator behavior on the matter. Implications include further research into this area to better understand the …


Exploring The Experiences Of Supervisors And Supervisees Who Engaged In Bilingual Supervision, Anna Lopez, Ivelisse Torres-Fernandez Feb 2019

Exploring The Experiences Of Supervisors And Supervisees Who Engaged In Bilingual Supervision, Anna Lopez, Ivelisse Torres-Fernandez

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This qualitative phenomenological study explored the experiences of clinical supervisors and supervisees who engaged in bilingual supervision. Five supervisors and five supervisees were recruited utilizing purposive and snowball sampling strategies and were interviewed using a semi-structured interview protocol. Findings of this study focused primarily on the challenges and benefits associated with engaging in bilingual supervision. Main findings included the lack of formal training in bilingual counseling and supervision. Implications for training programs highlighted the need for continuous support of bilingual training programs, in particular, the development of both multicultural and linguistic competencies.


Supervision Development And Working Alliance: A Survey Of Counseling Supervisors, Serey Bright, Amanda M. Evans Feb 2019

Supervision Development And Working Alliance: A Survey Of Counseling Supervisors, Serey Bright, Amanda M. Evans

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This study explored the relationship between supervisor development and supervisor working alliance. Participants included counseling supervisors from professional counseling organizations. Data analysis showed positive correlations between working alliance and supervisor development. Regression results supported a significant relationship between the working alliance subscale of Client Focus and increased supervisor development. Recommendations for counselor supervisors and researchers are provided.


Developing A Pre-Practicum Environment For Beginning Counselors: Growing My Counselor Educator Self, Logan M. Lamprecht, Sneha Pitre Dec 2018

Developing A Pre-Practicum Environment For Beginning Counselors: Growing My Counselor Educator Self, Logan M. Lamprecht, Sneha Pitre

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This paper is a narrative of the challenges experienced as a faculty member in an attempt to transform the existing educational model for how school and clinical mental health counselors are trained to enter field-based clinical experiences with students and clients. The author shares the pre-practicum laboratory training as an important step towards the growth of a counselor both personally and professionally. The laboratory training addresses aspects of student anxiety and self-efficacy with relation to live supervision with use of technology, nature of feedback, reflective journaling, reflective teams, and process group experiences as pedagogical adjuncts to enhance the training and …


Collaborative Gatekeeping Between Site Supervisors And Mental Health Counseling Faculty, Christian Dean, Sarah E. Stewart-Spencer, Anne Cabanilla, Dale V. Wayman, Mindy Heher Dec 2018

Collaborative Gatekeeping Between Site Supervisors And Mental Health Counseling Faculty, Christian Dean, Sarah E. Stewart-Spencer, Anne Cabanilla, Dale V. Wayman, Mindy Heher

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

This study examined collaborative gatekeeping practices of CACREP-accredited (2001 and 2009 standards) mental health counseling programs and fieldwork site supervisors. A total of 28 programs participated in the study exploring site supervisor collaboration with fieldwork faculty when a problematic trainee is terminated, dismissed, or fired from a fieldwork site. Results indicate that a lack of clear policies for managing problem fieldwork trainees may leave counselor educators uncertain about appropriate follow-up actions. Recommendations for future studies include replicating this study using a larger sample size, studying this topic and population using qualitative methods, and surveying the perspective of site supervisors.


Ethical Concerns When Supervising Spanish-English Bilingual Counselors: Suggestions For Practice, Vanessa M. Perry, Shari M. Sias Oct 2018

Ethical Concerns When Supervising Spanish-English Bilingual Counselors: Suggestions For Practice, Vanessa M. Perry, Shari M. Sias

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

To best serve Latino clients, counselor educators and supervisors must ensure counselors receives adequate training and practice in cultural competence. 5is article presents an overview of the needs of Spanish English bilingual (SEB) counselors, a case study that illustrates SEB counselors common concerns, and addressed three fundamental ethical questions: (a) Should supervisors be pro6cient in the language their supervisees are serving clients? (b) What constitutes su4cient cultural competence when supervisors oversee service to clients who are culturally diverse and do not speak English? (c) How can supervisors and counselor educators best support supervisees linguistically and culturally nuanced practice?


An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis Of Doctoral Counselor Education Students' Experience Of Receiving Cybersupervision, Sara Bender, Deborah J. Rubel, Cass Dykeman Oct 2018

An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis Of Doctoral Counselor Education Students' Experience Of Receiving Cybersupervision, Sara Bender, Deborah J. Rubel, Cass Dykeman

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Cybersupervision with counselor education doctoral students is an understudied practice. This phenomenological study explored five doctoral-level counselor education supervisees’ lived experiences engaging in cybersupervision, Their experiences, which were embedded in their converging professional roles, included skepticism and anxiety, learning and growth in their relationship with supervisors, and unique context-dependent meaning making. Limitations and implications for practice and future research are discussed.


Cognitive Complexity In Counseling And Counselor Education: A Systematic And Critical Review, Jaime H. Castillo Oct 2018

Cognitive Complexity In Counseling And Counselor Education: A Systematic And Critical Review, Jaime H. Castillo

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Cognitive complexity has found a small yet established niche in the counseling and counselor education literature over the last 40 years. This body of research has highlighted how individuals with high cognitive complexity have greater consistency in empathy, show more varied responses to clients, demonstrate greater toleration of ambiguity, and show higher frequencies of unbiased clinical judgements towards clients. This article provides a systematic and critical review of the cognitive complexity literature and discusses future implications of cultivating cognitive complexity in emerging and professional counselors and supervisors.


Building A Consensus Of The Professional Dispositions Of Counseling Students, Jeffrey K. Christensen, Charles A. Dickerman, Cort Dorn-Medeiros Oct 2018

Building A Consensus Of The Professional Dispositions Of Counseling Students, Jeffrey K. Christensen, Charles A. Dickerman, Cort Dorn-Medeiros

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Professional dispositions expected of counseling students has been a contested area within the counseling profession, and students challenging dismissal decisions have put counseling programs at risk of litigation. To better guide counseling programs’ evaluation and remediation efforts, the authors used a content analysis to investigate the most recurring professional dispositions of master’s level counseling students listed within student retention policies, evaluations and rubrics of CACREP accredited counseling programs (n=224). The most common dispositional themes included; Openness to Growth, Awareness of Self and Others, Emotional Stability, Integrity, Flexibility, Compassion, and Personal Style. Implications for how the disposition themes can assist in …


Perceptions Of Self-Disclosure Impacting The Supervisory Relationship And Recognizing Countertransference, Melissa Alvarez Torres, Jessica Elizabeth Wilinski Jun 2018

Perceptions Of Self-Disclosure Impacting The Supervisory Relationship And Recognizing Countertransference, Melissa Alvarez Torres, Jessica Elizabeth Wilinski

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

Clinical supervision is an essential component in a social work student’s education and development in the field. Social work students should feel comfortable with their clinical supervisors in order to appropriately self-disclose during supervision and gain the ability to recognize countertransference when working with clients. The significance of this is that students should be aware of their feelings and learn how to process these reactions during supervision. A mixed methods approach was utilized, surveying and interviewing students and clinical supervisors affiliated with California State University, San Bernardino. A Pearson correlation coefficient was conducted to determine the relationship between the strength …


Counseling The Military Population: The Factor Of Prior Military Exposure For Counselors-In-Training, Kellie E. Forziat, Nicole M. Arcuri, Chelsea Erb May 2018

Counseling The Military Population: The Factor Of Prior Military Exposure For Counselors-In-Training, Kellie E. Forziat, Nicole M. Arcuri, Chelsea Erb

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Counselors must learn to ethically work with all cultures. This article explores how both counselors-in-training with prior military culture exposure and those with none can be trained to effectively counsel individuals from this culture. Additionally, the article highlights strategies for counselor educators on how to meet both groups’ learning needs.


Clinical Supervisors' Knowledge Of Supervisees With Problems Of Professional Competency, Maribeth Jorgensen, Kathleen Brown-Rice, Seth D. Olson May 2018

Clinical Supervisors' Knowledge Of Supervisees With Problems Of Professional Competency, Maribeth Jorgensen, Kathleen Brown-Rice, Seth D. Olson

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

In this exploratory study, the authors surveyed clinical supervisors (n = 138) regarding their knowledge of their supervisees’ problems of professional competency (PPC). Findings suggest the majority have observed a supervisee with PPC working towards licensure. Further, those that have supervised a supervisee with PPC have been negatively impacted by these interactions (e.g., increased their workload, increased their stress).


Fall 2017 Complete Issue, Journal Of Counselor Preparation And Supervision Oct 2017

Fall 2017 Complete Issue, Journal Of Counselor Preparation And Supervision

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

No abstract provided.


Exploring Internship Experiences Of Counselors-In-Training Through Pinterest: A Consensual Analysis, Jeffrey M. Warren, Mark Schwarze Oct 2017

Exploring Internship Experiences Of Counselors-In-Training Through Pinterest: A Consensual Analysis, Jeffrey M. Warren, Mark Schwarze

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Field placements are one component of essentially all counselor education programs. However, little is known about the lived experiences of counselors-in-training enrolled in internship. Over the course of a semester, students enrolled in internship submitted images and comment to an on-line pinboard (Pinterest) to describe their weekly field placement experiences. Consensual qualitative research was utilized in this study to analyze the submissions and to better understand counseling students’ experiences during internship. Findings are presented and implications for counselor educators are discussed.


Expert Clinical Supervisors’ Descriptions Of Easy And Challenging Supervisees, Gulsah Kemer, L. Dianne Borders Phd Jun 2017

Expert Clinical Supervisors’ Descriptions Of Easy And Challenging Supervisees, Gulsah Kemer, L. Dianne Borders Phd

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Expert supervisors provided descriptions of what made two of their recent supervisees easy or challenging. Content analysis revealed seven categories of experts’ descriptions for those supervisees. Supervision behaviors, clinical competencies, traits and personal background, and self-awareness/self-reflectivity categories were the most frequently reported categories, regardless of the supervisee being easy or challenging. Comparisons of the seven categories did not yield significant differences in their frequencies for the easy and challenging supervisees. Importantly, the experts appeared to rely on objective (observable) rather than subjective assessments of their supervisees, whether easy or challenging. Limitations and implications for future research and practice are discussed.


Differences In Perceptions Of Supervisee Contribution: Supervisors’ Vs. Supervisees’ Evaluations, Marcella D. Stark, Kelly Greggerson Jun 2016

Differences In Perceptions Of Supervisee Contribution: Supervisors’ Vs. Supervisees’ Evaluations, Marcella D. Stark, Kelly Greggerson

Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision

Supervisees’ behaviors contribute to or detract from effective supervision. The purpose of this study was to compare supervisors’ evaluations of supervisee contribution behaviors with that of supervisees’ self-assessments using the Adapted Supervisee Utilization Rating Form (SURF). Statistically significant differences in the ratings indicate that supervisors perceive their supervisees as more proactive and open than supervisees perceive themselves. To create a milieu in which supervisees feel safe enough to share their work with supervisors and encourage supervisees to take initiative in their own learning, the researchers make the following recommendations: (1) following ACES best practices for monitoring and assessing supervisees, (2) …