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Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Efficacy Of New Jersey's Child Protection Policy Among Local Superior Courts, Nerissa G. Collins Jun 2025

Efficacy Of New Jersey's Child Protection Policy Among Local Superior Courts, Nerissa G. Collins

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Despite the existence of New Jersey Department of Children and Family (NJDCF) policy guidelines, it remained unclear whether New Jersey superior courts consistently applied these principles and guidelines in Department of Child Protection and Permanency (CP&P) child abuse cases. Limited research had been conducted to examine how courts interpreted and adhered to these policies in legal rulings, leaving a gap in understanding how NJDCF principles influenced judicial decision-making. This gap in the literature made it difficult to assess whether policy guidelines effectively shaped court outcomes in ways that supported child protection and welfare. Child protective advocate attitudes and opinions concerning …


Bias In Media Portrayals Of Filicide Cases Involving African American Women, Channing Lelar Collins Jun 2025

Bias In Media Portrayals Of Filicide Cases Involving African American Women, Channing Lelar Collins

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This study was conducted to examine racial disparities in media portrayals of filicide cases involving African American and Caucasian women, exploring how systemic biases and societal narratives influenced public perception, policy, and the child welfare and legal systems. Using a qualitative content analysis of 42 cases involving African American women and 20 involving Caucasian women, framing techniques, language, and imagery were analyzed. The research addressed three questions were (a) What narratives and framing were used?, (b) How did these differ across racial lines?, and (c) What are the broader societal and systemic implications? Results showed that media coverage of African …


A Survey Of Practice Models And Outcomes In Michigan Residential Substance Use Disorder Treatment, Lamart Hightower, Elissa Kent, Vikash Kumar, Lauren Michie, Alysha King, Tekoa Marshall Jun 2025

A Survey Of Practice Models And Outcomes In Michigan Residential Substance Use Disorder Treatment, Lamart Hightower, Elissa Kent, Vikash Kumar, Lauren Michie, Alysha King, Tekoa Marshall

Journal of Social Work in the Global Community

The United States has a lengthy history of treating individuals experiencing substance use disorders (SUDs) from an abstinence-only framework. Harm reduction practices have grown a large base of empirical support in other parts of the world and have become central to treating individuals with SUDs. Within the United States, however, a substantial number of residential SUD treatment programs that continue to perpetuate an abstinence-only framework, which creates a lack of access for people who seek a harm reduction approach—and who likely need it the most. In this study, 66 residential treatment programs in Michigan were examined to determine whether they …


Effective Adapted Psychotherapy Approaches For Autistic Adults: Perspectives From Clinical Psychologists, Emily Morgan Hilton Jun 2025

Effective Adapted Psychotherapy Approaches For Autistic Adults: Perspectives From Clinical Psychologists, Emily Morgan Hilton

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Autistic adults face a high risk of co-occurring mental health challenges, yet standard psychotherapy often fails to meet their unique needs, raising concerns about treatment effectiveness. This qualitative study aimed to understand how clinical psychologists decide on therapeutic approaches and adaptations for their autistic adult clients through three research questions: RQ1: How do clinical psychologists decide on the appropriate therapeutic approach they use with their autistic adult clients? RQ2: How do clinical psychologists decide which adaptations are appropriate to implement in psychotherapy with their autistic adult clients? RQ3: Does the therapeutic approach affect how a clinical psychologist chooses appropriate adaptations …


The Mediating Role Of Intellectual Humility On The Relationship Between Perspective-Taking And Affective Polarization, Daniel Smith Jun 2025

The Mediating Role Of Intellectual Humility On The Relationship Between Perspective-Taking And Affective Polarization, Daniel Smith

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Affective polarization, a phenomenon characterized by animosity between opposing political parties, has emerged as a growing and intractable problem in the United States. Affective polarization threatens American democracy, as polarized citizens become increasingly unwilling to trust cross-partisans, hold their political leaders accountable, or support the results of free and fair elections. While prior research has investigated the mitigating effect of intellectual humility and perspective-taking on affective polarization, researchers have yet to investigate whether intellectual humility and perspective-taking work synergistically to mitigate affective polarization. Informed by social identity theory, this quantitative study determined if intellectual humility mediated the relationship between perspective-taking …


Building A Theory-Based Understanding Of Sexual Health Provider Stigma: A Phenomenological Study, Harit Agroia, Rebecca Reno, Maytal Bach, Jenette Spezeski, Erin Starzyk Jun 2025

Building A Theory-Based Understanding Of Sexual Health Provider Stigma: A Phenomenological Study, Harit Agroia, Rebecca Reno, Maytal Bach, Jenette Spezeski, Erin Starzyk

Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences

Unraveling provider-level sexual health stigma requires building an understanding of contributing factors, such as provider knowledge, values, beliefs, medical training, and other intrapersonal or interpersonal factors that may influence its manifestation at the clinic level during patient–provider interactions. Healthcare provider stigma has not been sufficiently understood or explained using classic psychological theories, such as Cognitive Dissonance Theory (CDT) or Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). We build a theory-based understanding of sexual health-provider stigma by proposing modifications to the SCT to develop the Modified SCT (M-SCT) model, where cognitive dissonance is hypothesized to influence the personal/cognitive and behavioral factors of the M-SCT. …


The Effectiveness Of Vivitrol And Naltrexone For Rural And Urban Participants Post-Incarceration Or Under Supervision, Francis Anthony Mulford Jun 2025

The Effectiveness Of Vivitrol And Naltrexone For Rural And Urban Participants Post-Incarceration Or Under Supervision, Francis Anthony Mulford

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Behavioral health professionals are concerned with the opioid epidemic in the United States, as opioid use results in needless overdose deaths annually. Relapse prevention is the theory that grounded this study, and naltrexone or extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) was used to measure effectiveness for 50 forensic, rural, and urban individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) to prevent relapse. Furthermore, this study used a chi square test of independence, nonparametric test with a Cramer’s V, and Fisher’s exact. While outcomes revealed no significant differences between rural and urban groups, significant evidence was observed when medication outcomes and medication extent were evaluated, Pearson …


Masculine Traits In Female Serial Killers: A Qualitative Analysis, Ashley Polk Jun 2025

Masculine Traits In Female Serial Killers: A Qualitative Analysis, Ashley Polk

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Female serial killers represent a minority in criminal statistics; their cases offer significant insights regarding broader patterns of serial killing behavior. The purpose of this study is to understand the role masculine traits play in the lives of female serial killers. This study involved using a qualitative research method to understand specific characteristics of female serial killers with common masculine traits and childhood experiences. Common masculine traits researched in this study were lack of emotions, aggression, control, dominance, and manipulation. The trauma control model and the gender scheme theory were the theoretical frameworks for this study. Data were collected by …


Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Well-Being Among New York Police Department Law Enforcement Agents, La’Lisa Scudder Jun 2025

Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Well-Being Among New York Police Department Law Enforcement Agents, La’Lisa Scudder

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem this quantitative study addressed was police officers’ willingness to use organizational help-seeking interventions and rely on organizational support to mitigate operational and organizational stress. Previous literature discussed how officers engaged in different maladaptive coping behaviors as a result of work related stressor or low well-being, divorce, depression, prescription drug abuse, alcoholism, and suicide. The purpose of this quantitative correlational cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and well-being among law enforcement agents and examine agents’ willingness to use organizational-based intervention services. The organizational support theory and the social exchange theory provided the theoretical framework for …


An Exploration Of The Lived Experiences Of Black Female Kinship Caregivers In Parenting Youth Aged 13-18, Tyla Wilder Jun 2025

An Exploration Of The Lived Experiences Of Black Female Kinship Caregivers In Parenting Youth Aged 13-18, Tyla Wilder

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This qualitative phenomenological study explored how the intersection of identities related to race and gender shapes the lived experiences of Black female kinship caregivers raising youth aged 13–18. Drawing on Intersectionality Theory, the study sought to understand the caregiving challenges, emotional resilience, and systemic barriers encountered by this underrepresented population. Nine participants were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling and engaged in in-depth semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis revealed that cultural norms and racialized gender expectations often compelled Black females to assume caregiving roles without institutional recognition or support. Participants described emotional isolation, financial instability, and limited access to legal and …


Walk A Mile: Exploring Cause-Based Charity Event Participation As A Catalyst For Increasing Physical Activity Behavior, Kimberly S. Fasczewski, Andrey A. Sanko Posada, Meg Hopkins Jun 2025

Walk A Mile: Exploring Cause-Based Charity Event Participation As A Catalyst For Increasing Physical Activity Behavior, Kimberly S. Fasczewski, Andrey A. Sanko Posada, Meg Hopkins

Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences

Despite the known benefits of physical activity (PA), more than half of U.S. adults do not meet the American College of Sports Medicine’s PA recommendations for health, often resulting in negative health outcomes. Developing programming that increases motivation for PA participation is critical for healthcare professionals to combat physical inactivity. Previous research has demonstrated that framing disease-based PA charity fundraising events as “helping a cause” improved motivation for PA due to the individual’s emotional connection to the cause. There is currently no congruent research on motivation for participation in cause-based charity events. Behavioral economics theory posits that cognitive, emotional, and …


Lived Experiences Of Sex Offenders On Probation With Housing And Employment, Katheryn Winslow Jun 2025

Lived Experiences Of Sex Offenders On Probation With Housing And Employment, Katheryn Winslow

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Lived Experiences of Sex Offenders on Probation with Housing and Employment by Katheryn Winslow MA, South University, 2013 BS, University of Central Florida, 2010 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Psychology Walden University May 2025


Social-Emotional Learning (Sel) Support Through Social Work Case Management In K-12 Schools, Dina Michelle Garrett-Parker Jun 2025

Social-Emotional Learning (Sel) Support Through Social Work Case Management In K-12 Schools, Dina Michelle Garrett-Parker

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Existing research revealed that K-12, school-based social work clinicians were utilized in various ways to support students' social-emotional learning (SEL) needs in public K-12 schools in the United States. However, there was a gap in knowledge about the unique approaches K-12 school-based social work clinicians employed to address the SEL needs of non-at-risk students. This basic qualitative study explored how K-12 school-based social work clinicians used empowerment case management practices to address the SEL needs of non-at-risk students. The theoretical framework grounding this study was empowerment theory. Using purposive sampling, semistructured interviews were conducted with five K-12 school-based social work …


The Power Of Storytelling: Creatively Facilitating Conceptual Change In The Classroom, Mackenzie S. Rose, Marcus Johnson May 2025

The Power Of Storytelling: Creatively Facilitating Conceptual Change In The Classroom, Mackenzie S. Rose, Marcus Johnson

Journal of Educational Research and Practice

Conceptual knowledge encompasses understanding the interrelationships among multiple pieces of information. Misconceptions of these interrelationships illustrate the need for effective educational strategies to facilitate conceptual change, with the goal of facilitating changes in learner understanding to appropriate, accurate, and complete concepts. Strategies, such as refutation texts, have proven effective in addressing science misconceptions, yet there is a prominent gap in research on conceptual change in nonscience subjects and the use of storytelling to facilitate such change. Storytelling, presented in a range of educational subjects, invites learners to engage in social discourses and problem-solving exercises. Prompted by classroom storytelling practices, creativity, …


Schwartz Values Of Active-Duty U.S. Soldiers: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis Of Refined Values, Kelcey Sihanourath May 2025

Schwartz Values Of Active-Duty U.S. Soldiers: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis Of Refined Values, Kelcey Sihanourath

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The U.S. Army is currently facing recruitment challenges due to a decrease in the number of qualified youths. When recruitment is low, reducing attrition becomes even more critical to maintaining force readiness. Research indicates attrition patterns may be influenced by interactions between personal characteristics and the unique culture of each military branch. One characteristic is personal values; however, the most widely used personal values framework, Schwartz’s values theory, has not been validated for the U.S. Army population. This study aimed to address this gap by empirically assessing Schwartz’s values using a nonexperimental cross-sectional quantitative design, collecting data from 273 active-duty …


Phenomenological Study Of Gender, Self-Esteem, And Anxiety As Factors Influencing Older Adult Technology Use, Nadine Prosper May 2025

Phenomenological Study Of Gender, Self-Esteem, And Anxiety As Factors Influencing Older Adult Technology Use, Nadine Prosper

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

An increasing number of individuals 65 years of age and older are in the U.S. workforce. Many older workers are hesitant to learn new technology and adapt to digital innovation that may, in the future, automate jobs and abolish more traditional forms of employment. Organizational leaders need to understand the factors influencing older workers’ attitudes and adoption of new technology for greater productivity. The purpose of this qualitative hermeneutic phenomenological study was to examine how gender, self-esteem, and anxiety influence workplace technology utilization among older workers between 66 and 76 years of age in their jobs. The study was grounded …


Is A Dog A Female Offender’S Best Friend? Prison-Based Dog Program Implications, Lavinia Smith May 2025

Is A Dog A Female Offender’S Best Friend? Prison-Based Dog Program Implications, Lavinia Smith

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The existing literature on female offender prison-based dog program (PBDP) experiences and their effect and influence on female offender reentry, rehabilitation, and transition into society following incarceration is limited at best. Despite mixed evidence on prison-based animal programs, human–animal interaction research suggests positive psychological effects. With a 56% chance of reoffending a year after release, understanding the effects of PBDPs may aid reentry/transition support that lowers recidivism rates. Grounded by Broidy and Agnew’s gendered general strain theory, through basic qualitative inquiry, this research study aimed to understand female offender PBDP participants' reentry and transition experiences. Twenty-seven semistructured interviews were conducted …


The Perception Of The Participants Of The Unemployment Relief Program On Employability: A Social Policy Initiative In Trinidad And Tobago, Marsha De Souze May 2025

The Perception Of The Participants Of The Unemployment Relief Program On Employability: A Social Policy Initiative In Trinidad And Tobago, Marsha De Souze

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The Unemployment Relief Program (URP) has failed to contribute sufficiently to improve employability and reduce unemployment in Trinidad and Tobago. The URP is an active labor market program that aims to alleviate unemployment and stabilize the labor market. Although there have been studies on unemployment programs and policies in Trinidad and Tobago, the gap in the literature revealed a need for adequate labor market research on unemployment policies and programs and their contribution to employability and unemployment. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore the URP participants’ perceptions of the program on their employability and unemployment. The …


Perceptions And Experiences Of Kenyan Immigrants On Culturally Appropriate Cancer Health Education In Washington State: A Qualitative Study, Rael Odengo, Patricia Talbert, Joy Anderson May 2025

Perceptions And Experiences Of Kenyan Immigrants On Culturally Appropriate Cancer Health Education In Washington State: A Qualitative Study, Rael Odengo, Patricia Talbert, Joy Anderson

Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences

Access to culturally appropriate cancer health education (CACHE), such as cancer information in languages other than English, that considers a group’s cultural beliefs, traditions, values, and practices, is increasingly recognized as a global health communication priority. CACHE is essential for reducing healthcare disparities and improving service accessibility among African immigrants, a rapidly growing demographic in the United States. This study explored the perceptions and experiences of Kenyan immigrants in Washington State regarding CACHE. We used a qualitative descriptive design, with a purposive sample of ten participants from the Kenyan immigrant community in Washington State. The Andersen Behavioral Model of Healthcare …


The Impact Of Specific Foster Care Placement Factors On Attachment-Related Anxiety And Avoidance In The Adult Intimate Relationships Of Foster Care Alumni, Latasha Macklin May 2025

The Impact Of Specific Foster Care Placement Factors On Attachment-Related Anxiety And Avoidance In The Adult Intimate Relationships Of Foster Care Alumni, Latasha Macklin

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Children who have a history of maltreatment, like those placed in foster care, are at a significantly higher risk for developing an insecure attachment style, which may be correlated with various problems in adulthood, including adverse relationship outcomes, poor job satisfaction, low self-esteem, mood, and personality disorders. Prior research suggests a correlation between the attachment style of a foster child and specific foster care factors, including the type of placement, reason for placement, number of placements, age of the child at placement, and gender of the child. However, no research exists to examine how these factors might significantly impact the …


Perspectives On Compassion Fatigue And Self-Regulation Among Social Workers In Patient Care During Covid-19, Roberta Johnson Wright May 2025

Perspectives On Compassion Fatigue And Self-Regulation Among Social Workers In Patient Care During Covid-19, Roberta Johnson Wright

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, social workers in patient care have faced significant emotional and psychological challenges, including compassion fatigue, vicarious trauma, and burnout. This study explores the perceptions of social workers working in patient care during the pandemic, specifically examining how compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma contribute to burnout. By focusing on their experiences, the research emphasizes the vulnerabilities social workers encounter as they support populations during these challenging times. The study is grounded in job demands-resources theory to help explain how the demands of social work roles impact mental health and well-being. To gather in-depth data, …


Experiences Of Group Support For Partners Of Sex Offenders, Monika Szabo May 2025

Experiences Of Group Support For Partners Of Sex Offenders, Monika Szabo

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Intimate relationships with individuals who have committed sex offenses significantly stigmatize and traumatize partners. Partners also face barriers to effective treatment, negatively impacting both themselves and their children affected by these offenses. The purpose of this generic qualitative study was to gain an understanding of partners’ experiences with support groups in coping with trauma symptoms and stigma, thus addressing a gap in the literature. Grounded in theoretical concepts of trauma, mutual aid, and stigma, how social support dynamics facilitate healing by investigating coping strategies and support group stages to understand participants’ healing journeys were examined. Data were collected from 10 …


Perceptions Of Police Executives Of Threat Assessment Practices In Municipal Level Policing, Robin Renee Griffin-Kitzerow May 2025

Perceptions Of Police Executives Of Threat Assessment Practices In Municipal Level Policing, Robin Renee Griffin-Kitzerow

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

While there is no single solution to responding to active threats and targeted acts of violence, strategies such as awareness, preparedness through threat assessment practices, and education are the keys to prevention. Threat assessment practices and mandates are widely used in university and K-12 educational environments and have successfully prevented these acts. However, research up until this point seemed to indicate that local municipal police departments were slow to adopt these practices. As a result, communities suffer through targeted acts of violence, senseless tragedies, and untimely deaths of innocent victims. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore how …


Performance Evaluations, Teacher Salary, And Teacher Retention In Online Alternative Learning Environments, April Renee' Siddique May 2025

Performance Evaluations, Teacher Salary, And Teacher Retention In Online Alternative Learning Environments, April Renee' Siddique

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Teacher retention has long been an area of study, as schools struggle with high teacher turnover, adversely affecting students’ quality of education. Researchers have demonstrated that low scores on evaluations and low salary adversely affect general education teacher retention, but there is little literature on how these variables influence teachers in online alternative learning environments (ALEs). The problem addressed in this study was low teacher retention, leading to a shortage of teachers. Guided by Ryan and Deci’s self-determination theory, the purpose of this quantitative, correlational, nonexperimental study was to examine the relationship between teacher performance evaluation outcomes, salary, and retention …


Age, Race, Religious Commitment, And Fertility Quality Of Life, Dana L. Ward May 2025

Age, Race, Religious Commitment, And Fertility Quality Of Life, Dana L. Ward

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Infertility is a major health issue that impacts an individual’s physical, social and mental well-being. Women who are childless due to infertility experience a reduced fertility quality of life. Quality of life is directly related to an individual’s overall well-being and happiness. Using family systems theory, this quantitative research study aimed to answer how age, race, and religious commitment influence the fertility quality of life in women aged 25 to 50 who are involuntarily childless due to infertility. Data were collected from 132 participants using a demographic survey, The Religious Commitment Inventory (RCI-10), and the Fertility Quality of Life Survey …


The Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences And Posttraumatic Symptomology In Rio Grande Valley Hispanic Adults, Timothy Hollinger May 2025

The Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences And Posttraumatic Symptomology In Rio Grande Valley Hispanic Adults, Timothy Hollinger

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Childhood adversity is a known predictor of poor psychological outcomes in adulthood, yet little is known about this relationship among Hispanic adults in South Texas. This study examined whether adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and whether gender, marital status, or educational attainment moderate this relationship. The central research questions were: (1) What is the relationship between ACEs and PTSD symptoms among Hispanic adults in South Texas? and (2) Do gender, marital status, or education moderate this relationship? Guided by Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, this quantitative archival study used a non-experimental, correlational design. Linear …


Public Policy And Homeless Youth In Kansas, Esther Abigail Andrew May 2025

Public Policy And Homeless Youth In Kansas, Esther Abigail Andrew

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Youth homelessness rose in Johnson County, Kansas, by 37 percent, partly due to family conflict and socioeconomic challenges. The lack of guidance, social support, and resources can create a domino effect. While existing literature has examined youth homelessness at the national level and in other sub-national locations, the impact of federal and state policies related to homelessness among youth in Johnson County, Kansas, has not been explored. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the perceptions and practices of administrators in homeless services who manage federal and state funding guided by public policies for homeless youth, based …


Development Of A Training Module For High School Teachers To Recognize And Assist Students Who Are In Non-Permanent Housing, Damian Michael Wilson May 2025

Development Of A Training Module For High School Teachers To Recognize And Assist Students Who Are In Non-Permanent Housing, Damian Michael Wilson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Student homelessness is an issue affecting Polk County Public Schools in Central Florida. It is important to address this problem to equip teachers with the skills necessary to recognize its signs. The practice-focused questions included: How familiar are teachers with student homelessness, and what should be done to help those students? The purpose of this administrative study was to explore teachers’ awareness of student homelessness and identify strategies to support affected students. The conceptual design for this study was based on environmental scanning, needs assessment, and strategic planning. A survey was sent out through email to over 100 teachers at …


Intersectional Analysis Of Vaccination Inequity Among Individuals With Disabilities In The United States During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Philip Ndoki, Heba M. Athar, David O. Anderson May 2025

Intersectional Analysis Of Vaccination Inequity Among Individuals With Disabilities In The United States During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Philip Ndoki, Heba M. Athar, David O. Anderson

Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences

We investigated how disability status, types, sociodemographic indicators, and reasons for not receiving vaccinations influenced COVID-19 vaccination rates among individuals with disabilities in the United States. Despite efforts, vaccination disparities persisted, necessitating a nuanced understanding of the barriers to vaccination. Using intersectionality theory and the social determinants of health framework, we examined the impact of marginalized identities and structural inequalities. Key questions included the association between disability status and vaccination uptake, differences among disability types moderated by sociodemographic factors, and the interaction between disability status and reasons for not vaccinating. We used Household Pulse Survey data from the U.S. Census …


Prohibitive Factors Of Successful Completion In Rural Drug Courts: A Quantitative Study, Travis Zimmerman May 2025

Prohibitive Factors Of Successful Completion In Rural Drug Courts: A Quantitative Study, Travis Zimmerman

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Drug courts have been heralded as largely successful alternative sentencing programs for criminal drug offenders. While these programs demonstrate their ability to be effective with clients, little insight has been gained into the factors that impact client success and failure. The study utilized data from the Multi-site Adult Drug Court Evaluation (MADCE) to investigate the factors that lead to program failure for participants in drug court. Borrowing from the tenants of generalized strain theorists, the study batched together raw data into four “strain factors,” which were then analyzed to discern any corollary effect between the presence of these strains and …