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Articles 5191 - 5220 of 73805

Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Physical Growth, Adolescent, Alison Datoc, Vijay Bajnath, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Physical Growth, Adolescent, Alison Datoc, Vijay Bajnath, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Adolescents experience a period of substantial growth between puberty and adulthood. This growth spurt typically occurs between ages 12 and 18, and is associated with various physical changes due to fluctuations in hormones. These changes are manifested in an individual’s height, weight, and sexual characteristics, and there is considerable variation between each individual for when these changes occur.

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Longevity, Alison Datoc, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Longevity, Alison Datoc, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Longevity, defined as the length of an individual life, is a topic that has been explored by the scientific community as well as across cultures for decades. Health professionals repeatedly encourage individuals to eat more vegetables, exercise more, lose weight, and engage in other health-related behaviors to live a long and healthy life; however, recent literature suggests predictors of extending life are more complex than these recommendations. While there is no specific formula to guarantee a long life, it is well-established that a multitude of factors contribute to an individual’s longevity. These factors ultimately break down into three categories- genetics, …

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Multiple Regression, Christian Delucia, Kaleb Pratt, Ashley R. Strong Apr 2025

Multiple Regression, Christian Delucia, Kaleb Pratt, Ashley R. Strong

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Researchers use statistical models to test hypotheses about developmental phenomena. The multiple regression model is a powerful and flexible statistical model that can be used to answer a multitude of research questions. For example, a researcher might be interested in testing whether parent substance use, peer substance use, and lower school performance are risk factors for adolescent substance use. By collecting data on a sample of adolescents, a researcher could use a multiple regression model to provide insights into this research question. Below, we provide a brief, non-technical introduction to the multiple regression model.

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Subjective Well-Being, Alison Datoc, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Subjective Well-Being, Alison Datoc, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Subjective well-being (SWB) is defined as an individual’s cognitive and affective evaluations of his or her life. The cognitive element encompasses how one feels about his or her life, and the affective element refers to emotions, moods, and feelings. In simpler terms, SWB represents an individual’s happiness and life satisfaction. The concept of SWB has been discussed for centuries; however, interest in this field has grown exponentially since the 1950s as Psychologists expanded their focus on negative emotional states such as depression to also explore positive emotional states such as happiness and feelings of well-being.

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Stress (Personality Types), Alison Datoc, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Stress (Personality Types), Alison Datoc, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Both stress and personality types are multifaceted topics that have been defined in multiple ways.  Examining the relationship between stress and personality types is complex; however, literature on this relationship is well-established. While early research on the relationship between personality and stress focused on unidimensional personality traits, such as the relationship between stress and Type A personality, optimism, and hostility, research in this field today takes a comprehensive approach conceptualizing personality in five dimensions. The most widely accepted method of defining personality today is the Big Five model, consisting of five independent factors of personality: Extraversion, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Openness to …

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Work-Family Conflict, Alexandra M. Daro, Samantha K. Ammons Apr 2025

Work-Family Conflict, Alexandra M. Daro, Samantha K. Ammons

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Individuals will take on many different roles throughout their lives. Three of the largest roles an individual can take on – employee, spouse, parent – often come into conflict with each other. Work-family conflict occurs when demands at work and demands in the family are incompatible.  The term “family” can mean different things to different people. Although we often think of family members as individuals tied to us through blood or marriage, families can also be comprised of other loved ones, close friends, and even pets.

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Programmed Cell Death, Skyler Coetzee, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Programmed Cell Death, Skyler Coetzee, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Programmed cell death (PCD) is cellular death that is deliberately induced via an intracellular program. There are two main mechanisms of PCD, apoptosis and autophagic cell death. The most common form of PCD in multicellular organisms, including humans, is apoptosis.

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Gardner’S View Of Intelligence, Seth C. Courrege, Nathan C. Weed Apr 2025

Gardner’S View Of Intelligence, Seth C. Courrege, Nathan C. Weed

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Howard E. Gardner’s framework for understanding intelligence is one of the most well-known alternatives to the more widely-accepted Cattell-Horn-Carrol model of intelligence (CHC). In 1983, Gardner published Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, in which he rejected the idea of a single intelligence (g) in favor of multiple, relatively independent intelligences. In his introduction for the third edition of Frames of Mind, Gardner describes a myriad of inspirations for his theory, including a notable lack of research on artistic talents within cognitive psychology. Gardner argues that the traditional definition of “intelligence” is too narrow, and that some of …

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Asymmetric Effects Of The Ebbinghaus Illusion On Relative Depth Judgments In A Perceptual Matching Task, Caden J. Thompson Apr 2025

Asymmetric Effects Of The Ebbinghaus Illusion On Relative Depth Judgments In A Perceptual Matching Task, Caden J. Thompson

Honors Theses

The Ebbinghaus illusion, also know as Titchner Circles, is a perceptual illusion that is typically presented as a two-dimensional set of disks. These disks are configured as a central disk surrounded by an annulus of smaller or larger disks. Numerous studies have found the illusion to have an effect on size perception, but fewer studies have analyzed its effects on depth judgments. This study utilized a head-worn virtual reality environment as well as a three-dimensional display to examine the effects of the Ebbinghaus illusion on relative depth judgments in a perceptual matching task. Findings indicated that Ebbinghaus configurations featuring an …

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Social Exchange Theory, William Goulart, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Social Exchange Theory, William Goulart, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Exchange theory originated in the field of sociology in the 1920s. However, since the late 1950s and early 1960s, social exchange theory has been a major school of thought in the field of both social psychology and sociology. This is largely due to the work of George Homans, John Thibaut, Harold Kelley, and Peter Blau. Social exchange theory describes all human interactions as a series of trades or exchanges of rewards between actors.

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Lifespan Construct, Meghan Gilmore, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Lifespan Construct, Meghan Gilmore, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Susan K. Whitbourne’s (1985) lifespan construct derives from her identity theory. Lifespan construct is a combined sense of past, present, and future events that are connected by their common occurrence to the individual. Cognitive-affective schemata are part of building this construct and shape the way adults approach identity-discrepant experiences.  Cognition is the organizer of the experiences, and all events are measured against these experiences. The affective aspect is the individual’s evaluation of events that lead to positive or negative feeling-states.

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Daniel Levinson, Gulnara Mccullough, Trey Fitch Apr 2025

Daniel Levinson, Gulnara Mccullough, Trey Fitch

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Daniel Levinson was a psychologist and researcher at Harvard and Yale Universities where he became a prominent figure in the area of developmental psychology. He was born in New York City in 1920 and died in 1994. His work expanded the ideas from Erik Erikson and the stage model concept for human development. Levinson was particularly focused on adult development along with the related stages and points of transition. His book Seasons of a Man’s Life (1978), based on extensive interviews with adults, was extremely influential in the area of developmental psychology. The concepts of midlife transitions and midlife conflict …

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Student Motivation - Traditional Vs. Nontraditional College Students, Marcus Lee Johnson Apr 2025

Student Motivation - Traditional Vs. Nontraditional College Students, Marcus Lee Johnson

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Traditional-aged college undergraduate students are typically between the ages of 18 and 23 years and pursue their college education immediately after graduating from high school. Nontraditional undergraduate students tend to be older than 24 years in age or have taken time off from pursuing higher education. Many nontraditional students have reported having parental responsibilities, mortgages, or career responsibilities. Despite these perceived challenges, the nontraditional student population has tripled in size since the 1970’s and is projected to continue growing steadily in the coming years.

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Heredity, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Heredity, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Heredity is the sum of biological processes that result in the transmission of genetic traits from parents to their offspring, making each individual unique. Through the transmission of genetic traits, heredity is responsible for each individual’s genotype, as well as his or her phenotype. The genes that are passed down from generation to generation have a considerable influence on psychological characteristics including intelligence, personality, mental health, and patterns of behavior. However, when considering psychological characteristics passed down through heredity, it is vital that environmental aspects are also considered.

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Life Review, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Life Review, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

In traditional societies, storytelling was an art used to help understand the meaning of life. Storytellers typically included older adults who had experienced challenges in their lives and were aiming to help the young learn from them. This tradition of storytelling not only facilitated the transmission of valuable information between generations, but it also improved the elderly’s social status. One of the many changes associated with modernized society has been placing a larger focus on youth, allowing the elderly to be marginalized within society. As a byproduct of the focus on youth in modern society, older adults have collectively experienced …

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Carl R. Rogers: Person Centered Therapy, Learner Centered Facilitation, Humanistic Education, Jeffrey H.D. Cornelius-White Apr 2025

Carl R. Rogers: Person Centered Therapy, Learner Centered Facilitation, Humanistic Education, Jeffrey H.D. Cornelius-White

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Carl Rogers (January 8, 1902- February 4, 1987) was born and grew up in Oak Park, Illinois, near Chicago. He is one of the few American psychologists to be considered giants in the field, and his American spirit can be traced to ancestors in the USA since the 1600s. He was the fourth of six children in a devout conservative Christian family who prayed together in a circle each morning. He learned to read before Kindergarten and read extensively. As a child, he was shy and kept sheltered by his family, and did not have close friends. He became very …

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Kenneth B. Clark, Kalen Kennedy, Simon Howard Apr 2025

Kenneth B. Clark, Kalen Kennedy, Simon Howard

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Kenneth B. Clark (born July 14, 1914, unincorporated territory of the Panama Canal Zone – May 1, 2005, Hastings-on-Hudson, New York) was an American experimental psychologist best known for his work on understanding the development of African American children’s sense of self, specifically through a series of studies known as the “doll tests”.

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Widowhood, Kirsten Horne, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Widowhood, Kirsten Horne, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Widowhood is defined as the state or period of being a widow or widower.  A widow is a female whose spouse has died, while a widower is a male whose spouse has died.  Although both men and women are likely to experience widowhood, research indicates that women are more likely to be widowed than men. Research suggests there are two main reasons why women are more likely to be widowed. First, women in average live longer than men. The second reason consists of the idea that women tend to marry older men. (Now that the USA and many other countries …

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Mental Models: How Children Learn The Earth Isn’T Flat, Leila Hosseini, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Mental Models: How Children Learn The Earth Isn’T Flat, Leila Hosseini, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Researchers in the area of child psychology have taken an interest in how children revise their understanding of the world. Stella Vosniadou and William Brewer (1991) postulated a theory called mental models, which provides insight into how genuine understanding is attained. The postulated mental models are created and then tested to build up one’s understanding of how the world works. Additionally, this theory implies there may be points in time where there is some understanding of a concept, yet it is still incomplete. Vosniadou and Brewer wanted to explore these intermediate mental models and develop evidence of understanding in progress.

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Abraham Low, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Abraham Low, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Dr. Abraham Low (1891–1954) was a Jewish-American psychiatrist and a pioneer in the treatment of mental disorders through self-help programs. He is known for founding Recovery, Inc., a self-help organization that is designed, in part, to fight against the stigma of mental illness. Dr. Low criticized the work of Freud, rejecting the psychoanalytic doctrine both as a therapeutic technique and ideology. He affirmed his belief that human conduct is not a result of unconscious drives but rather directed by personal will.

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Social Groups And Development, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Social Groups And Development, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Children spend an increasing amount of time in social groups as they age. Preschoolers begin to interact with their peers around playsets, though at this stage, these early social groups are loosely organized. It is not until they reach school age that children begin to feel as true members of a peer group. A peer group interacts on a regular basis, provides a sense of belonging, has implicit or explicit norms, and has a hierarchical order. Within these groups, social status becomes important, with some members being more popular and having a greater social impact than others.

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Social Rejection, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Social Rejection, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

People conform to gain social acceptance and avoid rejection. It is believed that people carry a strong, instinctive need to form social bonds and avoid the consequences of rejection. Even individuals who prefer to be alone still tend to have a few close friends. Rejection is one of the main obstacles faced by many individuals in their attempts to fulfill this need. Being rejected by social groups can be distressing to the individual, as the consequences of rejection can be catastrophic. However, those who feel rejected can also behave in a manner that can either strengthen their remaining social bonds …

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The Doll Studies", Kenneth B. Clark And Mamie P. Clark, 1947", Simon Howard, Kalen Kennedy Apr 2025

The Doll Studies", Kenneth B. Clark And Mamie P. Clark, 1947", Simon Howard, Kalen Kennedy

Essays in Developmental Psychology

The experiments colloquially known as the “doll studies” were a series of studies performed by Mamie P. Clark and her husband Kenneth B. Clark in the 1940’s. The purpose of the experiments was to explore how African-American children developed a sense of self. Additionally, the Clarks were interested in Black children’s racial preferences and self-esteem. In these studies, the Clarks used four diaper-clad dolls that were identical in every respect, with one exception: Two of the dolls were Black and the other two were White. These dolls were displayed before Black children between the ages of 3 and 7 while …

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Forms Of Parenting, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Forms Of Parenting, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Parenting styles represent the different strategies that parents use when raising their children. Clinical and developmental psychologist Diana Baumrind believed there were two basic dimensions to parenting: warmth and control. Baumrind identified three parenting styles: Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive styles based on these two dimensions. Her work was later expanded by Maccoby and Martin to include neglectful parenting.

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The Missing Child Experiment, Philip J. Hudson, Michelle P. D'Amico, Betty S. Lai Apr 2025

The Missing Child Experiment, Philip J. Hudson, Michelle P. D'Amico, Betty S. Lai

Essays in Developmental Psychology

“The missing child experiment” refers to a popular, non-academic, social experiment that was first conducted in 2008 by a Local 6, a news station in Orlando, Florida. The “experiment” has since been replicated and adapted in popular culture and by psychological researchers. In the “experiment,” the news crew arranged for a child actor to sit on a bench inside the entrance of a local shopping mall. Mock missing child posters featuring the child actor’s face were posted at the mall’s entrance. The child was observed by the news crew and security personnel, with her father seated in a nearby café …

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Adolescent Alcohol Use, Maike Klein Apr 2025

Adolescent Alcohol Use, Maike Klein

Essays in Developmental Psychology

To this day, Alcohol poses a danger that literature defines as “the world's third largest contributor to disease” (Marshall, 2014). According to the World Health Organization, nearly 2.5 million deaths are caused by alcohol, with rising prevalence among adolescents (WHO, 2014). Alcohol consumption and misuse in adolescents continues to be a national health issue in the United States (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], 2013). In-depth reports for one month indicated underaged drinking to stand at almost 30% (SAMHSA, 2013). A recent study about ongoing drug use among high school students found an alcohol consumption level of almost …

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Adolescent Drug Use, Maike Klein Apr 2025

Adolescent Drug Use, Maike Klein

Essays in Developmental Psychology

The adolescence stage of life is a critical period for increased risk behaviors such as use of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs (Chen & Jacobson, 2012), unprotected sex and sexually transmitted infections (Center for Disease Control, 2014) as well as violent and nonviolent crimes (Pastore & Maguire, 2006; Collado, MacPherson, Kurdziel, Rosenberg, & Lejuez, 2014). Drug misuse during adolescence continues to be a problem in the United States. Mitchell et. al. (2014) illuminate the epidemical forces of drug use by reviewing data of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), showing that 1 in 10 adolescents from ages …

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Singlehood, Molly B. Keith, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Singlehood, Molly B. Keith, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Singlehood is defined as a state of being unmarried, either with or without a partner.  For some singlehood is a choice to remain unmarried as an adult, or it can be a stage that is passed through temporarily when a spouse dies, or even when an adult is between partners.  Singlehood is experienced differently depending on which of those groups a person finds themselves in or chooses to be part of.  The experience is also varied by a person’s cultural and ethnic heritage.  People in both the married group and the unmarried group are able to identify benefits and drawbacks …

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The Looking Chamber Experiment, Robert Fantz, 1961, Diana Hincapie, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

The Looking Chamber Experiment, Robert Fantz, 1961, Diana Hincapie, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

The Looking Chamber Experiment refers to a series of studies performed by Robert Fantz in 1961. Before the work of Fantz, little research was conducted on infant perception. There was presupposition that infants held the ability to perceive light, color and movement, yet, lacked the ability to respond to complex stimulus (i.e. shape, pattern, size, or solidity). Fantz and his colleagues were specifically interested in finding the degree in which babies can perceive form to categorize their current environment. They created their research techniques on past observational studies with chicks and chimpanzees. To look at the visual abilities of infants, …

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Midlife Physical Changes, Kirsten Horne, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden Apr 2025

Midlife Physical Changes, Kirsten Horne, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden

Essays in Developmental Psychology

Aging occurs at different rates in individuals. These rates are influenced by factors including genetics, lifestyle, and health. Midlife is considered to be the central period of one’s life, consisting of individuals who are approximately 45 to 65 years of age, although some researchers suggest midlife consists of individuals who are 40 to 65 years of age. There are a variety of changes that occur throughout life. However, a majority of the changes that occur during midlife are considered to be normative physical changes. The physical changes in midlife include but are not limited to changes in appearance, senses, muscles, …

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