Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

Does Fdi Affect The Hotel Room Rates In Yangon?, Khine Thu Thu

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Using the hedonic pricing theory, this study investigates the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and hotel room rates in Yangon, Myanmar. Using a dataset of 168 hotels from Yangon, we examined how FDI influences hotel room rates for weekdays and weekends. Our analysis employs the Log-Linear OLS regression model, by using affiliation to a chain, size of hotels, hotel stars rating, service provided by the hotels, location of the hotels, presence of the online, and online customer review ratings on Agoda, Booking.com, Trip.com, and Expedia. We find that FDI has a positive correlation with hotel room rates in Yangon. …

อวัตถุศึกษาของแรงงานมัคคุเทศก์กับการสะสมทุนร่วมสมัย, นัสรอน สะอีดี

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

วิทยานิพนธ์ฉบับนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่ออธิบายความเป็นอวัตถุของแรงงานมัคคุเทศก์ และแรงงานเสี่ยงของมัคคุเทศก์ในอุตสาหกรรมท่องเที่ยวไทย โดยชี้ให้เห็นถึงการสะสมทุนในศตวรรษที่ 21ที่ส่งผลกระทบต่อแรงงานมัคคุเทศก์กลุ่มนี้ ผ่านการศึกษาวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพ โดยใช้วิธีการศึกษา จากการสำรวจเอกสาร และการลงพื้นที่เก็บข้อมูลการสัมภาษณ์เชิงลึกกึ่งมีโครงสร้างจาก ผู้ให้สัมภาษณ์ที่เป็นแรงงานมัคคุเทศก์ทั้งหมดจำนวน 10 คน ผลการศึกษา พบว่า แรงงานมัคคุเทศก์เป็นแรงงานอวัตถุ เนื่องจากต้องใช้ความคิด อารมณ์ และความรู้สึกในการสร้างมูลค่าให้กับผลงานผ่านการเล่าเรื่องราว เพื่อสร้างภาพลักษณ์ สร้างการรับรู้สร้างอารมณ์และความรู้สึกที่น่าจดจำให้กับนักท่องเที่ยว ยิ่งไปกว่านั้น วิทยานิพนธ์ฉบับนี้พยายามอธิบายว่ามัคคุเทศก์เป็นแรงงานอวัตถุที่ใช้ทักษะประเภทหนึ่ง ในการทำงานมากกว่าอาชีพอื่นเป็นพิเศษ คือการใช้อารมณ์ในการปฏิบัติงาน ซึ่งเป็นกระบวนการในการจัดการอารมณ์และการแสดงออกเพื่อตอบสนองความต้องการทางอารมณ์ของงานนำเที่ยว นอกจากนี้ ค้นพบว่าแรงงานมัคคุเทศก์ต้องเผชิญกับสถานะแรงงานเสี่ยงเช่นเดียวกัน โดยศึกษาจากลักษณะของการทำงานนำเที่ยว ทั้งในด้านของงานที่มีลักษณะชั่วคราว งานที่ไม่มีความแน่นอน งานที่ขาดความมั่นคงและขาดสวัสดิการ จากการศึกษาในครั้งนี้ชี้ให้เห็นถึงวิถีการทำงาน การจ้างงาน และผลกระทบของแรงงานมัคคุเทศก์ท่ามกลางการสะสมทุนร่วมสมัย ทำให้มัคคุเทศก์อยู่ในสภาวะงานเสี่ยงที่ไม่สามารถ มีความมั่นคง และมองเห็นอนาคตตนเอง อันจะเป็นความเสี่ยงในเชิงการยกระดับมาตรฐาน ในคุณภาพชีวิตและการดำรงชีวิตของมัคคุเทศก์

ผลกระทบของการแพร่ระบาดของโควิด - 19 ต่อพฤติกรรมการเล่นพนันในกลุ่มนักพนันชาวไทย, สุรางคนางค์ อยู่เย็น

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การศึกษาครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาพฤติกรรมการเล่นพนันของนักพนันชาวไทยในช่วงก่อนและหลังการแพร่ระบาดของโควิด-19 รวมทั้งศึกษาปัจจัยที่ส่งผลกระทบต่อการเป็นนักพนันที่มีปัญหา ตลอดจนศึกษาผลกระทบจากการแพร่ระบาดของโควิด-19 ต่อการเป็นนักพนันที่มีปัญหาของนักพนันชาวไทยด้วย โดยใช้ข้อมูลทุติยภูมิจากการสำรวจของโครงการศึกษาสถานการณ์ และผลกระทบการพนันในประเทศไทยประจำปี พ.ศ. 2562 และปี พ.ศ. 2564 ที่จัดทำโดยศูนย์วิจัยเพื่อการพัฒนาสังคมและธุรกิจ ศูนย์ศึกษาปัญหาการพนัน คณะเศรษฐศาสตร์ จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย ใช้ข้อมูลที่แสดงถึงความรุนแรงในการแพร่ระบาดของโควิด-19 ระดับจังหวัดจากประกาศคำสั่งการกำหนดเขตพื้นที่ตามสถานการณ์การแพร่ระบาดของโควิด-19 รวมถึงใช้ข้อมูลจังหวัดที่มีพรมแดนติดต่อกับประเทศเพื่อนบ้านจากกรมส่งเสริมการปกครองท้องถิ่น และข้อมูลจำนวนสถานีตำรวจของแต่ละจังหวัดจากสำนักงานตำรวจแห่งชาติ สถิติที่ใช้ในการวิเคราะห์ คือ สถิติเชิงพรรณนาและการวิเคราะห์ Logistic Regression Model ร่วมกับเทคนิค Difference in Differences (DID) ผลการศึกษาพบว่า พฤติกรรมการเล่นพนันของนักพนันชาวไทยในช่วงก่อนและหลังการแพร่ระบาดของโควิด-19 มีลักษณะใกล้เคียงกัน ทั้งในแง่ของความถี่ในการเล่น จำนวนเงินวางเดิมพัน ประเภทของการพนันซึ่งการพนันที่นิยมเล่น คือ สลากกินแบ่งรัฐบาล และนักพนันส่วนใหญ่ถูกประเมินว่าเป็นนักพนันที่มีความเสี่ยงปานกลางที่จะเป็นนักพนันที่มีปัญหา สำหรับปัจจัยที่ส่งผลต่อความน่าจะเป็นในการเป็นนักพนันที่มีปัญหาอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติ ได้แก่ เพศ อายุ สถานภาพสมรส ระดับการศึกษา อาชีพ รายได้ เขตที่พักอาศัย จังหวัดที่มีพรมแดนติดต่อกับประเทศเพื่อนบ้าน และจำนวนสถานีตำรวจ นอกจากนี้การแพร่ระบาดของโควิด-19 ยังส่งผลให้ความน่าจะเป็นในการเป็นนักพนันที่มีปัญหาลดลงในระดับประเทศ แต่เมื่อพิจารณาในระดับจังหวัด พบว่า นักพนันที่อยู่ในจังหวัดที่มีความรุนแรงในการแพร่ระบาดของโควิด-19 มากกว่ามีความน่าจะเป็นในการเป็นนักพนันที่มีปัญหาสูงกว่านักพนันที่อยู่ในจังหวัดที่มีความรุนแรงในการแพร่ระบาดของโควิด-19 น้อย อาจเนื่องมาจากนักพนันเหล่านั้นมักได้รับผลกระทบที่ทำให้มีปัญหาจากการเล่นพนันที่สูงกว่า เช่น เกิดความเครียด มีปัญหาเรื่องสุขภาพ และประสบปัญหาทางด้านการเงินจากการเล่นพนันที่มากกว่าด้วย ซึ่งปัญหาในกลุ่มของนักพนันที่มีปัญหานี้ถือว่าเป็นปัญหาสาธารณสุขประเภทหนึ่งที่ต้องได้รับการแก้ไข ดังนั้นการศึกษาครั้งนี้ย่อมเป็นประโยชน์ต่อหน่วยงานที่เกี่ยวข้องที่ทำหน้าที่ออกนโยบายเพื่อควบคุมหรือบรรเทาปัญหาในกลุ่มนักพนันที่มีปัญหา เช่น จัดตั้งหน่วยงานบำบัดผู้เป็นนักพนันที่มีปัญหาหรือทำการออกนโยบายควบคุมการเข้าถึงการเล่นพนันในสังคม

How Financial Status Affects Food Decisions In Households Of Marin City, Joe Blakely

Global Public Health | Student Research Posters

• Food insecurity is a multifaceted issue influenced by various factors, including socioeconomic status and access to nutritious foods. Research has shown that low-income households often face challenges in accessing healthy food options due to financial constraints.
• Cultural and psychological factors also play significant roles in shaping food choices among low-income populations. Additionally, the availability and affordability of healthy foods within local food environments significantly impact dietary behaviors.
• Economic factors such as income levels and household expenses further compound the challenges of food insecurity. Studies on food spending decisions among low-income demographics revealed that financial constraints often force families to prioritize …

How Financial Status Affects Food Decisions In Households Of Marin City, Joe Blakely

Global Public Health | Senior Theses

This research addresses disparities in food decision-making among households in Marin City by examining their food spending habits after covering essential bills. Understanding how these households allocate resources for food is crucial for developing targeted interventions to improve food security and health outcomes. Utilizing qualitative methods, semi-structured interviews, this study explores the spending patterns and decision-making processes related to food expenditures among households in Marin City. The sampling method ensures consideration of different economic levels and grocery strategies. Recruitment involves collaboration with community organizations and social service agencies such as Marin City Community Center. The study focuses on residents of …

Write Things Right: How To Communicate Most Effectively About Climate Change, Lara Beckius

Economics Honors Papers

As the climate change crisis worsens, it is more important than ever that communicators understand the role that specific messaging plays in the formation of public opinion and the overall strength of the call for action. This study seeks to determine the most effective methods of communicating climate change-induced environmental issues to the general public to raise awareness of the issue and encourage solution-focused behavioral change. A review of current climate change communication techniques reveals that it is up to communicators to understand the limitations of their chosen media and the most effective tactics for communicating the complex issue with …

Income Source Effect Of Expectations And Seriousness On Spending Behavior, Ethan Sweeney

Economics Honors Papers

Mental accounting bias is the practice of people categorizing money and making financial decisions based on those categories without being explicitly cognizant of these groupings. Income sourcing is a type of mental accounting bias when people spend money differently based on how they came into possession of that money. This study focused on measuring various forms of income sourcing and their impact on spending behavior. In particular, this study analyzed how people make spending decisions when they have earned money in either a frivolous or a serious manner, and alternatively how people make spending decisions when they have either an …

The Affordable Housing Crisis In New York City, Mexican Studies Institute Cuny, Hashim Abdul

Publications and Research

This paper examines the current housing crisis in The Bronx that worsened during and after the COVID pandemic. It examines social and economic factors that contribute to low home ownership and housing instability. Through a comparison with European models, the author concludes that solutions to alleviate the crisis may include rental price caps, increased Airbnb regulations and government “subsidization instead of profitability”.

Effects Of The Homegrown Player Rule In The English Premier League: A Comprehensive Analysis Of Squad Composition, Market Values, And Wages, Jiho "Brian" Jun

Pitzer Senior Theses

This paper uses theoretical frameworks from economics and sports management to investigate the transformative effects of the Homegrown Player Rule on English Premier League squad dynamics, market valuations, and wage structures. The study examines the evolution of homegrown player distribution across clubs from the rule’s implementation in 2010 to the most recent season in 2023. My analysis of market values and wages finds no evidence that the rule leads to possible market value and wage rate disparities between homegrown and non-homegrown players. Subsequent research shows evidence of a decrease in the real wage rate of homegrown players over time, contrasting …

Industrial Hemp Production And Potential Risks In Kentucky, Hoyeon Jeong

Theses and Dissertations--Agricultural Economics

Since the Agricultural Improvement Act of 2014 and 2018 legalized Industrial Hemp (Cannabis Sativa. L), interest in grain, fiber, and floral hemp production has seen growing pains. As an emerging crop, there is a research gap in the impact of weather and agronomic conditions on hemp production including THC (Delta 9 Tetrahydrocannabinol) and pollen drift as risks in hemp cultivation. The first essay aims to measure the impact of weather and agronomic factors on hemp grain, fiber, and floral yields in Kentucky using a yield-weather model with information on field locations. The results show that heat conditions during the growing …

Front Matter: 2024 State Of The Commonwealth Report, Dragas Center For Economic Analysis And Policy, Old Dominion University

State of the Commonwealth Reports

Cover, front matter, table of contents, sponsors, and other materials for the 2023 State of the Commonwealth Report authored by the Center for Economic Analysis and Policy at Old Dominion University,

Part 1: Virginia's Economy Grows, Will Consumers Remain Unhappy?, Dragas Center For Economic Analysis And Policy, Old Dominion University

State of the Commonwealth Reports

By many measures, Virginia will set several records in 2024. Economic activity across the state will surpass that observed in 2023 and will represent the fourth consecutive year of economic growth. More Virginians will have been at work or looking for work than in any other year. Yet, if one asks Virginians about the state of the economy, their views are decidedly more pessimistic.

Part 4: Rising Disability Rates (Or Not): A Sign That We Care Or An Epidemic Problem In The Commonwealth?, Dragas Center For Economic Analysis And Policy, Old Dominion University

State of the Commonwealth Reports

In this chapter, we examine one particular corner of a much larger disability story --- those individuals who have a work history and subsequently seek to receive income from the Social Security Administration because of that disability. Contrary to what many people believe, both the number of applications for worker disability and rates of approval of those applications have trended downward in recent years. We examine how worker disability rates have changed over time across the nation and Commonwealth.

Essays On The Dynamics Of Subnational Public Finance In Indonesia, Much Rosidi

Theses and Dissertations--Public Policy and Administration

This dissertation comprises three essays that collectively explore the intricacies of subnational public finance in Indonesia: vehicle tax amnesty, property tax competition, and corruption. The research aims to understand the dynamics shaping fiscal policies at the subnational level.

In the first essay, I examine vehicle tax amnesty programs in Indonesia that have been very popular in dealing with high delinquency rates. From 2008 to 2020, provincial amnesties occurred every 2.5 years on average. Using the variation in the timing of the province’s amnesty adoptions, I estimate the effect of vehicle tax amnesty on vehicle tax revenue using difference-in-differences. The short-run …

Relationships Between Local Revenue And Expenditure Policies And Urban Housing Markets, Lucas Taulbee

Theses and Dissertations--Public Policy and Administration

This dissertation consists of three essays on urban/local public finance, specifically residential property tax assessment and the provision of local public services. A general theme of the essays is the interplay between local financial policies and housing markets. Both revenue (tax) and expenditure policies can have significant effects on housing prices which can, in turn, have feedback effects on current and future revenues and expenditures. In the first chapter, Assessment Regressivity and Capitalization of Property Taxes, I consider assessment regressivity, the phenomenon in which higher-priced homes tend to be underassessed while lower priced homes tend to be overassessed. This may …

Essays On Public And Nonprofit Financial Dynamics, Yunjun Kim

Theses and Dissertations--Public Policy and Administration

This dissertation consists of three essays that explore different dimensions of financial dynamics in the public and nonprofit sectors. Each chapter examines how the fiscal behavior of neighboring jurisdictions, policy interventions, and financial practices influence fiscal decision-making and financial performance within these entities.

In the first essay, I investigate yardstick competition in local government spending in South Korea by leveraging the exogenous variation introduced by by-elections. This approach allows me to estimate the influence of neighboring jurisdictions on local expenditures. Contrary to previous empirical studies from other countries, my findings reveal no significant interdependence in spending among South Korean municipalities, …

National Integration And Institution Building, Haiwen Zhou

Economics Faculty Publications

The mutual dependence between national integration and institution building is established in a formal model. It is shown that a decrease in transportation costs, but not necessarily an increase in population size, reduces the equilibrium number of states and the adoption of rule-based institutions. With endogenous transportation costs or endogenous population size, the unification process can feed on itself. The model is illustrated by the state of Qin's unification of China in 221 BC. During this process of national integration, transformations from relation-based governance to rule-based governance happened.

More Than A Feeling: Exploring The Drivers Of Music Catalog Values, Emily Nutting

CMC Senior Theses

This paper examines which characteristics of songs affect transaction price in the sale of artist’s music catalogs. My analysis tests many variables, including the number of years between the song’s release its catalog’s sale (age); the natural log of the number of Spotify streams the song has (popularity); the genre of the song; themes in the song, such as dating, violence, romance, obscenity, sadness, and feelings; and elements of the song like danceability, energy, loudness, instrumentalness (the prevalence of instrumentals relative to vocals in a song), and acousticness (the measure of sound made using instruments as opposed to electronic means). …

Consumer Preferences For Ride-Hailing: Barriers To An Autonomous, Shared, And Electric Future, Tamara L. Sheldon, Rubal Dua

Faculty Publications

Research has shown that automation, carpooling, and electrification combined in a mobility on demand framework have the potential for theoretically large emissions reductions. However, less research has been done regarding consumer preferences and behavioral responses to this vision of transportation of the future. In this paper we use choice experiment data collected from an online ride-hailing survey to quantify consumer preferences for these technologies. Our results suggest there are major barriers to consumers’ willing to ride in such vehicles. We find that respondents require large discounts to ride in driverless vehicles or to carpool with other passengers, even holding ride …

Stimulus On The Home Front: The State-Level Effects Of Wwii Spending, Gillian Brunet

Economics: Faculty Publications

I use newly-digitized contract data on U.S. war production spending over 1940-1945 to analyze the macroeconomic effects of U.S. military spending in World War II. I find personal income multipliers of 0.34 over two years and 0.49 over three years. Personal income multipliers may substantially understate GDP multipliers, perhaps by as much as 50%. Employment estimates imply costs per job-year over the same time horizons of $405,013 and $232,268 in 2015 dollars, suggesting job creation was limited. I also find evidence of negative scale effects: larger positive spending shocks are associated with systematically smaller multiplier estimates.

Is West Virginia A Haven For Disabled Workers? An Evolving Story, James V. Koch, Robert M. Mcnab

Economics Faculty Publications

With a particular focus on West Virginia, this study utilizes state-level monthly panel data over 13 years (2010-2022) to examine the determinants of the rates of application of individuals for Social Security Administration disabled worker income payments (SSDI) and the initial recommendations of those applications for approval by the states. Application rates are particularly sensitive to the educational attainment of state populations and approval rates to economic conditions. However, in contrast to media coverage and public perceptions, both the number of applications for SSDI and approval rates have been declining nationally and in West Virginia.

Advanced Air Mobility, Economic Impacts, And Equity Considerations, Robert M. Mcnab

Economics Faculty Publications

Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) may, in the coming decades, result in tens of thousands of new jobs and billions of dollars in additional economic activity. While much of the discussion surrounding AAM focuses on the technical aspects of the nascent industry, estimates of the potential economic impact vary significantly. Much less attention has been paid in the literature to potential externalities, positive and negative, and how these externalities may impact estimates of economic impact. We argue that much work remains to be done before policy advisors and decisions makers can formulate and implement strategies based on the projections of future …

Removing Development Incentives In Risky Areas Promotes Climate Adaptation, Hannah Druckenmiller, Yanjun (Penny) Liao, Sophie Pesek, Margaret Walls, Shan Zhang

Economics Faculty Publications

As natural disasters grow in frequency and intensity with climate change, limiting the populations and properties in harm’s way will be key to adaptation. This study evaluates one approach to discouraging development in risky areas—eliminating public incentives for development, such as infrastructure investments, disaster assistance and federal flood insurance. Using machine learning and matching techniques, we examine the Coastal Barrier Resources System (CBRS), a set of lands where these federal incentives have been removed. We find that the policy leads to lower development densities inside designated areas, increases development in neighbouring areas, reduces flood damages and alters local demographics. Our …

Technological Advancements In China's Automation Industry: Economic Opportunities And Challenges, Jichen Tan

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

This study investigates the transformative impact of automation technology on China's manufacturing sector within the framework of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. It systematically examines the dual forces of opportunity and challenge through a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analytical lens. The findings indicate that automation has significantly accelerated China's industrial upgrading, enhanced productivity, and positioned the country as a global leader in sectors such as new energy vehicles and photovoltaics. However, the study also identifies persistent dependencies on foreign core technologies, fragmented industrial ecosystems, and social disruptions due to skill mismatches and labor displacement. To address these issues, the paper …

Senior Mental Health Clinicians’ Understanding Of Their Self-Efficacy While Providing Services At Community-Based Agencies, Rukiya Symister

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Many mental health clinicians strive to provide their clients with rehabilitative and psychotherapy services resulting in a client gaining stable income and housing. However, the role of a senior mental health clinician (SMHC) is not without its challenges of trying to balance their well-being while dealing with increased coworker turnover, demanding caseloads, and limited access to community resources to provide clients with getting their lives back on track, thereby impacting clinicians’ understanding of their self-efficacy. Much of the research on self-efficacy has focused on mental health clients, mental health graduate students, and mental health trainees, often leaving out the lived …

Developing Countries And External Debt: What Is Wrong?, Jesus Felipe, Jose Antonio Perez Montiel

Angelo King Institute for Economic and Business Studies (AKI)

LAST DECEMBER, the World Bank published its annual report on international debt (https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/debt-statistics/idr/products). The report indicates that, in 2022, the developing countries spent $443 billion on debt-service repayment (principal plus interest) of their external public and publicly guaranteed debt, 5% more than in 2021. These payments are expected to rise in 2023 and 2024 due to the increase in interest rates. The report indicates that debt levels and high interest rates have set many countries on a path to crisis.

Intergenerational Comparison Of Inequality And Standard Of Living, Jillian Cookinham

Honors Theses and Capstones

This paper encompasses how inequality and standard of living have changed intergenerationally. Existing research and a regression analysis examine how income, corporate profits, housing, education, retirement, and health insurance are interconnected in American inequality and standard of living. Data analyzed in the regression includes the period of 1990 to 2021. However, the literature review extends back to 1970. Findings from existing research and regression analysis are used to provide policy recommendations on how the federal government may improve inequality by addressing the housing shortage, revising the tax system, and encouraging automatic enrollment in retirement plans.

Giving Workers The 'Green Light': Defining Green Jobs And Exploring Their Distribution In The Us, Cole Fuller

Honors Theses and Capstones

As the United States continues to adopt sustainable practices and policies to combat climate change, it is important to consider how these green changes affect the workforce. The term ‘Green Jobs’ has become the colloquial term to refer to sustainable occupations, and despite its popularity in the literature, it often has different meanings in different settings. Our first goal was to explore these definitions and establish one to contextualize our research. We used data from the Occupational Information Network, and used their green job definition, which classifies jobs as green if, and how, they are impacted by the greening economy. …

From It To Ai: Analysis Of Skill–Biased Technological Change In Europe, Stav Alkalay

Honors Theses and Capstones

The beginning of the Artificial Intelligence (AI) revolution marks a significant shift in technological advancements, like the Information Technology (IT) revolution of the 20th century. This paper investigates the similarities between the two revolutions, examining evidence of skilled-biased vs. routine-biased technological change (SBTC vs. RBTC) in Europe. This paper examines the impact of information technology on labor markets, productivity, and income distribution by looking at past trends & data. It draws insights from a variety of economists to forecast trends in the age of artificial intelligence.

Factors Affecting The Adoption Of Information Technology In Medium And Small Enterprises: A Case Study In Mekong Delta, Vietnam, Thy-Lieu Nguyen-Thi, Duy-Dong Le, Kieu-Chinh Nguyen-Ly, Trung-Tien Nguyen, Mohamed Saleem Haja Nazmudeen

ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development

This research endeavors to discern the determinants influencing the adoption of information technology in the management practices of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) situ-ated within the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. Leveraging the Unified Theory of Ac-ceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), PLS-SEM, and ANN models, this study ranks the pivotal factors that impact the decision to integrate information technology into SME management. The identified factors, in order of significance, encompass (1) Support from State Agencies, (2) Managerial Qualifications, (3) Competitive Landscape, (4) Enterprise Scale, and (5) Employee Qualifications. The investigation encompasses 496 SMEs across the Mekong Delta and evaluates …