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Articles 91 - 120 of 124
Full-Text Articles in Agricultural and Resource Economics
The State Of Urban And Community Forestry In California, Richard P. Thompson, James J. Ahern
The State Of Urban And Community Forestry In California, Richard P. Thompson, James J. Ahern
Agribusiness
Tree and vegetation management in the urban and urban-interface communities create issues of growing importance in an increasingly urbanized state such as California. Communities recognize urban forest resource sustainability, maintenance and enhancement of forested aesthetics as an important value. They support these areas with tax dollars, local government agency involvement (usually Parks and Recreation or Public Works departments), and with efforts in many cases by both individuals and volunteer organizations in management and planning.
The Financial Impact Of Animal Related Phosphorus Management On Vermont Dairy Farms, Alyssa Dodd, Catherine Halbrendt, Charles F. Nicholson
The Financial Impact Of Animal Related Phosphorus Management On Vermont Dairy Farms, Alyssa Dodd, Catherine Halbrendt, Charles F. Nicholson
Agribusiness
Excessive phosphorus loading has been identified as the primary cause of decreasing water quality in Lake Champlain. Dairy farms are the major source of phosphorus pollution to the lake and are targeted to reduce phosphorus run-off. The goal of this research is to determine the farm-level financial impact of phosphorus management on different sizes of Vermont dairy farms. Farm financial performance following implementation of manure management is simulated by farm size (60 cows, 150 cows, and 350 cows) over a ten-year time horizon using the Farm Level Income and Policy Simulation Modeling System (FLIPSim). Results indicate that implementation of Milking …
Estimating The Off-Farm Labor Supply In Canada, Wayne Howard, Michael Swidinsky
Estimating The Off-Farm Labor Supply In Canada, Wayne Howard, Michael Swidinsky
Agribusiness
Off-farm labor supply in Canada is modeled using separate off-farm labor participation and off-farm labor supply equations, which allows variables to affect participation and labor supply differently. The data used in this study are from Statistics Canada’s Agriculture-Population Linkage Database, which links the Population Census for 1986 to a 20% sample from the Census of Agriculture. Results indicate that age, education and wages have large, significant and opposite effects on participation and supply, and that government efforts to stabilize and supplement farm incomes through rural employment programs may have less effect on labor allocation decisions than do the underlying demographic …
Agroindustrialization Through Institutional Innovation: Transactions Costs, Cooperatives And Milk-Market Development In The Ethopian Highlands, Garth Holloway, Charles Nicholson, Chris Delgado, Steven Staal, Simeon K. Ehui
Agroindustrialization Through Institutional Innovation: Transactions Costs, Cooperatives And Milk-Market Development In The Ethopian Highlands, Garth Holloway, Charles Nicholson, Chris Delgado, Steven Staal, Simeon K. Ehui
Agribusiness
Some small-holders are able to generate reliable and substantial income flows through small-scale dairy production for the local market; for others, a set of unique transactions costs hinders participation. Cooperative selling institutions are potential catalysts for mitigating these costs, stimulating entry into the market, and precipitating growth in rural communities. Trends in cooperative organization in East-African dairy are evaluated. Empirical work focuses on alternative techniques for effecting participation among a representative sample of periurban milk producers in the Ethiopian highlands. The techniques considered are a modern production practice (cross-bred cow use), a traditional production practice (indigenous-cow use), three intellectual-capital-forming variables …
The Potential For Marketing Pork Products With Embedded Environmental Attributes: Results From An Experimental Study, Sean P. Hurley, James B. Kliebenstein
The Potential For Marketing Pork Products With Embedded Environmental Attributes: Results From An Experimental Study, Sean P. Hurley, James B. Kliebenstein
Agribusiness
Environmental issues such as air and water quality related to livestock production currently receive much attention. Potential methods for environmental improvement range from regulation to market solutions. This study looks at consumer willingness to pay for pork products with embedded environmental attributes. Experimental auctions showed that over one-half of the participants (62%) paid a premium, that did not vary significantly between differing regions of the United States. (JEL Codes Q13, Q25)
The Impacts Of Dairy Cattle Ownership On The Nutritional Status Of Preschool Children In Coastal Kenya, Charles F. Nicholson, Phillip K. Thornton
The Impacts Of Dairy Cattle Ownership On The Nutritional Status Of Preschool Children In Coastal Kenya, Charles F. Nicholson, Phillip K. Thornton
Agribusiness
In many parts of the developing world, the availability of sufficient food—food supplying sufficient daily energy and protein—remains a key challenge for many families, despite substantial increases in total food production in the past two decades. At present there is sufficient food produced to feed everyone in the world, but the available food is neither evenly distributed nor fully consumed. As a result, some 800 million people—200 million children— are food insecure, that is, they lack consistent access to the food required for a healthy and productive life (Pinstrup-Andersen, 1994). The roots of food insecurity and malnutrition are complex, but …
Impacts Of The Northeast Interstate Dairy Compact On New England Milk Supply, Charles F. Nicholson, Budy Resosudarmo, Rick Wackernagel
Impacts Of The Northeast Interstate Dairy Compact On New England Milk Supply, Charles F. Nicholson, Budy Resosudarmo, Rick Wackernagel
Agribusiness
During the first year of the Northeast Interstate Dairy Compact, milk production in the six New England states increased by about 57 million pounds, or about 1.3% of production compared to the 12 months prior to the Compact. Increases in milk production were largest in Connecticut (31 million pounds) and Vermont (21 million pounds), whereas Maine and New Hampshire experienced increases of less than 10 million pounds. Production in Massachusetts and Rhode Island declined by 9 million and 0.4 million pounds, respectively. Because the rate of increase for New England was larger than the US average, the Compact Commission incurred …
Asymmetric Grading Error And Adverse Selection: Lemons In The California Prune Industry, Jennifer S. James, James A. Chalfant, Nathalie Lavoie, Richard J. Sexton
Asymmetric Grading Error And Adverse Selection: Lemons In The California Prune Industry, Jennifer S. James, James A. Chalfant, Nathalie Lavoie, Richard J. Sexton
Agribusiness
Grading systems are often introduced to address the classic adverse selection problem associated with asymmetric information about product quality. However, grades are rarely measured perfectly, and adverse selection outcomes may persist due to grading error. We study the effects of errors in grading, focusing on asymmetric grading errors-namely when low-quality product can erroneously be classified as high quality, but not vice versa. In a conceptual model, we show the effects of asymmetric grading errors on returns to producers. Application to the California prune industry shows that grading errors reduce incentives to produce more valuable, larger prunes.
Off-Farm Work By Census-Farm Operators: An Overview Of Structure And Mobility Patterns, Michael Swidinsky, Wayne H. Howard, Alfons Weersink
Off-Farm Work By Census-Farm Operators: An Overview Of Structure And Mobility Patterns, Michael Swidinsky, Wayne H. Howard, Alfons Weersink
Agribusiness
The purpose of this paper is to provide descriptive statistics on off-farm labour supply and farm/off-farm labour reallocation for Canadian farmers using cross-sectional data and cross-sectional panel data, respectively, obtained from the Canadian Census of Agriculture. This report is part of a larger study on the off-farm labour supply and labour mobility of farm operators (Swidinsky, 1997). The data indicates that a growing proportion of operators worked off-farm between 1971 and 1991. As well, operators who work off-farm have allocated greater amounts of time to the off-farm labour market. The share of census-farm operators reporting 97-228 days of off-farm work …
Management Of California Oak Woodlands: Uncertainties And Modeling, Jay E. Noel, Richard P. Thompson
Management Of California Oak Woodlands: Uncertainties And Modeling, Jay E. Noel, Richard P. Thompson
Agribusiness
A mathematical policy model of oak woodlands is presented. The model illustrates the policy uncertainties that exist in the management of oak woodlands. These uncertainties include: (1) selection of a policy criterion function, (2) woodland dynamics, (3) initial and final state of the woodland stock. The paper provides a review of each of the uncertainty issues. The final section of the paper describes a modeling approach that can be developed to assist policy makers in evaluating alternative oak woodland policy actions.
Thinking Styles And Financial Characteristics Of Selected Canadian Farm Managers, Wayne W. Howard, George L. Brinkman, Remy Lambert
Thinking Styles And Financial Characteristics Of Selected Canadian Farm Managers, Wayne W. Howard, George L. Brinkman, Remy Lambert
Agribusiness
The thinking styles of selected Canadian farm managers are identified using the life styles inventory (LSI). The farmers'LSI scores are compared with those of a base sample of nonfarmers, and correlations between the farmers'LSI scores and financial indicators are examined. Results indicate that farmers do thinking differently than nonfarmers and that there are significant correlations between thinking styles and financial measures.
Smallholder Dairying Under Transactions Costs In East Africa, Steven Staal, Christopher L. Delgado, Charles F. Nicholson
Smallholder Dairying Under Transactions Costs In East Africa, Steven Staal, Christopher L. Delgado, Charles F. Nicholson
Agribusiness
It is argued that dairying is vital to future viability of many small farms in East Africa and that high transactions costs for dairy production and marketing limit participation by asset-and information-poor smallholders. Case studies from Kenya and Ethiopia illustrate the role of dairy cooperatives in reducing transactions costs. Analysis of the determinants of producer prices received by a sample of dairy producers near Addis Ababa suggests that different levels of access to infrastructure, assets, and information explain why different households contemporaneously accept widely different producer prices for fluid milk.
The Economic Benefits Of New Information Technology, Wayne H. Howard, Glenn Fox, Calum Turvey
The Economic Benefits Of New Information Technology, Wayne H. Howard, Glenn Fox, Calum Turvey
Agribusiness
The purpose of this study is to analyze the demand and supply of information within the agriculture sector. This study has three components to meet this goal: i) a review of the literature, ii) a survey of Canadian farmers, and iii) interviews with agribusiness firms and government agencies.
Massively Parallel Computation Of Large-Scale Spatial Price Equilibrium Models With Discriminatory Ad Valorem Tariffs, Anna Nagurney, Charles F. Nicholson, Phillip M. Bishop
Massively Parallel Computation Of Large-Scale Spatial Price Equilibrium Models With Discriminatory Ad Valorem Tariffs, Anna Nagurney, Charles F. Nicholson, Phillip M. Bishop
Agribusiness
In this paper, we develop a perfectly competitive spatial equilibrium model in price and quantity variables in the presence of discriminatory ad valorem tariffs, a widely used trade policy instrument. We derive the equilibrium conditions and formulate them as a variational inequality problem. An algorithm is then proposed for the computation of the equilibrium pattern and convergence results established. The algorithm resolves the problem into very simple subproblems, each of which can be solved simultaneously and in closed form. Finally, the algorithm is implemented on the massively parallel Thinking Machines CM-2 and CM-5 architectures, known as the Connection Machines, and …
Strategic Planning And Performance: Helping Directors And Managers Communicate, Jay E. Noel, David J. Schaffner
Strategic Planning And Performance: Helping Directors And Managers Communicate, Jay E. Noel, David J. Schaffner
Agribusiness
The results from a survey of California agricultural marketing cooperatives illustrate the importance of boards of directors and management evaluating their strategic planning and performance. This evaluation process improves communication between the two groups, and determines where they agree or disagree on the importance of specific planning factors, competitive forces, strengths, weaknesses, distinctive competency, and performance of their cooperative.
Ontario Beef Producers'attitudes About Artificial Insemination, Wayne H. Howard, John Cranfield
Ontario Beef Producers'attitudes About Artificial Insemination, Wayne H. Howard, John Cranfield
Agribusiness
Characteristics and attitudes of Ontario beef producers who use artificial insemination and those who use natural breeding are compared. Natural breeders are characterized as larger as well as more commercial and profit oriented. Time, convenience and problems with heat detection are the main problems natural breeders associate with artificial insemination.
Valuation Of Transferable Delivery Rights For Marketing Cooperatives, Charles V. Moore, Jay E. Noel
Valuation Of Transferable Delivery Rights For Marketing Cooperatives, Charles V. Moore, Jay E. Noel
Agribusiness
Delivery rights to a cooperative's marketing pool can take on a value independent of the members' equity share under certain conditions. Based on anecdotal information, transferable delivery rights become valuable when the pool is fixed in size (closed), members are protected from exploitation of quasi economic rents, and have an assured "home" for their production. The greater the potential buyers' aversion to risk, the higher the value of the delivery right. The right has additional value if the cooperative generates a premium per unit return due to product differentiation and market power. Cooperatives competing with investor-owned firms in less than …
Creating Vertical Strategic Alliances: Theory And Cases From Canada's Agri-Food Sector, Erna Van Duren, Wayne H. Howard, Helen Mckay
Creating Vertical Strategic Alliances: Theory And Cases From Canada's Agri-Food Sector, Erna Van Duren, Wayne H. Howard, Helen Mckay
Agribusiness
Participants in Canada's agri0food sector have been averse to vertical collaboration for too long. The sector's history of producer marketing boards that were concerned with obtaining bargaining power to redress the market power of buyers has created attitudes the market power of buyers has created attitudes towards buyers and sellers that increase the risk that agri-food organizations will underestimate the advantages of vertical strategic alliances and overestimate the difficulty of building such relationships. However, in spite of the prevailing attitude among participants in Canada's agri-food sector, many organizations have nurtured vertical alliances. This paper develops a framework for understanding how …
An Evaluation Of The Ontario Farm Business Management Association Program, Wayne H. Howard, Glen C. Filson
An Evaluation Of The Ontario Farm Business Management Association Program, Wayne H. Howard, Glen C. Filson
Agribusiness
The Ontario Farm Business Management Association (FBMA) program was initiated to improve the business management skills of Ontario red meat producers. The program has three aims: • to increase management skills on the farm •to increase management skills in the private sector • to help farmers make use of private sector advice. Two methods were used to evaluate the program. First, FBMA members and other red meat producers were surveyed about their farm and personal characteristics as well as use farm records and information sources. Second, focus groups were held with the FBMA field persons. Results indicate that membership in …
Changes In Water Allocation Mechanisms For California Agriculture, David Zilberman, Neal Macdougall, Farhed Shah
Changes In Water Allocation Mechanisms For California Agriculture, David Zilberman, Neal Macdougall, Farhed Shah
Agribusiness
Existing institutions allocating water in California reflect prior appropriation water rights established when water was abundant. These allocation rules queue users and do not encourage water conservation. increased water scarcity and growing valuation of water's environmental benefits are inducing a transition to water allocation mechanisms that increase water efficiency in agriculture. Transferable rights systems will lead to market-like water allocation, induce farmers to adopt water conservation technology, and may not face strong objection from senior water rights holders. One must weigh the efficiency gains associated with transition from water rights to water markets against the transaction costs associated with installing …
An Optimization Model Of The Dual-Purpose Cattle Production System In The Humid Lowlands Of Venezuela, Charles F. Nicholson, David R. Lee, Richard N. Boisvert, Robert W. Blake, Isabella C. Urbina
An Optimization Model Of The Dual-Purpose Cattle Production System In The Humid Lowlands Of Venezuela, Charles F. Nicholson, David R. Lee, Richard N. Boisvert, Robert W. Blake, Isabella C. Urbina
Agribusiness
We developed a deterministic, multi-period linear programming (LP) model of the dual-purpose (milk-beef) cattle production system in the Sur del Lago region of Venezuela. The LP model selected animal, forage, and purchased feed activities subject to nutritional, land, and herd composition constraints to maximize discounted herd net margin. A cattle nutrition model provided original coefficients for feeds and animal nutrient requirements. Revised coefficients resulted from an iterative procedure to avoid errors from the interaction between diet and requirements. Model applications demonstrated that alternatives to traditional feeding practices are profitable and nutritionally feasible. However, the benefits of alternative nutritional management depend …
Ultrafiltration In The Ontario Dairy Industry, Wayne H. Howard, Remy Lambert
Ultrafiltration In The Ontario Dairy Industry, Wayne H. Howard, Remy Lambert
Agribusiness
The economics of introducing ultrafiltration (UF) into the Ontario dairy industry is analyzed. First, a partial budget is developed to determine feasibility of UF on the farm. The budget indicates that the great majority of Ontario dairy farms are not large enough to capture the economies of size inherent in the new technology. Second, a location-allocation model is used to determine the feasibility, number and location of UF collection centers in Ontario. The model indicates that the UF centers would capture the economies of size and the centers would benefit the dairy industry as a whole. However, processors of soft …
Estimating The Effectiveness Of Extension Information Systems Using Farm Trical And Subjective Probabilities, Wayne H. Howard, Robert W. Blake, Thomas O. Knight, Richard C. Shumway, Michael A. Tomaszewski
Estimating The Effectiveness Of Extension Information Systems Using Farm Trical And Subjective Probabilities, Wayne H. Howard, Robert W. Blake, Thomas O. Knight, Richard C. Shumway, Michael A. Tomaszewski
Agribusiness
A method of combining survey data and Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) records to achieve low cost farm trials is presented. Farm trials and surveys of current practices and production responses are useful to identify yield gaps between expectations predicted from experimental findings and actual field results. Different management schemes can be ranked using subjective probabilities and stochastic dominance to enhance successful implementation of research findings and to increase the feedback between researchers, extension workers, and producers. A survey of current masitis control practices and expected milk yield response is the example. Combining survey results with DHIA records allowed estimating …
Urbanization And Food Imports In Sub-Saharan Africa, James Tabi, Wayne H. Howard, Truman Phillips
Urbanization And Food Imports In Sub-Saharan Africa, James Tabi, Wayne H. Howard, Truman Phillips
Agribusiness
The Granger statistical test of causality was used to examine the relationship between total food imports and urbanization and between food aid and urbanization. Urbanization appears to have caused total food imports to increase in 13 of the 24 countries. Food imports appear to be a cause of urbanization in three countries. Food aid, however, apparently was a cause of urbanization in 16 of the 24 countries used in the analysis.
Monitoring And Controlling Mastitis On Ontario Dairy Farms, Wayne H. Howard, Ravinderpal Gill, Kenneth E. Leslie, Kerry Lissemore
Monitoring And Controlling Mastitis On Ontario Dairy Farms, Wayne H. Howard, Ravinderpal Gill, Kenneth E. Leslie, Kerry Lissemore
Agribusiness
The frequency of use and the marginal costs and marginal value products of mastitis control practices on somatic cell count (SCC) and milk yield are investigated. A survey of current management practices is combined with Dairy Herd Improvement production information to determine the relationships between milk yield, SCC, management practices, and production and producer characteristics under field conditions. The relationships are modeled and compared at the cow and herd level. A moment-generating approach is used in the herd model to determine which, if any, practices are risk reducing. The SCC for an individual cow is a better indicator of milk …
Regional Adjustment Response In The U.S. Dairy Sector To Changes In Milk Support Price, Alfons Weersink, Wayne H. Howard
Regional Adjustment Response In The U.S. Dairy Sector To Changes In Milk Support Price, Alfons Weersink, Wayne H. Howard
Agribusiness
Milk production supply response at the regional level for the U.S. dairy sector is estimated through the use of dynamic dual models. Adjustment rates and elasticity measures are presented, and then the estimated parameter coefficients are used to stimulate shifts in production resulting from price changes. A drop in milk price designed to realign market conditions is projected to be borne largely by the Corn Belt and, to a lesser extent, the western states.
Human Resource Management: A Review With Applications To Agriculture, Wayne H. Howard, Kenneth A. Mcewan
Human Resource Management: A Review With Applications To Agriculture, Wayne H. Howard, Kenneth A. Mcewan
Agribusiness
For years the major management concern of farm managers was farm production. In the 1970s and 1980s, the importance of finance and marketing emerged as two additional critical success factors in production agriculture. A fourth management area of growing importance to successful farming is managing labor (Thomas and Erven 1989). Total employment in farming has been steadily decreasing to less than 4% of Canada's labor force in 1984 from close to 20% in 1950 (Agriculture Canada 1984). However, the labor remaining in agriculture has been changing structure, with a greater proportion of hired labor. Hired labor accounted for 30% of …
Technical Change And Applications Of Dynamic Duality To Agriculture: Reply, Wayne H. Howard, Richard C. Shumway
Technical Change And Applications Of Dynamic Duality To Agriculture: Reply, Wayne H. Howard, Richard C. Shumway
Agribusiness
No abstract provided.
What Our Students Should Know: Perspectives From Business And Academia, Wayne H. Howard
What Our Students Should Know: Perspectives From Business And Academia, Wayne H. Howard
Agribusiness
Perspectives from business and academia on the relative importance of various skills and attributes were compared. The perspective from academia came from the University of Guelph learning objectives and the AEB simple and complex skills required for undergraduate majors. A survey of Canadian agribusiness firms, including governmental agencies, provided the business perspective. Different types and sizes of businesses were consistent in ranking the relative importance of the various skills and attributes. The rankings by business were also consistent with the hierachial learning objectives from the University of Guelph and the disciplinary skills from the AEB. The hypothesis that business and …
Linkages Between Regulated And Unregulated Markets: The Case Of Milk Supply In Kenya, Wayne H. Howard, Ian Mcdonald
Linkages Between Regulated And Unregulated Markets: The Case Of Milk Supply In Kenya, Wayne H. Howard, Ian Mcdonald
Agribusiness
Linkages between the regulated and unregulated dairy markets in Kenya were examined using an econometric model of the fluid milk intake for eight processing plants. Counter-intuitive results were obtained: an increase in the regulated price was significant in decreasing intake in the regulated market, indicating that a price increase in the regulated market also increased price and quantity supplied in the unregulated market. Lagged rainfall was a proxy for available feed and was highly significant in explaining milk intake in the regulated market.