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Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

توظيف تقنية التكلفة المرتكزة على المدة (Dbc) في تقويم الأداء وفق محاسبة المسؤولية في الوحدات الاقتصادية, رعد عبد مسلم Oct 2024

توظيف تقنية التكلفة المرتكزة على المدة (Dbc) في تقويم الأداء وفق محاسبة المسؤولية في الوحدات الاقتصادية, رعد عبد مسلم

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

يهدف هذا البحث إلى استكشاف ماهية تقنية التكلفة على أساس المدة (Duration-Based Costing – (DBC ومتطلبات تطبيقها، وما هو ودورها في تقويم الأداء وفقاً لمبادئ محاسبة المسؤولية في الوحدات الاقتصادية، حيث ان تقنية (DBC) تعكس فهماً أعمق لكيفية توزيع التكاليف على الأنشطة بناءً على الوقت المستغرق لأدائها، مما يتيح للوحدات الاقتصادية تحديد الفاعلية والكفاءة في استغلال الموارد، كما يتناول البحث كيفية تطبيق هذه التقنية لدعم تقويم الأداء من خلال تقديم تقارير مالية أكثر دقة وشفافية تسهم في تحسين اتخاذ القرارات الإدارية، ولتحقيق اهداف هذا البحث تم تطبيقه في معمل الألبسة الرجالي فرع النجف الاشرف، وتم الاعتماد على بيانات سنة 2022، …

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Measuring Norm Pluralism And Perceived Polarization In Us Politics, Folca Panizza, Eugen Dimant, Erik O. Kimbrough, Alexander Vostroknutov Oct 2024

Measuring Norm Pluralism And Perceived Polarization In Us Politics, Folca Panizza, Eugen Dimant, Erik O. Kimbrough, Alexander Vostroknutov

Economics Faculty Articles and Research

Recent research has shown how norms shape political and economic decision-making. Much of this work assumes that a single norm influences the behavior of all people, but in fact, many situations are characterized by the existence of competing normative viewpoints. We apply a method for measuring belief in the simultaneous existence of multiple norms. Such multiplicity arises naturally when norms are associated with distinctive groups, and thus political polarization can be characterized, in part, as a product of diverging norms between groups. We thus assess the validity of our measurement technique by testing whether it can recover polarization on seven …

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Purchase Intention Of Halal Product: An Applied Study In Lebanon, Soumaya Kaakour Oct 2024

Purchase Intention Of Halal Product: An Applied Study In Lebanon, Soumaya Kaakour

Al Jinan الجنان

Halal is a topic that touches on both business and trade as well as religion. This study aims to investigate the following factors (religiosity, attitude, subjective norms, control behavior, Halal certification and perceived availability) that could affect the purchase intention of Halal products in Lebanese context. The research offers explanations for each variable in the suggested model. Following that, in the first quarter of 2022, data was collected from 202 respondents in Lebanon using an online survey form. SPSS version 20 was applied to test the generated data. Results indicates that the following variables (religiosity, attitude, subjective norms, perceived availability, …

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دور مهارة التفكير الاستراتيجي في فاعلية إدارة الازمات: دراسة استطلاعية لآراء عينة من المدراء العاملين في وزارة التربية, احمد محمود كتاب Oct 2024

دور مهارة التفكير الاستراتيجي في فاعلية إدارة الازمات: دراسة استطلاعية لآراء عينة من المدراء العاملين في وزارة التربية, احمد محمود كتاب

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

هدف البحث الحالي الى تحديد دور مهارة التفكير الاستراتيجي متغير البحث المستقل والذي تم قياسه ب (التأمل، التفكير النظمي، واعادة الصياغة) في فاعلية إدارة الازمات التي تم قياسها ب (حشد الموارد، الاستجابة، الاتصالات)، حيث اعتمد البحث على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي في جمع وتحليل وتفسير بيانات ومعلومات البحث، كما وتم استخدام الاستبانة في جمع البيانات والمعلومات من عينة بلغ قوامها (56) مديراً عاملاً في وزارة التربية مجتمع البحث أذ تم تحليل البيانات والمعلومات التي تم الحصول عليها بواسطة البرنامج الاحصائيspss-v26))، توصل البحث الى عدد من النتائج اهمهما وجود علاقة ارتباط بين متغيري البحث فضلا عن وجود تأثير لمهارة التفكير الاستراتيجي في …

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التوجه الاستراتيجي مدخلا لتفعيل التسويق الريادي للمنظمات الفندقية دراسة استطلاعية لآراء عينة من المدراء والموظفين في عدد من المنظمات الفندقية في العاصمة العراقية- بغداد, حسن عودة غضاب Oct 2024

التوجه الاستراتيجي مدخلا لتفعيل التسويق الريادي للمنظمات الفندقية دراسة استطلاعية لآراء عينة من المدراء والموظفين في عدد من المنظمات الفندقية في العاصمة العراقية- بغداد, حسن عودة غضاب

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

يهدف البحث إلى معرفة الدور الذي يلعبه التوجه الاستراتيجي والمتمثل بــــــــ(التوجه نحو الزبائن ، التوجه التكنولوجي ، التوجه نحو السوق ،التوجه نحو الخدمة) ، مدخلا لتفعيل التسويق الريادي للمنظمات الفندقية والمتمثلة بــــــــــــ(التركيز على الزبون ،التوجه الاستباقية، اقتناص الفرص)، لعدد من المنظمات العراقية في العاصمة العراقية- بغداد، وتمثلت عينة البحث بـــــــــ( مدراء الاقسام، ومدراء الشعب، والموظفين) في المنظمات الفندقية، من خلال فرضيات رئيسة أهتمت بمدى اسهام التوجه الاستراتيجي لتفعيل التسويق الريادي للمنظمات الفندقية، واعتمد الباحث على مخطط البحث تم بناءه على أساس المراجع والادبيات ذات العلاقة بموضوع البحث ، وتم اعتماد استمارة استبيان معدة لهذا الغرض وجرى تحليل البيانات باستخدام SPSS …

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Measuring And Analyzing The Effectiveness Of Monetary Policy Tools To Manage The Internal Public Debt Structure In Iraq, Ali Wahaib Abdallah, Alyaa Hussein Khalaf F Al-Zarkroushib Oct 2024

Measuring And Analyzing The Effectiveness Of Monetary Policy Tools To Manage The Internal Public Debt Structure In Iraq, Ali Wahaib Abdallah, Alyaa Hussein Khalaf F Al-Zarkroushib

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

The research aims to analyze the relationship between monetary policy tools and the structure of domestic debt in Iraq based on the multiple regression model after testing the stability of the series under study using approved tests based on monthly data (2016-2024). The research reached several conclusions confirming a relationship between the variables. Using the standard method, it became clear that the relationship between the independent variable Policy Price (PP), which expresses the policy rate, the cash reserve variable Monetary Reserves (R), and the dependent variable, remittances discounted from the Central Bank (CBC), is an inverse relationship, i.e. if the …

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Germany’S Climate Foreign Policy Strategy And Making The High Politics Of Climate Ambition, Thomas M. Goldstein Oct 2024

Germany’S Climate Foreign Policy Strategy And Making The High Politics Of Climate Ambition, Thomas M. Goldstein

Claremont-UC Undergraduate Research Conference on the European Union

Germany’s Climate Foreign Policy Strategy, released in December 2023, is the first of its kind anywhere. The document elevates a set of climate objectives to the highest level of Germany’s foreign policy. This paper examines Germany as a case study of how a consistently ambitious climate actor may shift its policy preferences over time. Party policy shifts are traced within government documents, campaign manifestos, and coalition contracts to consider the viability of three potential explanations: the demands of a “green” political constituency, a structural reaction to reduce energy dependencies, and feedback effects from international institutions. Upon investigation, the Strategy displays …

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Imposing The Digital Tax On The Profits Of Electronic Companies And Its Impact On Increasing Revenues: A Survey Study Of The Opinions Of A Sample Of Managers And Estimators Working In The General Tax Authority In Iraq, Bushra Hassan Mohamed El-Toby Oct 2024

Imposing The Digital Tax On The Profits Of Electronic Companies And Its Impact On Increasing Revenues: A Survey Study Of The Opinions Of A Sample Of Managers And Estimators Working In The General Tax Authority In Iraq, Bushra Hassan Mohamed El-Toby

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

The study aims to show the financial impact of the imposition of the digital tax on the profits of electronic companies in increasing the general revenues of the state and to identify the obstacles that tax authorities may face during its imposition. The study methodology relies on the inductive approach in observing the research problem represented by the weak contribution of traditional tax revenues in supporting general revenues, as well as the deductive approach to clarify the nature of the relationship between the independent and dependent study variables according to theoretical and applied frameworks. For this purpose, we designed a …

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Effective Financing Strategies For Small And Medium Enterprises In Sub-Saharan Africa, Samsideen Niyi Adegboyega Oct 2024

Effective Financing Strategies For Small And Medium Enterprises In Sub-Saharan Africa, Samsideen Niyi Adegboyega

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Limited access to finance is a significant cause of failure of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), impeding their ability to reach their full potential and contributing to a high business failure rate, a significant concern of SME leaders. Grounded in resource-based theory, the purpose of this qualitative case study was to identify and explore effective financial strategies some sub-Saharan African SME leaders use to access capital to grow and sustain their business beyond 5 years. The participants were eight SME owners in Lagos, Nigeria, who effectively used financial strategies to grow and sustain their businesses over 5 years. Data were …

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The Impact Of Nudge On Tax Compliance: A Study Of Taxpayers In Lebanon, Abdallah Ficani, Sélim Mekdessi Oct 2024

The Impact Of Nudge On Tax Compliance: A Study Of Taxpayers In Lebanon, Abdallah Ficani, Sélim Mekdessi

Arab Economic and Business Journal

This study explores the complex area of tax compliance in Lebanon, using the principles of behavioral economics and nudges as intervention tools. The central problem is to understand how nudges can positively influence the tax behavior of Lebanese taxpayers and improve tax collection. This study tends to investigate how can nudges modify taxpayers' tax behavior in Lebanon. To achieve those objectives, questionnaires were administered to a randomly selected sample of 500 Lebanese taxpayers. The results show that nudges have a significant positive impact on tax compliance. The study underscores the need for continuous evaluation and adaptation of nudge strategies to …

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Estimation And Inference In A Possibly Multi-Cointegrated System With A Fixed Number Of Instruments, Yixiao Sun, Peter C.B. Phillips, Igor Kheifets Oct 2024

Estimation And Inference In A Possibly Multi-Cointegrated System With A Fixed Number Of Instruments, Yixiao Sun, Peter C.B. Phillips, Igor Kheifets

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

This note shows that the mixed normal asymptotic limit of the trend IV estimator with a fixed number of deterministic instruments (fTIV) holds in both singular (multicointegrated) and nonsingular cointegration systems, thereby relaxing the exogeneity condition in (Phillips and Kheifets, 2024, Theorem 1(ii)). The mixed normality of the limiting distribution of fTIV allows for asymptotically pivotal F tests about the cointegration parameters and for simple efficiency comparisons of the estimators for different numbers K of instruments, as well as comparisons with the trend IV estimator when K → ∞ with the sample size.

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Dual Effect Of Exchange Rate Policies And Export Promotion On China’S Economic Growth (1990-2023), Ihab Abbas Mohammed Al-Faisal, Zahid Qasim Al-Saadib Oct 2024

Dual Effect Of Exchange Rate Policies And Export Promotion On China’S Economic Growth (1990-2023), Ihab Abbas Mohammed Al-Faisal, Zahid Qasim Al-Saadib

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

The study aims to identify the Chinese economy’s economic variables by studying and analyzing exchange rate and export promotion policies as they directly relate to the country and its external environment. Studying the relationship between currency exchange rates and exports, on the one hand, and exports and economic growth in China, on the other hand, is essential in knowing when devaluing the Yuan exchange rate leads to higher export growth, which helped raise economic growth rates in China. Therefore, the study relied on the hypothesis that “if China comes up with financial policies to reduce the exchange rate of its …

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Lessons Learned: Martín Redrado, Vincient Arnold Oct 2024

Lessons Learned: Martín Redrado, Vincient Arnold

Journal of Financial Crises

Martín Redrado was appointed president of the Central Bank of Argentina by President Néstor Kirchner in 2004 and oversaw measures to manage the external shocks of the Global Financial Crisis of 2007–09. He resigned in 2010 after President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner tried to remove him over a dispute regarding the use of the bank’s reserves to fund the government. After leaving the bank, Redrado authored the book No Reserve: The Limit of Absolute Power, which argues against the danger of mixing politics and economics. He is currently a director of the think tank Fundación Capital and most recently was …

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Lessons Learned: Alfred Dellibovi, Maryanne Chute Lynch, Rosalind Z. Wiggins Oct 2024

Lessons Learned: Alfred Dellibovi, Maryanne Chute Lynch, Rosalind Z. Wiggins

Journal of Financial Crises

The Yale Program on Financial Stability (YPFS) interviewed Alfred DelliBovi about his tenure as president and chief executive officer of the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York leading up to and during the Global Financial Crisis of 2007–09 (GFC). The Federal Home Loan Banks (FHLBs) played a critical and unexpected lending role for their member banks at the start of the crisis. DelliBovi remained in his position for 21 years, until 2014. Before moving to the FHLB, DelliBovi had served as deputy secretary at the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) from 1989 to 1992, in …

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Policy Note | Weekly Fed Report Still Drives Discount Window Stigma, Steven Kelly Oct 2024

Policy Note | Weekly Fed Report Still Drives Discount Window Stigma, Steven Kelly

Journal of Financial Crises

As banking regulators work to destigmatize the Federal Reserve’s discount window—and fervently so since the 2023 banking crisis—they’ve pointed to several potentially fruitful policy routes. These have included supervisory improvements, regulatory changes, and operational enhancements by both the banks and the Fed. Left off the menu so far have been changes to the Fed’s weekly publications that reveal up-to-date discount window borrowing data by regional geography. Reforms following the Global Financial Crisis of 2007–2009 have made mandatory the disclosure of discount window borrowers on a two-year lag—higher transparency than previously when no disclosure was required. However, bigger banks, such as …

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Policy Note | Discount Window Stigma: What's Design Got To Do With It?, Susan Mclaughlin Oct 2024

Policy Note | Discount Window Stigma: What's Design Got To Do With It?, Susan Mclaughlin

Journal of Financial Crises

This article utilizes discount window transaction data, which the Federal Reserve began disclosing in 2010, to assess how the Fed’s 2003 redesign of the discount window has affected banks’ use of the window. The data show that while the discount window remains stigmatized and relatively little used outside periods of funding market stress, secondary credit has at times played a role in supporting bank recovery and resolution, as envisioned by the 2003 redesign. This development raises a policy question: has the two-tiered design of the discount window implemented in 2003, in which a lending facility for sound banks operates alongside …

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United States: Citigroup Capital Injection, 2008, Benjamin Hoffner, Vincient Arnold Oct 2024

United States: Citigroup Capital Injection, 2008, Benjamin Hoffner, Vincient Arnold

Journal of Financial Crises

During the first three weeks of November 2008, Citigroup’s stock price dropped almost 80%, and its credit default swap spreads spiked as the market lost confidence in the bank’s ability to honor its commitments. Counterparties pulled away, and regulators determined Citi’s failure would constitute a systemic risk. On November 23, 2008, the Treasury, Federal Reserve Board, and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation announced a package of measures to rescue Citi, which included an Asset Guarantee Program (AGP) to cover $306 billion in Citi’s assets and an ad hoc capital injection—the Targeted Investment Program (TIP). Under the guarantee, Citi would absorb the …

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Russia: Otkritie Bank Restructuring, 2017, Benjamin Hoffner Oct 2024

Russia: Otkritie Bank Restructuring, 2017, Benjamin Hoffner

Journal of Financial Crises

In July and August 2017, Otkritie Bank, Russia’s largest privately owned bank, experienced a deposit run related to concerns over Otkritie’s recent acquisitions. The run prompted Otkritie’s shareholders to approach the Central Bank of Russia (CBR) for assistance. On August 29, 2017, the CBR announced a rescue plan for Otkritie. In it, the CBR pledged to become Otkritie’s main investor using a newly created resolution mechanism wherein the CBR would take at least a 75% equity stake using funds from the Fund for Banking Sector Consolidation, a subdivision of the CBR. The CBR simultaneously appointed a provisional administration, composed of …

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United States: Bank Of America Capital Injection, 2009, Benjamin Hoffner, Vincient Arnold Oct 2024

United States: Bank Of America Capital Injection, 2009, Benjamin Hoffner, Vincient Arnold

Journal of Financial Crises

On September 15, 2008, Bank of America (BofA) announced a merger with the investment bank Merrill Lynch. In December, BofA learned that Merrill Lynch had experienced large, unexpected losses amounting to $15.5 billion during the fourth quarter of 2008. In light of these losses, BofA’s CEO informed the US Treasury secretary and Federal Reserve chairman that BofA intended to invoke the material adverse change clause of the merger agreement, allowing for a renegotiation of, or escape from, the merger. Officials at the Fed and Treasury warned BofA that a failure of the merger would have adverse consequences for BofA and …

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Switzerland: Schweizerische Volksbank Capital Injection, 1933, Anmol Makhija Oct 2024

Switzerland: Schweizerische Volksbank Capital Injection, 1933, Anmol Makhija

Journal of Financial Crises

Schweizerische Volksbank, or Swiss People’s Bank, grew to be the second-largest bank in Switzerland by 1930, when its balance sheet peaked at 1.7 billion Swiss francs (CHF). Beginning in 1929, nonperforming assets weighed on Volksbank’s profitability. By 1933, the bank faced losses on CHF 118.5 million in assets, representing approximately 10% of total assets. The government provided liquidity in the form of loans and deposits to Volksbank in 1931 and again in 1933 until it could finalize a capital injection. In 1933, the government determined that Volksbank was too important to the national economy to allow its failure. As owners …

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Switzerland: Ubs Capital Injection, 2008, Anmol Makhija Oct 2024

Switzerland: Ubs Capital Injection, 2008, Anmol Makhija

Journal of Financial Crises

UBS, the eighth-largest bank in the world and the largest bank in Switzerland in 2008, incurred write-downs totaling USD 50 billion during the Global Financial Crisis, mostly on exposures to securities linked to US subprime mortgages. On October 16, 2008, the Swiss Federal Council announced that the government would subscribe to CHF 6 billion (USD 5.3 billion) of mandatory convertible notes (MCNs) issued by UBS to restore confidence in the bank and the financial system. UBS agreed to use the government’s capital to fund the equity for a special purpose vehicle, StabFund, that the central bank created to take over …

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Spain: Caja De Ahorros Castilla–La Mancha Capital Injection, 2009, Lakshimi Swaminathan, Vincient Arnold Oct 2024

Spain: Caja De Ahorros Castilla–La Mancha Capital Injection, 2009, Lakshimi Swaminathan, Vincient Arnold

Journal of Financial Crises

Caja de Ahorros Castilla–La Mancha (CCM) was a small Spanish savings bank with just 1% market share in deposits and loans. Following years of rapid credit expansion in the real estate sector and reliance on wholesale funding markets to carry out its operations between 2000 and 2008, CCM found itself on the brink of insolvency in early 2009, with a Tier 1 capital ratio of just 1.3%, compared with the 8% regulators required. The authorities placed the bank under administration in 2009. Consequently, the Spanish Savings Bank Deposit Guarantee Fund (Fondo de Garantía de Depósitos de Ahorros, or FGD) agreed …

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Portugal: Banco Espírito Santo Capital Injection, 2014, Salil Gupta, Shavonda Brandon Oct 2024

Portugal: Banco Espírito Santo Capital Injection, 2014, Salil Gupta, Shavonda Brandon

Journal of Financial Crises

Banco Espírito Santo (BES) was the second-largest private bank in Portugal in 2014, with assets of EUR 80 billion (USD 81 billion). A capital increase of EUR 1.1 billion to the BES was concluded on market terms in June 2014. The Bank of Portugal (BOP) adopted a resolution measure for BES on August 3, 2014, to safeguard financial stability by protecting all depositors and ensuring continuation of operating activities of the bank. The Portuguese Resolution Fund provided equity capital of EUR 4.9 billion to a bridge bank, Novo Banco, with 100% public ownership and the expectation of sale to private …

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Russia: Otkritie Bank Capital Injection, 2017, Benjamin Hoffner Oct 2024

Russia: Otkritie Bank Capital Injection, 2017, Benjamin Hoffner

Journal of Financial Crises

In July and August 2017, Otkritie Bank, Russia’s largest privately owned bank, experienced a deposit run related to concerns over recent acquisitions, including a large, troubled bank and insurance company. The run prompted Otkritie’s shareholders to ask the Central Bank of Russia (CBR) for assistance, which the CBR announced on August 29, 2017. In the announcement and subsequent press interviews, the CBR pledged to become Otkritie’s main investor using a newly created resolution mechanism wherein the CBR would take at least a 75% equity stake using funds from the Fund for Banking Sector Consolidation (FBSC), a subsidiary of the CBR. …

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Latvia: Parex Bank Capital Injection, 2008, Bailey Decker Oct 2024

Latvia: Parex Bank Capital Injection, 2008, Bailey Decker

Journal of Financial Crises

Heading into the Global Financial Crisis, JSC Parex banka was Latvia’s second-largest bank in terms of assets, comprising 13.8% of total assets in the Latvian banking sector. In autumn 2008, Parex faced a capital shortfall owing to massive credit and market losses in addition to increasing liquidity problems and deposit runs of 240 million Latvian lats (LVL; USD 428.6 million). Parex’s capital adequacy ratio fell below the regulatory minimum of 8% on October 28, 2008. Parex had two senior syndicated loans maturing in February and June 2009, totaling EUR 775 million (USD 992 million). Latvian authorities doubted that Parex would …

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Netherlands: Sns Reaal Capital Injection, 2013, Ayodeji George Oct 2024

Netherlands: Sns Reaal Capital Injection, 2013, Ayodeji George

Journal of Financial Crises

The property finance division of SNS Reaal N.V., a financial conglomerate comprising SNS Bank, the fourth-largest Dutch bank, and Reaal Insurance, the second-largest Dutch life insurer, was heavily exposed to losses in the real estate sector from 2008 to 2010. In January 2013, a growing bank run and the revelation of substantial losses forced the government to intervene. The Minister of Finance rejected proposals from the bank and a private equity firm, and nationalized SNS Reaal on February 1, 2013. Upon nationalizing the firm, the Dutch state injected EUR 2.2 billion into the firm in the form of ordinary shares, …

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Korea: Korea First Bank And Seoul Bank Capital Injections, 1997, Jisoo Park, Owen Heaphy Oct 2024

Korea: Korea First Bank And Seoul Bank Capital Injections, 1997, Jisoo Park, Owen Heaphy

Journal of Financial Crises

Korea First Bank (KFB) and Seoul Bank (SB) were two of the five largest commercial banks in Korea with high levels of exposure to conglomerates, which had high short-term foreign debt in the late 1990s. Starting in the late summer of 1997, Korea, like other Asian economies, experienced capital outflows due to international creditors’ reducing their exposures to Korean financial institutions. Banks relied on the Bank of Korea for foreign exchange liquidity support. The two banks became insolvent owing to high levels of nonperforming loans and required government recapitalization after experiencing a run in early December 1997. As financial conditions …

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Italy: Banca Monte Dei Paschi Di Siena Capital Injection, 2017, Benjamin Hoffner Oct 2024

Italy: Banca Monte Dei Paschi Di Siena Capital Injection, 2017, Benjamin Hoffner

Journal of Financial Crises

The 2017 recapitalization of Italy’s third-largest bank, Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena (MPS), the oldest bank in the world, represents an unusual precautionary, “open bank” recapitalization under the European Union’s Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD) rules. In 2015, the bank held the largest portfolio of nonperforming loans (NPLs) in Italy (with 34.8% of its total loans), and in 2016 it was the only bank to fail the European Banking Authority’s adverse scenario stress test, although its reported total capital ratio at the end of the year was 10.4%. To address its NPL problem, MPS agreed with the European …

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Japan: Nippon Credit Bank Capital Injection,1997, Owen Heaphy Oct 2024

Japan: Nippon Credit Bank Capital Injection,1997, Owen Heaphy

Journal of Financial Crises

In 1997, Japan experienced a financial crisis caused by the bursting of a bubble in commercial real estate prices. By March, Nippon Credit Bank (NCB), the smallest of Japan’s three long-term credit banks, required government assistance due to its heavy exposure to commercial real estate and large amount of nonperforming loans. On April 1, the Bank of Japan (BoJ) announced the government’s intention to recapitalize NCB as part of a restructuring package. To facilitate the injection, Japan’s Ministry of Finance (MoF) engineered a consortium of large existing shareholders in NCB (mainly insurance companies) and the other two Japanese long-term credit …

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Iceland: Arion Bank, Islandsbanki, And Landsbankinn Capital Injections, 2008, Ayodeji George Oct 2024

Iceland: Arion Bank, Islandsbanki, And Landsbankinn Capital Injections, 2008, Ayodeji George

Journal of Financial Crises

Iceland’s three largest banks—Glitnir, Kaupthing, and Landsbanki—grew rapidly in the 2000s and failed amid depositor runs when they lost access to foreign funding markets at the onset of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). On October 6, 2008, the Icelandic Parliament passed the Emergency Act, and authorities quickly used their new powers to nationalize the three banks. The Ministry of Finance created and capitalized Arion Bank (for Kaupthing), Islandsbanki (for Glitnir), and Landsbankinn (for Landsbanki), to hold the old banks’ performing domestic assets and all insured domestic deposits, and the prime minister assured all domestic depositors that they would be protected. …

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