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Articles 151 - 180 of 319
Full-Text Articles in Counseling
Addressing Supervisee Anxiety During Covid-19: Applying Models Of Supervision, Deedre N. C. Mitchell, Denise B. Ebersole, Laura E. Martin
Addressing Supervisee Anxiety During Covid-19: Applying Models Of Supervision, Deedre N. C. Mitchell, Denise B. Ebersole, Laura E. Martin
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Graduate counseling supervisees are experiencing unprecedented obstacles, compounding stressors, and heightened anxiety amidst the global COVID-19 pandemic. If not addressed, excessive anxiety can impede professional growth and limit the competence of future counselors. While theoretical-based models of supervision exist, the application of such models has not been fully explored in relation to addressing supervisee anxiety. Prompt and pointed action is needed from counseling supervisors, who are professionally and ethically responsible for training future counselors and the gatekeeping process. Three supervision models, including the Integrative Developmental Model, Solution-Focused Supervision, and Cognitive-Behavioral Supervision, are utilized to address heightened anxiety among counseling supervisees. …
Students’ Experiences Of In-Person And Online Clinical Residencies: A Qualitative Study, Kathleen Ruscitto, Macie Stead, Corinne W. Bridges, Casey Baker
Students’ Experiences Of In-Person And Online Clinical Residencies: A Qualitative Study, Kathleen Ruscitto, Macie Stead, Corinne W. Bridges, Casey Baker
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Online counselor education programs have continued to grow in popularity. There is limited current research about residency experiences of counseling students. The coronavirus pandemic has forced counselor educators to move traditionally face to face residencies to the online platform. Our study explores the experiences of counseling students who attended both online and face to face residency using an in-depth phenomenological interviewing. Four major themes emerged including (a) self-care, (b) faculty interactions, (c) student connections, and (d) counselor identity and future practice. One narrative highlights the participant’s experiences.
From Readiness To Action: Social Justice Training In Practicum, Steven J. Moody, Justin D. Lauka, Amanda K. Mccarthy
From Readiness To Action: Social Justice Training In Practicum, Steven J. Moody, Justin D. Lauka, Amanda K. Mccarthy
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Social justice is an imperative within counseling and is recognized through the American Counseling Association's code of ethics, nationally endorsed competencies, and the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. The authors completed a phenomenological study exploring the experience of five master’s-level counseling students in their practicum course relative to their development of a socially just counseling approach. The authors identified themes to provide a textural-structural description of how students experienced the transition towards social action. Moving from readiness to action encompassed previous experiences, the learning community, and change agents including awareness, responsibility, motivation, and comfort. Implications for …
Integrating Psychosocial Oncology Into The Counseling Curriculum, Andrew Wood, Alexandra Mott, Jessica Gonzalez-Voller
Integrating Psychosocial Oncology Into The Counseling Curriculum, Andrew Wood, Alexandra Mott, Jessica Gonzalez-Voller
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
With nearly two million new cancer diagnoses estimated in 2021 alone, counselors and counselors in training should have some knowledge of the mental health impact that cancer has on individuals and families. The authors of this manuscript present a review of established psychosocial oncology training in other fields and ways to infuse the topic of psychosocial oncology, including how it pertains to working within integrated care teams, into the counseling curriculum via one course or infusion into curriculum to better train counselors to provide their unique contributions to the care of individuals with cancer and their families.
The Effects Of Covid-19 On Counselor-In-Training Resilience: A Case Study, Anthony L. Suarez, Alishia Elliott, Bonni A. Behrend, Chris L. Carver
The Effects Of Covid-19 On Counselor-In-Training Resilience: A Case Study, Anthony L. Suarez, Alishia Elliott, Bonni A. Behrend, Chris L. Carver
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Contemporary literature in counseling suggests that resilience is a protective factor in preventing burnout among counselors and counselors-in-training. The strategies that counseling students have historically relied on to learn resilient habits have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, but the implications for students are still unknown. This qualitative case study examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on 17 counselors-in-training, their adjustments through a resilience lens, and students’ perspectives on the response of their program in support of pandemic-related challenges. Findings of the current study pinpoint specific causes of counseling students’ psychological distress, as well as the social and academic …
Engaged Trauma Training Through Role-Play Observations During Covid-19, Emily Horton, Claudia G. Interiano-Shiverdecker, Crystal L. Hughes, Mica Stumpf
Engaged Trauma Training Through Role-Play Observations During Covid-19, Emily Horton, Claudia G. Interiano-Shiverdecker, Crystal L. Hughes, Mica Stumpf
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
This phenomenological investigation explored counselors'-in-training experiences while observing role-plays of trauma-specific cases. Three themes emerged: (a) learning to be a trauma counselor, (b) growth as counselors-in-training, and (c) connection and engagement through multiple delivery methods. The findings from this study showed that observing role-plays can be an efficacious teaching approach in trauma counseling courses. Findings also suggest that integrating role-plays into trauma curricula helped students understand the complexity of trauma, increase self-competency, self-efficacy, and emotional intelligence, and engage with the content in face-to-face and online formats. The authors provide a further discussion on implications for counselor education and …
Utilizing Self-Determination Theory In Teaching The Research And Evaluation Course, Terence Yee, Rachel P. Smith
Utilizing Self-Determination Theory In Teaching The Research And Evaluation Course, Terence Yee, Rachel P. Smith
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Research is an important component in counselor preparation. However, students often are not motivated in taking the research course. The author explores and applies the Self-Determination Theory (SDT; Ryan & Deci, 2000) to teaching the research and evaluation course. Self-Determination Theory posits that student will be autonomously motivated to learn when basic needs of autonomy, relatedness, and competence are present in the classroom. Strategies to increase all three basic needs are discussed in this paper.
Person-Centered Approach To Introduce Working With Clients Who Sexually Offend, Jessie Huebner
Person-Centered Approach To Introduce Working With Clients Who Sexually Offend, Jessie Huebner
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Individuals who have sexually offended and individuals who are sexually attracted to minors are often met with adversity, even by those in the helping profession. Currently counselor educators have limited guidance on the need, benefits, and potential approaches for introducing counselor trainees to working with this client population. A person-centered approach to teaching, in which the instructor communicates unconditional positive regard, empathetic understanding, and congruence to their students is presented, Potential benefits to trainees and their future clients are identified.
Grief Content Inclusion In Cacrep-Accredited Counselor Education Programs, Laura S. Wheat, Jennifer J. Matthews, Peggy P. Whiting
Grief Content Inclusion In Cacrep-Accredited Counselor Education Programs, Laura S. Wheat, Jennifer J. Matthews, Peggy P. Whiting
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
This study investigated how counselor educators (n = 61) integrated grief content in accredited counselor education programs, characteristics of the course in which grief is taught, and professional background of faculty members. Most participants endorsed general content items (e.g., reactions to loss), grief theories (e.g., stages/phases of grief), and practice considerations (e.g., self-care). Additionally, results indicated grief-focused courses were mostly elective (n = 23; 85.19%), facilitated face-to-face (n = 18; 66.67%) and taught by counselor educators influenced by significant personal loss (n = 18, 78.26%). Results demonstrated a lack of professional affiliation with grief-related organizations, professional …
The Influence Of Race/Ethnicity, Gender, Age, Social Support, Religion/Spirituality, And Occupational History On The Total Wellness Of Counseling Practicum Graduate Students: A Pilot Study, Devona M. Stalnaker-Shofner, Kevin Lyness, Sean Keck
The Influence Of Race/Ethnicity, Gender, Age, Social Support, Religion/Spirituality, And Occupational History On The Total Wellness Of Counseling Practicum Graduate Students: A Pilot Study, Devona M. Stalnaker-Shofner, Kevin Lyness, Sean Keck
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
This study sought to identify and explore the differences in participants’ Total Wellness scores with respect to race/ethnicity, gender, age, social support, spirituality, and occupational history. It was asserted that there would be observable differences in the delineated demographic research factors and that these differences would influence students’ Total Wellness as measured by the 5F-Wel Inventory. The sample was comprised of 30 graduate students enrolled in a community mental health counseling program. Hierarchal linear regression indicated that demographic variables did not predict a change in Total Wellness when controlling for pretest scores; however, pretest Total Wellness scores were significantly predictive …
The Experiences Of Collegiality By Early-Career Counselor Educators, Jessica M. Tyler, Malti Tuttle, Marina Naviaux, Sara Ellison
The Experiences Of Collegiality By Early-Career Counselor Educators, Jessica M. Tyler, Malti Tuttle, Marina Naviaux, Sara Ellison
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
It is essential to develop a work culture that supports faculty needs, be it professional for promotion and tenure, or personal. This phenomenological study examined the lived experiences of collegiality by early-career counselor educator faculty members (CES) working in a CACREP institution. Relational support, expectations, administration, and doctoral experiences emerged as themes from these narratives. Implications for the field are discussed to address these experiences and provide recommendations to counselor education faculty and departments.
Effective Remediation In Master’S-Level Counseling Students, Lena Salpietro, Madeline Clark, Tanesha Walker, Clark Ausloos, Elizabeth A. Prosek
Effective Remediation In Master’S-Level Counseling Students, Lena Salpietro, Madeline Clark, Tanesha Walker, Clark Ausloos, Elizabeth A. Prosek
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Despite evidence that remediation is effective, little is known about counselor educators’ experience with remediation. In this consensual qualitative study, authors interviewed counselor educators (N=11) to better understand remedial practices and identify effective strategies. Findings have implications for the remediation of master’s-level students in counselor education.
Creative Supervision Intervention Impact On School Counselors-In-Training Self-Efficacy: A Single-Case Research Design, Timothy Schoonover
Creative Supervision Intervention Impact On School Counselors-In-Training Self-Efficacy: A Single-Case Research Design, Timothy Schoonover
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
School counselors are tasked with multiple roles and responsibilities in their schools to address the needs of all students (American School Counseling Association, 2019). Due to the variety of work that school counselors are responsible for, it is vital for them to have a high belief in their ability to successfully complete their job. This belief in their ability to successfully complete their work is called counselor self-efficacy (Oh et al., 2019). The development of a school counselors self-efficacy begins in their counselor education program, which involves classroom learning and counseling supervision. Although there are multiple models of counseling supervision …
Exploring Key Group Counseling Processes: Implications For Group Counselor Training, Rostyslaw W. Robak, Poonam V. Doshi, Michael M. Tursi
Exploring Key Group Counseling Processes: Implications For Group Counselor Training, Rostyslaw W. Robak, Poonam V. Doshi, Michael M. Tursi
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
We studied several processes in a standardized counselor training group. Participants were masters-level counselor trainees (n=100) who took part in eight sessions in an experiential group. Our purpose was to examine the patterns of therapeutic processes and the therapeutic factors that predicted cohesiveness and commitment of the group tasks. Results underscore the interlocking nature of the therapeutic process factors of cohesiveness, altruism, and universality. Analyses reveal the central role of cohesiveness as a process factor in a short-term group. Altruism and engagement consistently predicted cohesiveness. Cohesiveness predicted commitment to the group tasks. The processes in these training groups …
Exploring Possibilities Of Predicting Positive Counselor Qualities In Counseling Students From Personality Domains, Nina M. Ditommaso, Laura S. Wheat, Casey A. Barrio Minton, Jeffery L. Cochran
Exploring Possibilities Of Predicting Positive Counselor Qualities In Counseling Students From Personality Domains, Nina M. Ditommaso, Laura S. Wheat, Casey A. Barrio Minton, Jeffery L. Cochran
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
In this pilot study, the authors investigated the degree that Big Five personality domains may predict the positive counselor qualities among 160 students enrolled in sections of a combined undergraduate/graduate Counseling Skills course. Positive counselor qualities of focus in this study are empathy, mindfulness or self-awareness, and unconditional positive self-regard in students studying counseling skills. The results do not suggest a significant predictive role for the Big Five personality domains for the Counseling Skills students, except that the Big Five domain of neuroticism predicted enough variation in mindfulness and unconditional positive self-regard to be practically significant. Limitations and potential implications …
Motivated But Challenged: Counselor Educators’ Experiences Teaching About Social Determinants Of Health, John M. Waters, Alexandra C. Gantt, Allison Worth, Bisola Duyile, Kaprea Johnson, Davide Mariotti
Motivated But Challenged: Counselor Educators’ Experiences Teaching About Social Determinants Of Health, John M. Waters, Alexandra C. Gantt, Allison Worth, Bisola Duyile, Kaprea Johnson, Davide Mariotti
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
A phenomenological study was conducted to understand eight counselor educators’ experiences teaching about social determinants of health. The analysis yielded three themes: educator identity, motivations, and challenges. Implications for counselor educators preparing future counselors to be leaders in multiculturalism, social justice, and advocacy are provided.
A Qualitative Case Study Of Supervisors Experiences Related To Distance-Based Supervision, Blake Sandusky, Kristine Ramsay-Seaner, Staci Born, Charlotte Heckmann, Ffion Davies
A Qualitative Case Study Of Supervisors Experiences Related To Distance-Based Supervision, Blake Sandusky, Kristine Ramsay-Seaner, Staci Born, Charlotte Heckmann, Ffion Davies
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
The COVID-19 pandemic created a rush to provide counseling and supervision services via distance-based technology. This study was conducted prior to the COVID-19 pandemic; however, it offers some insight into the process of providing distance-based supervision (DBS) to mental health trainees and professionals. Utilizing a multiple case study design, 10 counseling supervisors who had experience providing DBS were interviewed to understand their experiences. Five themes emerged from the data including reasons for providing DBS, benefits and challenges to DBS, and a desire for change to current training structures. Implications for supervision and suggestions for future research are provided.
A Critical Review Of Adlerian Supervision: Illuminating The Untapped Potential, Xiaoxuan Qu, Melissa Luke
A Critical Review Of Adlerian Supervision: Illuminating The Untapped Potential, Xiaoxuan Qu, Melissa Luke
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Authors conducted a critical review of the Adlerian clinical supervision literature published between 1989 and 2020. Results indicated that of the 13 identified articles, all of which were conceptual, there were three emergent topical trends, including a) Adlerian Psychology-based supervision models, b) second generation and/or integrated models, and c) supervision modalities. Careful examination of the theoretical underpinnings of Adlerian Psychology and its synthesis into clinical supervision exposed a significant yet rarely addressed issue in academia and practice: the fundamental theoretical differences within the Adlerian framework. Authors discuss the potential implications of these unacknowledged differences, including untapped potential for application of …
An Integrative Pedagogical Approach To Teaching Counseling Supervision, Amy R. Broadwater, Cian L. Brown, Meredith Moore
An Integrative Pedagogical Approach To Teaching Counseling Supervision, Amy R. Broadwater, Cian L. Brown, Meredith Moore
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Counselor Education programs are required to prepare doctoral students to become supervisors, however there is both no single agreed upon pedagogy or method, as well as a seeming lack of culturally responsive pedagogy or teaching methods for instructing students in learning and developing supervision knowledge and skills in counseling supervision courses (Korcuska, 2016). The authors propose the integration of established pedagogical approaches to address students’ implicit and explicit bias in order to develop cultural competence and humility in becoming culturally responsive supervisors. The authors provide an overview of Critical Race, Feminist, and Experiential Learning theories and how these theories can …
Expanding The Role Of Social Class In Multicultural Counselor Education Curricula, Derrick Shepard, Laura S. Wheat, Casey A. Barrio Minton
Expanding The Role Of Social Class In Multicultural Counselor Education Curricula, Derrick Shepard, Laura S. Wheat, Casey A. Barrio Minton
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Although professional counselors are called to develop Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (MSJCC; Ratts et al., 2016), and social and cultural diversity are highly researched (e.g., Barrio Minton et al., 2014), social class as a multicultural construct has received less attention and is often reduced to being defined as socioeconomic status (SES). Therefore, this article provides a brief historical context of social class, explores the current state of social class research in counseling and counselor education, and suggests methods for increasing inclusion of social class in counselor educators’ multicultural pedagogy.
The Role Of Emotional Overcontrol In Acceptance Of Counselor Training Feedback, R. Erin W. Berzins, Andrew Wood, Colin C. Ward, Ned Farley
The Role Of Emotional Overcontrol In Acceptance Of Counselor Training Feedback, R. Erin W. Berzins, Andrew Wood, Colin C. Ward, Ned Farley
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Effective feedback is a critical component of counselor training. The degree to which a recipient is able or willing to accept feedback can impact learning and skill development significantly. Recognizing individual trait differences can help the field of counseling understand feedback receptivity in counseling students. This study examined the possible relationship between feedback receptivity and the individual trait of emotional overcontrol. Results indicate that overcontrol accounted for variance in scores on a measure of feedback receptivity in a sample of counseling students, suggesting that individual trait differences meaningfully affect feedback receptivity.
Cultural Humility: Lessons Learned Through A Counseling Cultural Immersion, Katie Atkins, Sonya Lorelle
Cultural Humility: Lessons Learned Through A Counseling Cultural Immersion, Katie Atkins, Sonya Lorelle
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Counselor educators are called to promote the development of cultural competence in counselors-in-training (CITs). The challenge of this process is in assessing competence as well as knowing andragogical strategies to facilitate this development. Cultural humility, in comparison, is a process-based framework that requires life-long self-reflection and open-minded stance towards others. Providing cultural immersion opportunities for CITs could be a teaching method to promote deeper cultural humility. This qualitative study examined the perceived impact of a cultural immersion experience on CITs and their cultural competence. Training implications for counselor educators and supervisors are also provided.
Modeled Wellness: How Perceived Supervisor Wellness Explains Supervisee Personal Wellness, Kevin A. Doyle, Laura Welfare
Modeled Wellness: How Perceived Supervisor Wellness Explains Supervisee Personal Wellness, Kevin A. Doyle, Laura Welfare
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
In this quantitative investigation of 105 counselors-in-training, we analyzed how their perceptions of supervisor wellness are related to their own levels of wellness. The supervisee’s perception of their site supervisor’s level of wellness did explain the personal wellness of the counselor-in-training and the strength of the supervisory relationship acted as a suppressor variable in the expanded regression model. Implications for counselor educators and supervisors include the importance of adopting positive wellness attitudes and behaviors. Counselors-in-training appear to notice, for good and for bad, their supervisors’ levels of wellness. Adopting positive wellness attitudes and behaviors allows supervisors to model positive approaches.
Trauma-Informed Child Client Advocacy (Ticca) Plan: Conceptualization And Case Study, Aubrey D. Daniels
Trauma-Informed Child Client Advocacy (Ticca) Plan: Conceptualization And Case Study, Aubrey D. Daniels
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
The Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (MSJCC; Ratts et al., 2016) and the American Counseling Association (ACA) Advocacy Competencies (Lewis et al., 2003; Ratts et al., 2010; Toporek & Daniels, 2018) formalized the advocacy process for counselors. Nevertheless, the literature focused on the advocacy competencies does not provide child client advocacy examples or a concise plan for advocacy efforts for clinical mental health counselors to follow with children. To bridge this gap, this article is in place to describe a new advocacy plan, Trauma-Informed Child Client Advocacy (TICCA), followed by a case study providing context for how this plan …
Promoting Well-Being From The Start: Implementation Of A Wellness Curriculum, Nayoung Kim, Jayna Mumbauer-Pisano
Promoting Well-Being From The Start: Implementation Of A Wellness Curriculum, Nayoung Kim, Jayna Mumbauer-Pisano
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
The 2016 Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs standards (F.1.k.) and the 2014 American Counseling Association (ACA) Code of Ethics (C.2.g.) stipulate that counselor wellness and self-care be prioritized throughout counselor education programs. However, there is little evidence to suggest counselors’-in-training (CIT) wellness increases during a counseling program. The Introduction to Counseling Wellness Curriculum (ICWC) was developed to assist in meeting these standards and promote wellness from the onset of a counseling program. This eight-week long curriculum presents content to cover different dimensions of wellness and specific activities to implement self-care practices. The skills obtained through the …
Burnout, Self-Care, And Supervision In Middle School Counselors, Sarah L. Evans Zalewski
Burnout, Self-Care, And Supervision In Middle School Counselors, Sarah L. Evans Zalewski
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
This study examines middle school counselor supervision types in relation to burnout and self-care scores. The impact of supervision via technology on self-care and burnout scores was considered. This study found that school counselors who received both administrative and clinical supervision fared better on the incompetence domain of burnout, that self-care was inversely proportional to burnout, and that receiving supervision via technological means had no impact on either burnout or self-care.
Assessing The Self-Perceived Research Proficiency Among Doctoral Counseling Students, Yudan C. Wang, Tae-Hee Kim, Michael Brooks
Assessing The Self-Perceived Research Proficiency Among Doctoral Counseling Students, Yudan C. Wang, Tae-Hee Kim, Michael Brooks
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
This study provided a preliminary assessment of the adequacy of methodological training in a counselor education program. Twenty-four current and former doctoral students reported on their experiences with research training and self-perceived research proficiency via an online survey, and three students provided additional insight in individual interviews. We also analyzed the contents of the syllabi of the five methods courses offered in the program. Overall, students perceived a lack of proficiency in quantitative methods and a lack of opportunities to apply research skills in actual projects, even though the program offered a comprehensive sequence of methodological courses. We discussed the …
Race Matters: Managing Racial Tension When Teaching Multicultural Competence, Tiffany P. Brooks, Korinne H. Babel
Race Matters: Managing Racial Tension When Teaching Multicultural Competence, Tiffany P. Brooks, Korinne H. Babel
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
In this article, the authors suggest using the Mindful Inquiry (Lee, 2009, 2014) to navigate cultural conversations in the counselor education classroom in tandem with the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (MSJCC; Ratts et al., 2015). The authors highlight the literature about racial tension in and outside the classroom, multicultural counseling and social justice, mindfulness and multiculturalism, and teaching multicultural competence. This article concludes with a case example highlighting how to use the Mindful Inquiry (Lee, 2009, 2014) in the classroom while demonstrating how counselors-in-training develop across the MSJCC (Ratts et al., 2015).
A Practical Application Of Self Psychology In Counseling, A. Jordan Wright
A Practical Application Of Self Psychology In Counseling, A. Jordan Wright
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Self psychology has undergone a significant evolution since it was initially developed and proposed by Heinz Kohut, including broadening conceptions of what purposes selfobjects can serve for individuals. Its application to counseling has been as an organizing framework and overarching theory of human development and psychopathology. The concept of selfobjects, however, has the potential to provide specific guidance and technique in micro-interactions within counseling. Individual moments within counseling present opportunities for a counselor to intervene, and self psychology can provide a deliberate decision-making tool for how to respond. Being deliberate in interventions throughout counseling has the potential to improve outcomes. …
Supervision Strategies To Facilitate Vicarious Post Traumatic Growth Among Trauma Counselors, Jennifer D. Deaton, Brooke Wymer, Ryan G. Carlson
Supervision Strategies To Facilitate Vicarious Post Traumatic Growth Among Trauma Counselors, Jennifer D. Deaton, Brooke Wymer, Ryan G. Carlson
Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision
Counselors working with clients who have experienced trauma may encounter a range of indirect trauma responses (i.e., vicarious trauma, compassion fatigue, and/or secondary traumatic stress). Alternatively, counselors may experience positive affects such as living life more fully, treating others differently, or becoming more emotionally expressive in their relationships due to indirect trauma exposure. The latter experience is called vicarious post traumatic growth and has implications for more positive counselor functioning and better client outcomes. In this article, we review four enabling factors of vicarious post traumatic growth to provide supervision strategies to address indirect trauma; meaning making, social interests, social …