Longitudinal Data Analysis and Time Series Commons^™

Surrogate Markers For Time-Varying Treatments And Outcomes, Jesse Hsu, Edward Kennedy, Jason Roy, Alisa Stephens-Shields, Dylan Small, Marshall Joffe

Edward H. Kennedy

A surrogate marker is a variable commonly used in clinical trials to guide treatment decisions when the outcome of ultimate interest is not available. A good surrogate marker is one where the treatment effect on the surrogate is a strong predictor of the effect of treatment on the outcome. We review the situation when there is one treatment delivered at baseline, one surrogate measured at one later time point, and one ultimate outcome of interest and discuss new issues arising when variables are time-varying. Most of the literature on surrogate markers has only considered simple settings with one treatment, one …