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Articles 20551 - 20580 of 23490
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Central Tokyo’S Low Response Rate To The 2015 Population Census And Its Related Factors, Tomoya Hanibuchi, Masakazu Yamauchi
Central Tokyo’S Low Response Rate To The 2015 Population Census And Its Related Factors, Tomoya Hanibuchi, Masakazu Yamauchi
Geography Faculty Publications and Presentations
Recently, there has been an increase in the number of “unreported” cases in the Population Census of Japan caused by nonresponses to the survey. Subsequently, this has led to data reliability challenges. In light of this problem, the factors related to the low response rate of the 2015 Population Census in the central Tokyo area are examined in the present study. An online survey was conducted among individuals residing in the three Special Wards of Tokyo to inquire about their responses (submitted or not submitted) to the previous census. The statistical analyses demonstrated that particularly in central Tokyo, middle-aged (35–49 …
Associations Of Built Environment Attributes With Bicycle Use For Transport, Mohammad Javad Koohsari, Rachel Cole, Koichiro Oka, Ai Shibata, Akitomo Yasunaga, Tomoya Hanibuchi, Neville Owen, Takemi Sugiyama
Associations Of Built Environment Attributes With Bicycle Use For Transport, Mohammad Javad Koohsari, Rachel Cole, Koichiro Oka, Ai Shibata, Akitomo Yasunaga, Tomoya Hanibuchi, Neville Owen, Takemi Sugiyama
Geography Faculty Publications and Presentations
An increasing number of studies have examined neighbourhood built environment attributes associated with cycling. Some of them suggest non-linear relationships between built environment attributes and cycling. This study examined the strength and shape of associations of cycling for transport with objectively measured built environment attributes. Data were from 9146 Australian adults who took part in the 2009 South-East Queensland Travel Survey. Participants (aged 18–64 years) completed a 24-hour travel survey, in which they reported modes of travel. Residential density, Walk Score and a Space Syntax measure of street integration were calculated at a neighbourhood level using geographic information systems. Multilevel …
Games For Organizational Training: Gamer Motivation Profile And Organizational Training Climate Effect Of Trainee Preference For Gamified Training, Brooke-Nicole Woods Ruffin
Games For Organizational Training: Gamer Motivation Profile And Organizational Training Climate Effect Of Trainee Preference For Gamified Training, Brooke-Nicole Woods Ruffin
Masters Theses
“Gamified training is often utilized in organizations as a way to revamp their training and gain the attention of their employees. However, this training is expensive, and research is needed to help ensure that this training delivery is successful. In this study, first an individual’s gamer motivation profile is compared with learning outcomes that share the same elements. This was completed to determine if the elements that they looked for in playing video games were in alignment with those same elements in training In addition, it was explored whether the preference for participating in video games based on an individual’s …
Workflow For Constructing Social Networks From Automated Telemetry Systems, Daizaburo Shizuka, Sahas Barve, Allison Johnson, Eric L. Walters
Workflow For Constructing Social Networks From Automated Telemetry Systems, Daizaburo Shizuka, Sahas Barve, Allison Johnson, Eric L. Walters
Biological Sciences Faculty Publications
1. Advances in datalogging technologies have provided a way to monitor the movement of individual animals at unprecedented spatial and temporal scales, both large and small. When used in conjunction with social network analyses, these data can provide insight into fine scale associative behaviors. The variety of technologies demand continuous progress in workflows to translate data streams from automated systems to social networks, based on biologically relevant metrics.
2. Here we present a workflow for generating flexible association matrices from automated radio-telemetry data that can be parsed into both spatial and temporal dimensions. These can then be used to generate …
Social Exclusion Among Urban Ethnic Minority Youth In The Northeast United States: A Reflective View On Community Supportive Structures, Diana Cedeño, Carrie Bergeson, David T. Lardier, Bradley Forenza, Robert J. Reid, Pauline Garcia-Reid
Social Exclusion Among Urban Ethnic Minority Youth In The Northeast United States: A Reflective View On Community Supportive Structures, Diana Cedeño, Carrie Bergeson, David T. Lardier, Bradley Forenza, Robert J. Reid, Pauline Garcia-Reid
Department of Social Work and Child Advocacy Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works
Social exclusion occurs as a combination of challenges (e.g., unemployment, high poverty, family conflict) that limits life opportunities. Social exclusion has been researched within European contexts, among middle-class families, and from quantitative perspectives. However, research on the topic among urban ethnic minority youth and using qualitative methodologies has remained elusive in the U.S. Although collaborative efforts between governmental institutions and community-based coalitions have helped develop intervention efforts to decrease social exclusion among youth in low-income urban areas, it continues to develop within families, communities, and societies. Therefore, this research explored experiences of social exclusion among low-income minority youth in an …
From The Legal Literature: Criminalizing Propaganda: J. Remy Green’S Argument To Digitize Brandenburg, Francesca Laguardia
From The Legal Literature: Criminalizing Propaganda: J. Remy Green’S Argument To Digitize Brandenburg, Francesca Laguardia
Department of Justice Studies Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works
No abstract provided.
From The Legal Literature: The Threat And Promise Of Police Use Of Dna Databases, Francesca Laguardia
From The Legal Literature: The Threat And Promise Of Police Use Of Dna Databases, Francesca Laguardia
Department of Justice Studies Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works
No abstract provided.
Self-Other Encounters And Ordeals Of Aspiration Among Young Moroccan Immigrants In Spain, Maisa C. Taha
Self-Other Encounters And Ordeals Of Aspiration Among Young Moroccan Immigrants In Spain, Maisa C. Taha
Department of Anthropology Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works
North African youth who join their parents in Spain in childhood or adolescence face challenges unlike those of the older generation. Moving through institutional spaces and processes, from public school to post-secondary training and work, first-generation youth exercise cultural and linguistic bridging capacities while facing continual challenges as representatives of a racially stigmatized minority. This article focuses on life story narratives from Moroccan young people living in the southeast municipality of El Ejido since the late 1990s to highlight how Self-Other encounters ‒ a well-established framework in Maghrebine ethnography ‒ and goals of upward mobility shape experiences of coming-of-age in …
From The Legal Literature: Automating Police, Francesca Laguardia
From The Legal Literature: Automating Police, Francesca Laguardia
Department of Justice Studies Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works
No abstract provided.
From The Legal Literature: Disentangling Prison And Punishment, Francesca Laguardia
From The Legal Literature: Disentangling Prison And Punishment, Francesca Laguardia
Department of Justice Studies Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works
No abstract provided.
From The Legal Literature: If The Fetus Is A Person—Is It Relevant? An Argument On The Rights Of Pregnant Women, Francesca Laguardia
From The Legal Literature: If The Fetus Is A Person—Is It Relevant? An Argument On The Rights Of Pregnant Women, Francesca Laguardia
Department of Justice Studies Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works
No abstract provided.
Investigating The Relationship Between Individual Differences And Island Sensitivity, Catherine Pham, Lauren Covey, Alison Gabriele, Saad Aldosari, Robert Fiorentino
Investigating The Relationship Between Individual Differences And Island Sensitivity, Catherine Pham, Lauren Covey, Alison Gabriele, Saad Aldosari, Robert Fiorentino
Department of Linguistics Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works
It is well-attested that native speakers tend to give low acceptability ratings to sentences that involve movement from within islands, yet the source of island effects remains an active debate. The grammatical account posits that island effects result from syntactic constraints on wh-movement, whereas the resource-limitation view posits that low ratings emerge due to processing-related constraints on the parser, such that islands themselves present processing bottlenecks. The current study addresses this debate by investigating the relationship between island sensitivity and individual differences in cognitive abilities, as it has been argued that the two views make distinct predictions regarding whether a …
[Review Of] Colin Milburn, Respawn: Gamers, Hackers, And Technogenic Life, Durham, Nc: Duke University Press, 2018, 301 Pp., William T. Howe
[Review Of] Colin Milburn, Respawn: Gamers, Hackers, And Technogenic Life, Durham, Nc: Duke University Press, 2018, 301 Pp., William T. Howe
Communication Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Employee Satisfaction And Stock Performance, Michael Snyder
Employee Satisfaction And Stock Performance, Michael Snyder
Undergraduate Honors Thesis Collection
This study aims to explore the previously documented relationship between employee satisfaction and superior stock returns. Previous research suggests that firms with higher employee satisfaction also deliver superior stock returns. Furthermore, previous research has established a logical connection from employee satisfaction to superior stock performance. This study constructed an equally-weighted portfolio of the publicly traded companies on Fortune’s “100 Best Companies to Work For” list. This performance was compared to the performance of the S&P 500 on a total return basis for the calendar years 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019. The study also collected fundamental data related to each …
Brain Function And Clinical Characterization In The Boston Adolescent Neuroimaging Of Depression And Anxiety Study, N. A. Hubbard, V. Siless, I. R. Frosch, M. Goncalves, N. Lo, J. Wang, C. C.C. Bauer, K. Conroy, E. Cosby, A. Hay, R. Jones, M. Pinaire, F. F. Vaz De Souza, G. Vergara, S. Ghosh, A. Henin, D. R. Hirshfeld-Becker, S. G. Hoffman, I. M. Rosso, R. P. Auerbach, D. A. Pizzagalli, A. Yendiki, J. D. E. Gabrieli, S. Whitefield-Gabrieli
Brain Function And Clinical Characterization In The Boston Adolescent Neuroimaging Of Depression And Anxiety Study, N. A. Hubbard, V. Siless, I. R. Frosch, M. Goncalves, N. Lo, J. Wang, C. C.C. Bauer, K. Conroy, E. Cosby, A. Hay, R. Jones, M. Pinaire, F. F. Vaz De Souza, G. Vergara, S. Ghosh, A. Henin, D. R. Hirshfeld-Becker, S. G. Hoffman, I. M. Rosso, R. P. Auerbach, D. A. Pizzagalli, A. Yendiki, J. D. E. Gabrieli, S. Whitefield-Gabrieli
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
We present a Human Connectome Project study tailored toward adolescent anxiety and depression. This study is one of the first studies of the Connectomes Related to Human Diseases initiative and is collecting structural, functional, and diffusion-weighted brain imaging data from up to 225 adolescents (ages 14–17 years), 150 of whom are expected to have a current diagnosis of an anxiety and/or depressive disorder. Comprehensive clinical and neuropsychological evaluations and long-itudinal clinical data are also being collected. This article provides an overview of task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) protocols and preliminary findings (N = 140), as well as clinical and …
Big Five, Self-Regulation, And Coping Strategies As Predictors Of Achievement Emotions In Undergraduate Students, Jesús De La Fuente, Paola Paoloni, Douglas Kauffman, Meryem Yilmaz Soylu, Paul Sander, Lucía Zapata
Big Five, Self-Regulation, And Coping Strategies As Predictors Of Achievement Emotions In Undergraduate Students, Jesús De La Fuente, Paola Paoloni, Douglas Kauffman, Meryem Yilmaz Soylu, Paul Sander, Lucía Zapata
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The study focused on the analysis of linear relations between personality, self-regulation, coping strategies and achievement emotions. The main objective was to establish a model of linear, empirical, associative to infer needs and proposals for intervening in emotional health in the different profiles of university students. A total of 642 undergraduate students participated in this research. Evidence of associative relations between personality factors, self-regulation and coping strategies was found. The neuroticism factor had a significant negative associative relationship with Self-Regulation both globally and in its factors; especially important was its negative relation to decision making, and coping strategies focused in …
Telling A Trusted Adult: Factors Associated With The Likelihood Of Disclosing Child Sexual Abuse Prior To And During A Forensic Interview, Hanna M. Grandgenett, Samantha L. Pittenger, Emily R. Dworkin, David J. Hansen
Telling A Trusted Adult: Factors Associated With The Likelihood Of Disclosing Child Sexual Abuse Prior To And During A Forensic Interview, Hanna M. Grandgenett, Samantha L. Pittenger, Emily R. Dworkin, David J. Hansen
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Background: Many child sexual abuse (CSA) survivors delay or withhold disclosure of their abuse, even when presenting for formal investigation interviews. Objective: This study examined factors that relate to the CSA disclosure process. Participants and Settings: Participants were CSA victims (N = 1,732) presenting to a Child Advocacy Center (CAC) for a forensic interview. Method: We tested a structural model to predict disclosure before and during a forensic interview using secondary data analysis. Results: Youth were less likely to disclose before a forensic interview if they witnessed domestic violence (β = -.233, p < .05). Caregivers were less likely to believe the abuse allegation if the alleged perpetrator resided in the home β = -.386, p < .05) and more likely to believe if the youth made a prior disclosure (β = .286, p < .05). Youth were more likely to disclose during the forensic interview if they were older (β=.388, p < .05), if the alleged perpetrator resided in their home (β=.209, p < .05), if they disclosed prior (β=.254, p < .05), and if their caregiver believed the allegation (β=.213, p …
Object-Based Warping In Three-Dimensional Environments, Joshua E. Zosky, Timothy J. Vickery, Kerri A. Walter, Michael D. Dodd
Object-Based Warping In Three-Dimensional Environments, Joshua E. Zosky, Timothy J. Vickery, Kerri A. Walter, Michael D. Dodd
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Object-based warping is a powerful visual illusion wherein space between features within figural regions is regularly overestimated compared with those within ground regions. Originally, the effect was only examined in displays of two-dimensional (2D) stimuli. The present study sought to examine whether object-based warping persists in more naturalistic viewing conditions, where additional contextual cues are present. Stimuli were presented with either three-dimensional (3D) printed objects (Experiment 1) or 3D objects in virtual reality (Experiments 2–4). The testing metric was actual distance of features (dots) compared with estimated distances made by participants. Responses for the 3D printed stimuli were measured with …
Age-Differential Relationships Among Dopamine D1 Binding Potential, Fusiform Bold Signal, And Face-Recognition Performance, Monroe P. Turner, Håkan Fischer, Dinesh K. Sivakolundu, Nicholas A. Hubbard, Yuguang Zhao, Bart Rypma, Lars Backman
Age-Differential Relationships Among Dopamine D1 Binding Potential, Fusiform Bold Signal, And Face-Recognition Performance, Monroe P. Turner, Håkan Fischer, Dinesh K. Sivakolundu, Nicholas A. Hubbard, Yuguang Zhao, Bart Rypma, Lars Backman
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Facial recognition ability declines in adult aging, but the neural basis for this decline remains unknown. Cortical areas involved in face recognition exhibit lower dopamine (DA) receptor availability and lower blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal during task performance with advancing adult age. We hypothesized that changes in the relationship between these two neural systems are related to age differences in face-recognition ability. To test this hypothesis, we leveraged positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure D1 receptor binding potential (BPND) and BOLD signal during facerecognition performance. Twenty younger and 20 older participants performed a face-recognition task during …
Don’T Let Covid-19 Disrupt Campus Climate Surveys Of Sexual Harassment, Kathryn Holland, Lilia M. Cortina, Vicki J. Magley, Arielle L. Baker, Frazier F. Benya
Don’T Let Covid-19 Disrupt Campus Climate Surveys Of Sexual Harassment, Kathryn Holland, Lilia M. Cortina, Vicki J. Magley, Arielle L. Baker, Frazier F. Benya
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Surveying a campus community about sexual harassment can be a daunting task during normal times. It’s especially daunting during a pandemic. Institutional leaders may balk at committing scarce resources to survey efforts. Some may wonder how to interpret results that look dramatically different from prior assessments. Also, they may worry about adding to the burdens of already stressed staff, faculty, and students. Indeed, these concerns and complexities came up recently within the work of the National Academies’ Action Collaborative on Preventing Sexual Harassment in Higher Education (1).
This Action Collaborative grew out of the 2018 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, …
Attributions Of Blame In A Hypothetical Child Sexual Abuse Case: Roles Of Behavior Problems And Frequency Of Abuse, Kate Theimer, David J. Hansen
Attributions Of Blame In A Hypothetical Child Sexual Abuse Case: Roles Of Behavior Problems And Frequency Of Abuse, Kate Theimer, David J. Hansen
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Youth who are blamed for their sexual abuse may experience increased negative outcomes, such as amplified self-blame. Similarly, blaming nonoffending parents can impede their ability to support their child following disclosure. Understanding the factors that influence how people perceive victim, caregiver, and perpetrator responsibility is imperative for the protection and treatment of families who have experienced sexual abuse. Little research has explored victim and abuse characteristics that influence the perception of sexual abuse. As such, the purpose of this study was to examine the roles of behavior problems and frequency of abuse in the attribution of blame in a hypothetical …
An Integrated Relational Framework Of Depressed Mood And Anhedonia During Pregnancy, Rebecca L. Brock, Molly Franz, Erin L. Ramsdell
An Integrated Relational Framework Of Depressed Mood And Anhedonia During Pregnancy, Rebecca L. Brock, Molly Franz, Erin L. Ramsdell
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Objective: The aim of the present study was to test a unified framework that integrates several theories into a cohesive model to explain the interplay between neuroticism and intimate relationship quality as risk factors for prenatal depression.
Background: There is a notable spike in risk for depression during pregnancy, and the processes unfolding in the interparental relationship during this important time in the family life cycle might serve to mitigate or enhance this risk. Yet there is a need for theory-driven research integrating multiple conceptual frameworks to explicate the role of intimate relationship quality in depression.
Method: In a sample …
Public Perceptions Of Delays In The Release Of Police Body-Worn Camera Footage, Christopher Lee Bush
Public Perceptions Of Delays In The Release Of Police Body-Worn Camera Footage, Christopher Lee Bush
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Delays in the release of police body-worn camera (BWC) video footage have amplified public concerns about police misconduct. Law enforcement transparency is questioned when video from BWCs is not shared in a timely manner with the community. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore community and victims’ family’s beliefs related to delays in the release of police BWC footage. Rogers’s diffusion innovation theory and Mettler and Sorelle’s policy feedback theory were used for the study’s conceptual framework. The research questions focused on understanding the perceptions of community relationships with law enforcement around transparency, communication, and information sharing. …
Engaging External Stakeholders To Improve Public-Private Partnership Water Project Completion Rates, John Paul Kolman
Engaging External Stakeholders To Improve Public-Private Partnership Water Project Completion Rates, John Paul Kolman
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Public-private partnership (PPP) water projects may have competing external stakeholders, resulting in a disproportionately high project failure rate when compared to other types of infrastructure projects. Private companies and local governments use PPP projects as a means to bridge deficiencies in local government funding and knowledge to assist in bringing improved water to their communities. The purpose of this qualitative single case study was to examine strategies leaders use to engage their external stakeholders in improving their PPP project completion rates. The study was grounded in Freeman's stakeholder theory. The participants consisted of 3 leaders who recently completed stakeholder activities …
Comments On “How Errors Cumulate: Two Examples” By Roger Tourangeau, Kristen M. Olson
Comments On “How Errors Cumulate: Two Examples” By Roger Tourangeau, Kristen M. Olson
Department of Sociology: Faculty Publications
This paper provides a discussion of the Tourangeau (2019) Morris Hansen Lecture paper. I address issues related to compounding errors in web surveys and the relationship between nonresponse and measurement errors. I provide a potential model for understanding when error sources in nonprobability web surveys may compound or counteract one other. I also provide three conceptual models that help explicate the joint relationship between nonresponse and measurement errors.
Tourangeau’s paper provides two interesting case studies about the role of multiple error sources in survey data. The first case study is one in which errors occur at different stages of the …
How Well Do Interviewers Record Responses To Numeric, Interviewer Field-Code, And Open-Ended Narrative Questions In Telephone Surveys?, Jolene Smyth, Kristen M. Olson
How Well Do Interviewers Record Responses To Numeric, Interviewer Field-Code, And Open-Ended Narrative Questions In Telephone Surveys?, Jolene Smyth, Kristen M. Olson
Department of Sociology: Faculty Publications
Telephone survey interviewers need to be able to accurately record answers to questions. While straightforward for closed questions, this task can be complicated for open questions. We examine interviewer recording accuracy rates from a national landline random digit dial telephone survey. We find that accuracy rates are over 90% for numeric response and interviewer-code, single-response items but are astonishingly low (49%) for a multiple-answer, nominal, interviewer-code item. Accuracy rates for narrative open questions were around 90% for themes but only about 70% for themes and elaborations. Interviewer behaviors (e.g., probing, feedback) are generally associated with lower accuracy rates. Implications for …
The Effect Of Question Characteristics On Question Reading Behaviors In Telephone Surveys, Kristen M. Olson, Jolene Smyth, Antje Kirchner
The Effect Of Question Characteristics On Question Reading Behaviors In Telephone Surveys, Kristen M. Olson, Jolene Smyth, Antje Kirchner
Department of Sociology: Faculty Publications
Asking questions fluently, exactly as worded, and at a reasonable pace is a fundamental part of a survey interviewer’s role. Doing so allows the question to be asked as intended by the researcher and may decrease the risk of measurement error and contribute to rapport. Despite the central importance placed on reading questions exactly as worded, interviewers commonly misread questions, and it is not always clear why. Thus, understanding the risk of measurement error requires understanding how different interviewers, respondents, and question features may trigger question reading problems. In this article, we evaluate the effects of question features on question …
Soldiers To Scientists: Military Service, Gender, And Stem Degree Earning, Christina Steidl, Regina E. Werum, Sela R. Harcey, Jacob Absalon, Alice Millermacphee
Soldiers To Scientists: Military Service, Gender, And Stem Degree Earning, Christina Steidl, Regina E. Werum, Sela R. Harcey, Jacob Absalon, Alice Millermacphee
Department of Sociology: Faculty Publications
The authors use 2014–2018 data from the American Community Survey to answer two questions: To what extent is military service associated with higher rates of earning a bachelor’s degree in a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) field (vs. a non-STEM field)? To what extent is this relationship gendered? The findings suggest that military service is associated with higher odds of completing a STEM degree and that this association is particularly strong for female veterans. Comparison across multiple STEM definitions suggests that military service does not simply channel women into traditionally female-dominated STEM fields. Instead, the findings show the biggest …
Transitions From Telephone Surveys To Self-Administered And Mixed-Mode Surveys: Aapor Task Force Report, Kristen M. Olson, Jolene Smyth, Rachel Horwitz, Scott Keeter, Virginia Lesser, Stephanie Marken, Nancy A. Mathiowetz, Jaki S. Mccarthy, Eileen O'Brien, Jean D. Opsomer, Darby Steiger, David Sterrett, Jennifer Su, Z. Tuba Suzer-Gurtekin, Chintan Turakhia, James Wagner
Transitions From Telephone Surveys To Self-Administered And Mixed-Mode Surveys: Aapor Task Force Report, Kristen M. Olson, Jolene Smyth, Rachel Horwitz, Scott Keeter, Virginia Lesser, Stephanie Marken, Nancy A. Mathiowetz, Jaki S. Mccarthy, Eileen O'Brien, Jean D. Opsomer, Darby Steiger, David Sterrett, Jennifer Su, Z. Tuba Suzer-Gurtekin, Chintan Turakhia, James Wagner
Department of Sociology: Faculty Publications
Telephone surveys have been a ubiquitous method of collecting survey data, but the environment for telephone surveys is changing. Many surveys are transitioning from telephone to self-administration or combinations of modes for both recruitment and survey administration. Survey organizations are conducting these transitions from telephone to mixed modes with only limited guidance from existing empirical literature and best practices. This article summarizes findings by an AAPOR Task Force on how these transitions have occurred for surveys and research organizations in general. We find that transitions from a telephone to a selfadministered or mixed-mode survey are motivated by a desire to …
A Comparison Of Fully Labeled And Top-Labeled Grid Question Formats, Jolene Smyth, Kristen M. Olson
A Comparison Of Fully Labeled And Top-Labeled Grid Question Formats, Jolene Smyth, Kristen M. Olson
Department of Sociology: Faculty Publications
The grid question format is common in mail and web surveys. In this format, a single question stem introduces a set of items, which are listed in rows of a table underneath the question stem. The table’s columns contain the response options, usually only listed at the top, with answer spaces arrayed below and aligned with the items (Dillman et al. 2014).This format is efficient for respondents; they do not have to read the full question stem and full set of response options for every item in the grid. Likewise, it is space efficient for the survey researcher, which reduces …