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Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Young Adults’ Self-Perceptions Of Parenting Styles And Attachments Influencing Juvenile Criminality, Keristin Zanda Scott Sep 2025

Young Adults’ Self-Perceptions Of Parenting Styles And Attachments Influencing Juvenile Criminality, Keristin Zanda Scott

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Parenting styles, parent-to-child attachments, and parental involvements are contributing factors leading to juvenile delinquency. Adolescents are committing offending acts at a younger age, recidivating, and perpetrating with peers or parents. However, there is a lack of empirical research on juvenile perceptions of parenting, juvenile criminality, and desistance implications. The purpose of this interpretive phenomenological study was to explore past juvenile criminal offenders’ lived experiences and the corresponding influence parenting styles had on their deviant behaviors. Ainsworth and Bowlby’s attachment theory, Baumrind’s parenting style theory, and Bandura’s social learning theory provided a lens for examining young adults’ perceptions of parenting related …


Nigerian Immigrant Mothers’ Parenting Style In Supporting Academic Achievement In Their Children, Ganiyat Olasumbo Saidu Sep 2025

Nigerian Immigrant Mothers’ Parenting Style In Supporting Academic Achievement In Their Children, Ganiyat Olasumbo Saidu

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Supporting their children’s academic activities while navigating the socioeconomic norms of the new system continues to be a significant challenge for most immigrant parents in urban areas of the United States. However, there is inadequate literature on the parenting behaviors used by Nigerian immigrant parents to support their children’s academic achievement. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand how Nigerian immigrant mothers describe the parenting styles that support their children’s academic achievement. The theoretical framework for this study was Bandura’s (1977) social cognitive theory and Baumrind’s (1966) theory of parenting styles. For this basic qualitative study, the population …


A Content Analysis Of Prison/Custodial Suicide In Bangladesh, Anisur Khan, Rasel Hussain Sep 2025

A Content Analysis Of Prison/Custodial Suicide In Bangladesh, Anisur Khan, Rasel Hussain

Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences

Suicide is the leading cause of death in prisons and custodial settings globally. International studies have consistently shown that prisoners and detainees are at a higher risk of suicide compared to the general population. Despite Bangladesh having a large prison population, there is no scholarly work on suicide within these settings. Against this backdrop, this study explored online newspaper content analysis capturing the characteristics of prison and custodial suicide in Bangladesh from 2014–2024. A total of 20 suicide cases were identified during this period. The data were arranged based on year-wise trends, age, sex, type of custody, nature of criminality, …


School Resource Officers’ Perceptions Of Their Role And The Effects Of Their Interactions With Students, Tameka Arlene Elizabeth Evans Sep 2025

School Resource Officers’ Perceptions Of Their Role And The Effects Of Their Interactions With Students, Tameka Arlene Elizabeth Evans

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The use of school resource officers (SROs)—trained police officers who have been assigned to schools—has markedly increased with the rise in school shootings in the United States. However, after several high-profile incidents of excessive force by SROs, there has been a movement toward removing them from schools. Although researchers have studied the use of SROs in schools, few have examined how the relationship between SROs and students affects students’ perceptions of the police. The purpose of this study was to increase the understanding of how SROs experience their interactions with students and how those interactions affect students' perceptions of police …


First-Generation Black And Latinx Students And Their Perceived Level Of Postsecondary Education Preparedness, Shawanna Burton Sep 2025

First-Generation Black And Latinx Students And Their Perceived Level Of Postsecondary Education Preparedness, Shawanna Burton

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

First-generation Black and Latinx students report challenges of belonging and preparation in the transition to college. Limited research on these experiences hinders counselors’ support for these students. The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to explore first-generation Black and Latinx college students’ meaning of their high school experiences. A hermeneutic phenomenology conceptual framework was used to explore the lived experiences of first-generation Black and Latinx college students, focusing on how guidance from high school counselors influenced their sense of belonging, persistence, and degree attainment in postsecondary education. Data were collected from nine participants through semistructured interviews and analyzed using …


Exploring Social Support In African American Males Recovering From Serious Mental Illness, Nicole Manza Sep 2025

Exploring Social Support In African American Males Recovering From Serious Mental Illness, Nicole Manza

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This research explored the lived experience of social support in the recovery from significant mental illness (SMI) among African American males. Research suggests that African American males face greater psychosocial stressors than other racial and ethnic groups and have historically been less likely to utilize professional mental health services due to various systemic and cultural barriers. Supplemental forms of support, including social support, may reduce the likelihood of prolonged psychological distress and promote sustained recovery. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the role of social support in the recovery of African American males with SMI. The study …


The Psychological Impact Of Systemic Factors On Maternal Mental Health Outcomes, V Johnson Sep 2025

The Psychological Impact Of Systemic Factors On Maternal Mental Health Outcomes, V Johnson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Maternal mental health disparities in the United States continue to impact reproductive-age women, especially those from underserved populations. In this quantitative study, how healthcare accessibility and socioeconomic status (SES) influenced psychological stress and maternal mental health outcomes was examined. Bronfenbrenner’s socioecological model and critical race theory guided the theoretical framework. Secondary data from the 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were used to analyze three research questions related to the predictive relationships between systemic factors and mental health outcomes, and differences in stress across age groups. Key variables included insurance coverage, access to a personal doctor, cost-related barriers, income, employment …


The Progressive Changes In Posttraumatic Symptoms And Posttraumatic Growth Associated With Traumatic Incident Reduction, Joseph L. Mcclory Sep 2025

The Progressive Changes In Posttraumatic Symptoms And Posttraumatic Growth Associated With Traumatic Incident Reduction, Joseph L. Mcclory

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Many millions of people are suffering from symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Just in the United States, 13 million Americans had a PTSD diagnosis as of 2020. Through the theoretical lens of catharsis, analysis of variance was used to examine whether traumatic incident reduction (TIR) is associated with changes in posttraumatic symptoms and posttraumatic growth by comparing pre, mid, and post-TIR PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) scores. Regression was also used to test whether post-PCL-5 scores accounted for variance in the post-PTGI scores. Ninety-seven TIR cases from the mental health agency between 2017 and …


How Medical Mistrust Serves As A Barrier To Mental Health Treatment In The African American Community, Nicholas Young Sep 2025

How Medical Mistrust Serves As A Barrier To Mental Health Treatment In The African American Community, Nicholas Young

Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences

Throughout history, research has depicted the notion that African Americans do not make use of mental health treatment, even when their mental health status may deem it clinically necessary. One of the most prevalent deterrents to African Americans seeking treatment is the mistrust of the medical system. In the African American community, medical mistrust has a longstanding history that stems from the discrimination, racism, lack of representation in the field, and medical mistreatment that African Americans received as test subjects by the medical community over time. Various instances, throughout history, of African Americans being unjustly treated— for the sake of …


The Moderating Influence Of Generation On Leadership Style, Job Satisfaction, And Intent To Leave Among Child Welfare Workers, Kelly Cavanaugh Sep 2025

The Moderating Influence Of Generation On Leadership Style, Job Satisfaction, And Intent To Leave Among Child Welfare Workers, Kelly Cavanaugh

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The declining retention rate among U.S. child welfare workers is a significant concern. Research suggested that as millennials enter the workforce, adopting leadership styles that best meet the needs of each generation and/or facilitate congruence between organizational goals and the distinct work values of both the younger and older generations will help increase retention. Specifically, supervisors needed to identify a leadership style that best satisfied the needs of millennials who are stereotypically less loyal to organizations and exhibit higher job mobility than older generations. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the extent to which generational cohort moderated …


A Qualitative Study Of Cash Welfare Assistance Recipients’ Preparedness For Economic Self-Sufficiency, Kimberly Pickens Sep 2025

A Qualitative Study Of Cash Welfare Assistance Recipients’ Preparedness For Economic Self-Sufficiency, Kimberly Pickens

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Single mothers receiving cash welfare assistance through the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program, may not be prepared for economic self-sufficiency due to TANF’s primary focus on employment and limited focus on self-sufficiency barriers. Past studies have found that cash welfare assistance recipients may not become self-sufficient due to low-wage employment, limited education, and the lack of a public policy-based standardization of the concept of economic self-sufficiency. The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of single mother TANF recipients pursuing economic self-sufficiency through the lens of the capabilities approach, life chances theory, and the feminization of …


Coping Self-Efficacy, Acculturation, Gender, Socioeconomic Status, And Perceived Discrimination As Predictors Of Depression Among Nigerian Immigrants In The United States, Olatunde O. Osibote Sep 2025

Coping Self-Efficacy, Acculturation, Gender, Socioeconomic Status, And Perceived Discrimination As Predictors Of Depression Among Nigerian Immigrants In The United States, Olatunde O. Osibote

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Nigerian immigrants represent one of the fastest-growing immigrant populations in the United States. Relocating to a new country can be a major source of stress, often increasing individuals’ vulnerability to mental health challenges. While considerable research has examined predictors of depression in the general population and among certain immigrant groups, limited attention has been given to these factors in the context of Nigerian immigrants in the U.S. This study aimed to address that gap by applying Berry’s acculturation theory to investigate predictors of depression within this population. A quantitative, cross-sectional, correlational survey design was used to examine whether acculturation, socioeconomic …


Strategies For Addressing The School Vaping Problem In The United States, Shanika Cole Sep 2025

Strategies For Addressing The School Vaping Problem In The United States, Shanika Cole

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Vaping has become a pressing health concern among students, providing easy access to nicotine and other harmful chemicals. In schools, this issue threatened student well-being, discipline, and policy enforcement, underscoring the need for effective prevention. The purpose of this mixed-method study was to examine of the U.S. school practices and policies addressing vaping and (b) the development of a strategic prevention and intervention plan informed by the American Stop Smoking Intervention Study Framework (ASSIST Model). The study focused on one public school system and sought to answer practice-based research questions: How can the Board of Education effectively decrease vaping incidence …


The Impact Of Social Support On Camouflaging Behaviors Among Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Exploring Protective And Risk Factors, Mofoluwakemi Omololu Johnson Sep 2025

The Impact Of Social Support On Camouflaging Behaviors Among Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Exploring Protective And Risk Factors, Mofoluwakemi Omololu Johnson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The Impact of Social Support on Camouflaging Behaviors Among Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Exploring Protective and Risk Factors by Mofoluwakemi Omololu Johnson MSW, University of Ibadan, 2007 BSc, University of Ilorin, 2003 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Clinical Psychology Walden University August 2025   Camouflaging strategies used by individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to mask or compensate for autistic traits are often linked to adverse mental health out-comes. This quantitative correlational study investigated the relationship between perceived social support and camouflaging behaviors in young adults with autism. Grounded …


Coping Strategies Of African American Cisgender Female Veterans After Experiencing Military Sexual Trauma, Denise Loretta Bullock Sep 2025

Coping Strategies Of African American Cisgender Female Veterans After Experiencing Military Sexual Trauma, Denise Loretta Bullock

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The United States Veterans Health Administration (VHA) provides care for female veterans who have experienced military sexual trauma (MST), which is harassment and physical assault that occurs while on active military duty. This generic qualitative study involved understanding coping skills of cisgender African American female veterans who experienced MST and the impact of race on their coping skills. A significant gap exists in literature regarding how African American female veterans have coped with MST. This study involved using the transactional theory of stress and coping, which asserts coping responses reflect an imbalance between demands of a person’s environment and what …


Navigating Grief In The Digital Age: A Phenomenological Study Of Young Widows Using Instagram For Support And Connection, Mariah Jasmine Sandoval Sep 2025

Navigating Grief In The Digital Age: A Phenomenological Study Of Young Widows Using Instagram For Support And Connection, Mariah Jasmine Sandoval

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This qualitative phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of young widows who use Instagram for grief support following the death of a spouse. Young widows often face disenfranchised grief and limited access to traditional support systems, which can impede emotional processing and identity reconstruction. Grounded in Continuing Bonds Theory, which posits that ongoing connections with the deceased can be adaptive, the study examined how Instagram facilitates or complicates grief by enabling emotional expression, maintaining bonds, and fostering engagement with a community of shared loss. The central research question asked: How do young widows describe their experiences using Instagram for grief …


The Force Of Resilience: Exploration Of Correlations Between Generational Differences In Occupational Resilience And Turnover Intentions Among Active United States Law Enforcement Personnel, Kaylin Elizabeth Switzer Sep 2025

The Force Of Resilience: Exploration Of Correlations Between Generational Differences In Occupational Resilience And Turnover Intentions Among Active United States Law Enforcement Personnel, Kaylin Elizabeth Switzer

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Law enforcement agencies across the United States are facing critical challenges with the recruitment and retention of officers. This study examined whether differences existed in occupational resilience and turnover intentions across generations of active law enforcement personnel, and whether resilience levels were correlated with turnover intentions. A quantitative, cross-sectional design was used to collect data via an online survey that included the Predictive 6-Factor Resilience Scale and the Expanded Multidimensional Turnover Intentions Scale. The sample consisted of 241 active members of law enforcement. There were two one-way ANOVA tests conducted to assess generational differences in resilience and turnover intention scores, …


Families Experiencing Domestic Violence Related Homelessness, Brittany Miller Sep 2025

Families Experiencing Domestic Violence Related Homelessness, Brittany Miller

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Homelessness in the United States remains a persistent issue despite legislative efforts to address it. Single parents navigating homelessness encounter unique challenges in accessing stable housing and essential services, with domestic violence often serving as a significant contributory factor. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the perceptions of practitioners regarding the needs of single parents navigating domestic violence-related homelessness. The empowerment theory provided the framework for this study, and data were obtained from focus groups with leaders and administrators who work in the areas of homelessness, economic security, and family violence. The study’s findings revealed significant gaps …


What Are The Lived Experiences Of Policing Professionals With Self-Reported Alterations To Biological Instinct Alongside Operational Demands?, Madyson Wier Sep 2025

What Are The Lived Experiences Of Policing Professionals With Self-Reported Alterations To Biological Instinct Alongside Operational Demands?, Madyson Wier

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Operational demands and training of policing professionals may be a source of conflict leading to a potential increase in risk for both the officer and the general public. Training in a law enforcement academy does not adequately prepare officers for the impacts the career may have on mental health, changes to the biological system, or societal criticism of modern-day policing. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand how policing professionals experience changes in the autonomic nervous system with exposure to trauma in the field, and how self-reported alterations are further impacted due to operational expectations of their department. …


Exploring Successful Financing Strategies For Developing Real Estate In Cameroon, Esoh Etebe Elah Sep 2025

Exploring Successful Financing Strategies For Developing Real Estate In Cameroon, Esoh Etebe Elah

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Financing constraints have become a significant problem for leaders of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) developing real estate in Cameroon. Cameroon SME real estate development leaders often lack knowledge of financing strategies to mitigate financial barriers and improve business sustainability. Grounded in the financing constraint theory, this qualitative pragmatic inquiry project was to explore the successful financing strategies Cameroon SME real estate development leaders used. Seven leaders of Cameroon real estate development SMEs were interviewed, and public documents were reviewed. The semistructured interview and document data were analyzed using thematic analysis, resulting in five themes: (a) financing strategies, (b) funding …


Lived Experiences Of Transgender And Non-Conforming Individuals Related To Gender Separation Bathroom Policies, Patricia Ojea Sep 2025

Lived Experiences Of Transgender And Non-Conforming Individuals Related To Gender Separation Bathroom Policies, Patricia Ojea

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The transgender and gender non-conforming population experiences discrimination when using public restrooms, but scholarly researchers do not know how the varying degrees of acceptance or rejection impact their daily lives. The purpose of this qualitative study was to better understand the lived experiences of transgender and non-conforming (TGNC) adults to determine if bathroom legislation helps alleviate adversity experienced by this group. Kingdon's multiple-streams framework and Meyer's minority stress theory were the theoretical frameworks that served as this study's foundation. The research questions for this study focused on how the lack of enabling restroom policies in New Jersey impacts TGNC adults …


Exploring The Lived Experiences Of Former Lagos State Male Public High School Teachers About Their Onboarding Process., Agboola Clement Ikuyinminu Sep 2025

Exploring The Lived Experiences Of Former Lagos State Male Public High School Teachers About Their Onboarding Process., Agboola Clement Ikuyinminu

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Lagos State, Nigeria, faces male teacher retention challenges in public high schools, including destabilizing the educational environment, reducing the availability of experienced mentors, and negatively impacting student performance and outcomes. School leaders need to understand the challenges leading to male teacher turnover. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of Lagos State male public high school teachers who left the profession, focusing particularly on their perceptions of onboarding and reasons for leaving the profession. This study was grounded in Herzberg’s two-factor theory, Bauer and Erdogan’s onboarding theory, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and Bandura’s social …


Mandatory Minimum State Compensation Statutes For Exonerees Of Wrongful Incarceration, Ellen Rochelle Mabry Aug 2025

Mandatory Minimum State Compensation Statutes For Exonerees Of Wrongful Incarceration, Ellen Rochelle Mabry

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Receiving fair and equitable compensation for victims of wrongful incarceration post-release continues to be problematic, inconsistent, and inadequate. This qualitative study addresses the gap in knowledge by exploring the unsatisfactory and varying compensation statutes across states that adversely affect and compound the experiences of exonerees through systemic injustices. The conceptual frameworks for this study are Weible & Sabatier’s guide to the advocacy coalition framework and Jenkins-Smith, et.al, using cultural theory to specify belief systems, coalitions, and sources of change. Research questions focus on how exonerees describe their experiences with unfair and unequal state compensation laws for victims of wrongful imprisonment, …


Relationship Between Peer Support Services And Offender Reentry Organizations, Julie Megan Dixon Aug 2025

Relationship Between Peer Support Services And Offender Reentry Organizations, Julie Megan Dixon

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This study addressed the gap in understanding the acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of peer support services (PSS) among two groups of reentry staff in North Carolina (NC): those in the community and those within the Department of Adult Correction (DAC). Both groups of reentry staff completed a web-based survey encompassing the Acceptability of Intervention Measure (AIM), Intervention Appropriateness Measure (IAM), and Feasibility of Intervention Measure (FIM). The sampling strategy, response rate, and survey administration details are provided. Guided by ecological systems theory, this study examined how PSS can improve reentry outcomes and address insufficient public safety, social relationship deterioration, and …


Adult-Child Caregivers’ Fear And Coping Regarding The Risk Of Inheriting Alzheimer’S Disease, Rebecca Anne Ledbetter Aug 2025

Adult-Child Caregivers’ Fear And Coping Regarding The Risk Of Inheriting Alzheimer’S Disease, Rebecca Anne Ledbetter

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Caring for elderly parents with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) poses two major challenges for adult-child caregivers: the tasks involved in taking care of ailing parents and also potentially living in fear of developing the same disease. This research examined how caregivers with such fear regard their vulnerability to AD and how they manage the stress that comes with caregiving for someone with a disease they dread developing themselves. This grounded theory study employed the appraisal theory of emotions and the theory of moods as frameworks and aimed to establish awareness regarding coping strategies that adult-child caregivers have about caretaking and their …


The Relationship Of Organizational Health Safety Efforts Specific To Covid-19 And Perceived Organizational Support On Affective Organizational Commitment, Suzzee Meusel Aug 2025

The Relationship Of Organizational Health Safety Efforts Specific To Covid-19 And Perceived Organizational Support On Affective Organizational Commitment, Suzzee Meusel

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

When health safety efforts for COVID-19 are perceived negatively, the implementation of health safety efforts by employers may not be effective and are therefore likely to fail in protecting employee health, such as in the agriculture industry. Guided by social exchange theory, organizational support theory, and the theory of organizational commitment, this quantitative correlational study involved examining relationships between organizational health safety efforts specific to COVID-19 (OHSE-C19), perceived organizational support (POS), and affective organizational commitment (AOC) among poultry hatchery employees. The study entailed analyzing survey and opinion poll data from 90 participants from two poultry hatcheries in Iowa and Pennsylvania, …


Decision Making In Child Protection Services: Aftermath Of A Child Fatality, Kevin Marino Aug 2025

Decision Making In Child Protection Services: Aftermath Of A Child Fatality, Kevin Marino

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Child fatalities resulting from abuse and neglect have a residual effect on families, communities, and child protective services (CPS) professionals tasked with ensuring child safety. The purpose of the mixed-methods study was to examine how CPS professionals made decisions in high-risk and fatality cases by evaluating decision-making processes, identifying contextual and interpersonal influences, and addressing practice questions related to administrative data, case records, caseworker and supervisor perspectives, cost implications, and organizational supports. The theoretical framework of Simon’s theory of bounded rationality and near decomposability along with Fluke et al.’s ecology of decision-making model formed the study’s analysis. The study included …


An Analysis Of Ex-Offender’S Perspectives On The Impact Of The Time Frame Of Reentry Programs On The Likelihood Of Recidivating, Angel Yates Aug 2025

An Analysis Of Ex-Offender’S Perspectives On The Impact Of The Time Frame Of Reentry Programs On The Likelihood Of Recidivating, Angel Yates

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem this study explored is how the timing of when reentry services are provided to incarcerated individuals and the impact it will have on their reintegration process and recidivism rates. This qualitative study analyzed the timing of when reentry programs are provided to incarcerated individuals and the impact it has on reducing recidivism rates. This study’s flyer was posted on social media platforms and shared with reentry programs. A total of 20 interviews were conducted. All participants answered the requirement questions via email; for those who met the criteria, consent forms were then sent, and interviews were scheduled. Transcripts …


Crime Prevention Professionals’ Perspectives On Using Cpted To Mitigate Targeted Violence On K-12 School Campuses, Bridgit C. Didier Aug 2025

Crime Prevention Professionals’ Perspectives On Using Cpted To Mitigate Targeted Violence On K-12 School Campuses, Bridgit C. Didier

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Targeted violence in K-12 schools across the United States is a serious concern. These incidents not only endanger students and staff, but also cause lasting trauma and erode trust in schools. While existing measures may deter some violence, questions remain regarding their overall effectiveness. This study involved exploring perspectives of crime prevention experts on using Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) strategies to mitigate violence in K-12 schools. Although CPTED is recognized as effective in terms of reducing crime, research on its use in schools, especially from the perspective of crime prevention professionals, is limited. This generic qualitative study involved …


Government Policies Influencing The Retainment Of Civil Engineers In Guyana's Public Sector, Gracelyn George Aug 2025

Government Policies Influencing The Retainment Of Civil Engineers In Guyana's Public Sector, Gracelyn George

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The low retention of civil engineers in Guyana’s public sector has impeded the execution of needed infrastructure projects in the country. The literature reviewed highlighted that there continued to be questions regarding why people leave engineering jobs. Moreover, there was a limited understanding of what societal attributes influenced the problem, while there continued to be a growing demand for civil engineers. The literature specific to government policies influencing the retention of civil engineers in the public sector was lacking, presenting an opportunity to expand the application of the policy feedback theory, which provided a lens for examining retention measures in …