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Articles 901 - 930 of 967
Full-Text Articles in Physics
Effect Of Magnetic Fields On Drug Induced Contractility And Mortality In Spirostomum, Angela Ripamonti, Richard B. Frankel, E. M. Ettienne
Effect Of Magnetic Fields On Drug Induced Contractility And Mortality In Spirostomum, Angela Ripamonti, Richard B. Frankel, E. M. Ettienne
Physics
The influence of homogeneous magnetic fields up to 5.5 T on contractile frequency and mortality in the ciliate protozoan spirostomum ambiguum stimulated by 2,2′ PDS is reported. Magnetic fields are observed to decrease contractile frequency and to significantly increase mortality.
Magnetite In Freshwater Magnetotactic Bacteria, Richard B. Frankel, Richard P. Blakemore, Ralph S. Wolfe
Magnetite In Freshwater Magnetotactic Bacteria, Richard B. Frankel, Richard P. Blakemore, Ralph S. Wolfe
Physics
A previously undescribed magnetotactic spirillum isolated from a freshwater swamp was mass cultured in the magnetic as well as the nonmagnetic state in chemically defined culture media. Results of Mössbauer spectroscopic analysis applied to whole cells identifies magnetite as a constituent of these magnetic bacteria.
Abstract: Fe Hyperfine Fields In Fe3 _ XVXSi Alloys, T. J. Burch, C. A. Weiler, K. Raj, J. I. Budnick, V. Niculescu, C. C. Papefthymiou, Richard B. Frankel
Abstract: Fe Hyperfine Fields In Fe3 _ XVXSi Alloys, T. J. Burch, C. A. Weiler, K. Raj, J. I. Budnick, V. Niculescu, C. C. Papefthymiou, Richard B. Frankel
Physics
No abstract provided.
Distortion Isomerism In Ferrous Thiourea Complexes - Ii(1) Thermodynamics And Kinetics, R. Latorre, J. A. Costamagna, E. Frank, C. R. Abeledo, R. B. Frankel
Distortion Isomerism In Ferrous Thiourea Complexes - Ii(1) Thermodynamics And Kinetics, R. Latorre, J. A. Costamagna, E. Frank, C. R. Abeledo, R. B. Frankel
Physics
Mössbauer spectroscopy as a function of temperature of Fe(II)(N,N′-dicyclohexyl-thiourea)6(ClO4)2(FeDCTU) shows the existence of two isomeric forms A and B which coexist in the temperature range 200 < T < 300 K. The relative concentrations of A and B were studied as a function of time at different temperatures in the coexistence region. From the equilibrium constant as a function of temperature we obtain the following thermodynamic parameters: ΔH = −4520 ± 120 cal/mol and δS = 20 ± 0.1 e.u. The kinetics seem to follow an ordinary first order law but with an unusual temperature dependence of the rate constant k1. The results are discussed in terms of hydrogen bonded interactions between the perchlorate anions and the cyclohexylthiourea moieties.
Ferromagnetism In Freshwater Bacteria, Richard P. Blakemore, Richard B. Frankel, Ralph S. Wolfe
Ferromagnetism In Freshwater Bacteria, Richard P. Blakemore, Richard B. Frankel, Ralph S. Wolfe
Physics
Magnetotactic bacteria isolated from swamp water were grown in pure culture in the laboratory. This newly isolated species was cultured in the magnetic and the nonmagnetic state. Magnetic cells, which were rich in iron, also produced particles similar to those found previously in other magnetic bacteria of marshes and bogs. By contrast, their nonmagnetic counterparts had much lower iron levels and lacked the crystal structures. Mossbauer spectroscopic analyses of whole cells of magnetic bacteria indicated that they contained the mineral magnetite.
Magnetic Properties Of Linear Chain Systems: Metamagnetism Of Single Crystal Co(Pyridine)2Cl2, S. Foner, Richard B. Frankel, W. M. Reiff, H. Wong, Gary J. Long
Magnetic Properties Of Linear Chain Systems: Metamagnetism Of Single Crystal Co(Pyridine)2Cl2, S. Foner, Richard B. Frankel, W. M. Reiff, H. Wong, Gary J. Long
Physics
The metamagnetic behavior of the low temperature properties of single crystal Co(pyridine)2Cl2 is discussed. At 1.25 K oriented single crystals exhibit a two‐step metamagnetic transition at applied fields ∼0.8 and 1.6 kG along the b‐axis, a single transition at ∼0.7 kG for applied fields along the a∗ axis, and a single transition at ∼4.2 kG for an applied field along the c axis. Just above the transition fields a moment of 2μB/Co atom is measured for B0 parallel to the a∗ axis or b axis, and 0.4μB/Co atom is …
Mössbauer Spectroscopy Of Iron Deposits In Thalassemic Heart Tissue, G. C. Papaefthymiou, K. S. Kaufman, Richard B. Frankel, A. Rosenthal
Mössbauer Spectroscopy Of Iron Deposits In Thalassemic Heart Tissue, G. C. Papaefthymiou, K. S. Kaufman, Richard B. Frankel, A. Rosenthal
Physics
No abstract provided.
Mössbauer Study Of Spin Alignment In Substituted Lithium Ferrites, C. R. Abeledo, Richard B. Frankel
Mössbauer Study Of Spin Alignment In Substituted Lithium Ferrites, C. R. Abeledo, Richard B. Frankel
Physics
To explain the decrease of magnetic moment in zinc substituted lithium ferrites Dionne has proposed a model which includes canting of the B sublattice moments as zinc is substituted in the A sublattice. Mössbauer spectroscopy in external magnetic fields is applied to investigate the existence of canting in (Li0,5Fe0, 5)1-xZnxFe2O4 with x = 0 and x = 0.3. The samples used were either polycrystalline powders or circular disks cut from pressed blocks and lapped down to a thickness of 0.1 mm. In the x = 0 …
Model Fe(Iii) Porphyrin Systems: Axial Ligation In Oxidized Cytochrome P-450.S, G. C. Papaefthymiou, Richard B. Frankel, S. Foner, S. C. Tang, S. Koch, R. H. Holm
Model Fe(Iii) Porphyrin Systems: Axial Ligation In Oxidized Cytochrome P-450.S, G. C. Papaefthymiou, Richard B. Frankel, S. Foner, S. C. Tang, S. Koch, R. H. Holm
Physics
In an effort to develop useful experimental criteria to distinguish among the viable axial ligation possibilities of O, N, and S coordination in oxidized cytochrome P-450. S (substrate-bound, high-spin), syntheticmodel compounds with O-(Fe(PPIXDME) (OEt) and Fe(PPIXDME) (OC6H4NO2)) and S-(Fe(PPIXDME) (S6H4NO2) and Fe(OEP) (SPh)) donor axial ligands were prepared and studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy. Ferric hemoglobin and myoglobin were used as model compounds with N-axial coordination. The isomer shifts (δ) and quadrupole splittings (ΔEQ) observed are typical of high-spin Fe(III) porphyrins and are comparable with results …
Synthetic Analogs Of The Active Sites Of Oxidized And Reduced Rubredoxin, Richard B. Frankel, G. C. Papaefthymiou, R. W. Lane, R. H. Holm
Synthetic Analogs Of The Active Sites Of Oxidized And Reduced Rubredoxin, Richard B. Frankel, G. C. Papaefthymiou, R. W. Lane, R. H. Holm
Physics
The bischelate monoanion [Fe((SCH2)2C6H4)2]1- contains an unconstrained, near-tetrahedral Fe(III)-S4 coordination unit (similar to the Fe-S4 coordinationunit occurring in rubredoxin proteins) and exhibits the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple. Mossbauer parameters at 77 K are isomer shift δ = 0.13 mm/s (relative to iron metal) and electric quadrupole splitting ΔEQ = 0.57 mm/s. Application of an external magnetic field parallel to the direction of observation at 4.2 K induces a saturation magnetic hyperfine field of - 380 kOe. Upon reduction to the dianion [Fe((SCH2)2C …
Abstract: Mössbauer Spectroscopy Of Pdh Fe Alloys, M. Weber, C. R. Abeledo, Richard B. Frankel, Brian B. Schwartz
Abstract: Mössbauer Spectroscopy Of Pdh Fe Alloys, M. Weber, C. R. Abeledo, Richard B. Frankel, Brian B. Schwartz
Physics
Large changes in the electron susceptibility of PdH alloys have been observed with increasing H concentration, with important consequences for the magnetic and superconducting properties of these alloys. (1) To observe the effect of the changing spin susceptibility, we have studied PdH Fe alloys with 2, 1 and < 0.1 at. % Fe by Mössbauer spectroscopy in external magnetic fields. Mydosh (2) has reported spin glass behavior in the high Fe concentration alloys and Kondo phenomena in the dilute Fe alloys. For hydrogen-metal ratios < 0.5, α and β phases, with low and high hydrogen content respectively, coexist. For temperatures below Tc of the α phase but above Tc of the β phase, we observe a superposition of a six line spectrum and a single line corresponding to the α and β phases respectively. (3) In an applied field, the β phase magnetizes and both phases have hyperfine fields which extrapolate to …
Mössbauer And Nmr Studies Of Site Substitution And Magnetic Structure Of Fe3-XMnXSi Alloys, K. Raj, V. Niculescu, T. J. Burch, J. I. Budnick, Richard B. Frankel
Mössbauer And Nmr Studies Of Site Substitution And Magnetic Structure Of Fe3-XMnXSi Alloys, K. Raj, V. Niculescu, T. J. Burch, J. I. Budnick, Richard B. Frankel
Physics
The NMR measurements in Fe3−xMnxSi alloys show increasingly complex spectra for x > 0.75 due to overlapping signals from Fe, Si and Mn nuclei in various sites. Mössbauer experiments were undertaken to identify the Fe57 resonances. The combined NMR and Mössbauer results have been used to elucidate the site substitution and magnetic structure of these alloys for (0 < x < 1.75).
Metamagnetism In Single Crystal Γ-Co(Pyridine)2Cl2, S. Foner, Richard B. Frankel, W. M. Reiff, H. Wong, Gary J. Long
Metamagnetism In Single Crystal Γ-Co(Pyridine)2Cl2, S. Foner, Richard B. Frankel, W. M. Reiff, H. Wong, Gary J. Long
Physics
Small (≤1 mg) single crystals of γ-Co(pyr)2Cl2 have been grown and measurements of magnetic moment vs applied field H and temperature have been made for 0≤H≤54 kG and 1.25 K≤T≤4.2 K. At 1.25 K, metamagnetic transitions are observed along the a-axis at ~700 G; along the b-axis at both ~800 and ~1500 G; and along the c-axis at ~4 kG. The low field susceptibilities show a maximum at T≃3.4 K for each orientation. Magnetic saturation is not achieved at 54 kG; about 2.5 µB is achieved along the a*- or b-axes, whereas a lower moment is …
Hyperfine Interactions In Antiferromagnetic Eute Using The Te-125 Mossbauer Resonance, N. A. Blum, Richard B. Frankel
Hyperfine Interactions In Antiferromagnetic Eute Using The Te-125 Mossbauer Resonance, N. A. Blum, Richard B. Frankel
Physics
Europium telluride crystallizes in the NaCl structure and is antiferromagnetic with a Néel temperature TN of 9.6 K. We have used the 35.5 keV Møssbauer transition in Te-125 to examine the nature of the spontaneous magnetic moment which has been observed in conducting samples below TN. At 80 K the Mössbauer resonance spectrum consisted of a single absorption line comparable in width with the spectrum of nonmagnetic cubic ZnTe, indicating the absence of a significant quadrupole splitting at this temperature. At 4.2 K the line-width increased by a factor of 1.5, which is equivalent to a single magnetic hyperfine field …
Model System Studies Of Axial Ligation In The Oxidized Reaction States Of Cytochrome P-450 Enzymes, R. H. Holm, S. C. Tang, S. Koch, G. C. Papaethymiou, S. Foner, R. B. Frankel, J. A. Ibers
Model System Studies Of Axial Ligation In The Oxidized Reaction States Of Cytochrome P-450 Enzymes, R. H. Holm, S. C. Tang, S. Koch, G. C. Papaethymiou, S. Foner, R. B. Frankel, J. A. Ibers
Physics
No abstract provided.
Synthetic Analogs Of Active Sites Of Iron-Sulfur Proteins: Bis (O-Xylyldithiolato) Ferrate (Iii) Monoanion, A Structurally Unconstrained Model For The Rubredoxin Fe-S4 Unit, R. W. Lane, James A. Ibers, Richard B. Frankel, R. H. Holm
Synthetic Analogs Of Active Sites Of Iron-Sulfur Proteins: Bis (O-Xylyldithiolato) Ferrate (Iii) Monoanion, A Structurally Unconstrained Model For The Rubredoxin Fe-S4 Unit, R. W. Lane, James A. Ibers, Richard B. Frankel, R. H. Holm
Physics
To complete the set of synthetic analogs of the three recognized types of active sites in iron-sulfur redox proteins, the compound (Et4N)[Fe((SCH2)2C6H4)2], derived from o-xylyl-α,α'-dithiol, has been prepared and its structure has been determined by x-ray diffraction. The bischelate anion contains a near-tetrahedral Fe(III)-S4 coordination unit with small rhombic distortions and all Fe-S bond distances in the range 2.252-2.279 Å. Its electronic properties have been partially characterized by measurement of electronic absorption, paramagnetic resonance, Mössbauer spectra, and magnetic susceptibility. The analog, as …
Linear Chain Compounds: Metamagnetism In Co(Pyr)2Cl2, Fe(Pyr)2Cl2, Fe(Pyr)2(Ncs)2 And Ni(Pyr)2Cl2, S. Foner, Richard B. Frankel, E. J. Mcniff, Jr., W. M. Reiff, B. F. Little, Gary J. Long
Linear Chain Compounds: Metamagnetism In Co(Pyr)2Cl2, Fe(Pyr)2Cl2, Fe(Pyr)2(Ncs)2 And Ni(Pyr)2Cl2, S. Foner, Richard B. Frankel, E. J. Mcniff, Jr., W. M. Reiff, B. F. Little, Gary J. Long
Physics
We report the observation of low field metamagnetic behavior in powder samples of Co(pyr)2Cl2, Fe(pyr)2Cl2, Fe(pyr)2(NCS)2 and Ni(pyr)2Cl2 where pyr=pyridine. These materials have linear chain structures with strong ferromagnetic interactions along the chains, and relatively weak antiferromagnetic interactions between chains. In all four compounds the transitions were observed as a rapid increase in the magnetic moment with increasing magnetic field. In Fe(pyr)2Cl2, Fe(pyr)2(NCS)2, and Ni(pyr)2Cl2, the transitions at 4.2 K were observed at 0.7 …
Hyperfine Interactions In Mgf2:Fe2+ And Znf2:Fe2+ By Mössbauer Spectroscopy, C. R. Abeledo, Richard B. Frankel, A. Misetich
Hyperfine Interactions In Mgf2:Fe2+ And Znf2:Fe2+ By Mössbauer Spectroscopy, C. R. Abeledo, Richard B. Frankel, A. Misetich
Physics
Measurement of the magnetic hyperfine interaction in paramagnetic Fe2+ in ZnF2 and MgF2 by Mössbauer spectroscopy is reported. The results, −275 ± 3 kOe and −270 ± 3 kOe for ZnF2:Fe2+ and MgF2:Fe2+ respectively are compared with a previous analysis of hyperfine interactions in the rutile fluorides.
Metamagnetic Behavior Of Linear Chain Pyridine Compounds: Co(Pyridine)2Cl2, Fe(Pyridine)2Cl2, Fe(Pyridine)2(Ncs)2 And Ni(Pyridine)2Cl2, S. Foner, R. B. Frankel, W. M. Reiff, B. F. Little, G. J. Long
Metamagnetic Behavior Of Linear Chain Pyridine Compounds: Co(Pyridine)2Cl2, Fe(Pyridine)2Cl2, Fe(Pyridine)2(Ncs)2 And Ni(Pyridine)2Cl2, S. Foner, R. B. Frankel, W. M. Reiff, B. F. Little, G. J. Long
Physics
Magnetic phase transitions in the pyridine (pyr) compounds Co(pyr)2Cl2, Fe(pyr)2Cl2, Fe(pyr)2(NCS)2 and Ni(pyr)2Cl2 have been observed at applied magnetic fields of not, vert, similar0.7, 0.7, 1.1 and 2.7 kG respectively. These low field phase transitions are observed in the Fe and Ni compounds at T = 4.2 K, and in the Co compound at T < 3K, and are consistent with metamagnetic behavior. Magnetic saturation is not achieved in any of these compounds for fields of 60 kG, reflecting high anisotropy.
Mössbauer Properties Of Synthetic Analogs Of Active Sites Of The Iron-Sulfur Proteins, Richard B. Frankel, B. A. Averill, R. H. Holm
Mössbauer Properties Of Synthetic Analogs Of Active Sites Of The Iron-Sulfur Proteins, Richard B. Frankel, B. A. Averill, R. H. Holm
Physics
Mössbauer spectroscopy of the synthetic tetramers [Fe4S4(SR)4]2- (R = alkyl, aryl) and the corresponding trianions obtained by one-electron reduction, when compared with available data for 4-Fe and 8-Fe iron-sulfur proteins, shows that these tetramers are electronic analogs of the active sites of the proteins.
Kinectics Of The Ground State Transformation In Fe(Ii) (N, N -Dicyclohexylthiourea)6(Cio4)2, R. Latorre, J. A. Costamagna, E. Frank, C. R. Abeledo, Richard B. Frankel
Kinectics Of The Ground State Transformation In Fe(Ii) (N, N -Dicyclohexylthiourea)6(Cio4)2, R. Latorre, J. A. Costamagna, E. Frank, C. R. Abeledo, Richard B. Frankel
Physics
The high spin complex Fe(II) (N, N'-dicyclohexylthiourea)6(ClO4)6 exists in two forms which only differ in the distortion from octahedral symmetry of the environment of the Fe ion. Thermodynamic data for the transformation from one form to the other as obtained from Mössbauer spectroscopy are presented and a method to derive kinetic parameters is described.
Sign Of The Electric Field Gradient Tensor And The Nature Of The Low Temperature Phase Transition In Fe(Pyridine)2Cl2, W. M. Reiff, Richard B. Frankel, B. F. Little, Gary J. Long
Sign Of The Electric Field Gradient Tensor And The Nature Of The Low Temperature Phase Transition In Fe(Pyridine)2Cl2, W. M. Reiff, Richard B. Frankel, B. F. Little, Gary J. Long
Physics
Mossbauer spectra of Fe(pyridine)2Cl2 have been determined in large external magnetic fields at room temperature and 78 K. The principal component of the electric field gradient tensor is positive and consistent with an electron in the dxy orbital. The results indicate no change in orbital ground state for the low temperature phase transition of this material.
Synthetic Analogs Of The Active Sites Of Iron-Sulfur Proteins. Viii. Some Electronic Properties Of [Fe4S4(Sr)4]3; Analogs Of Reduced Bacterial Ferredoxins, R. B. Frankel, T. Herskovitz, B. A. Averill, R. H. Holm, P. J. Krusic, W. D. Phillips
Synthetic Analogs Of The Active Sites Of Iron-Sulfur Proteins. Viii. Some Electronic Properties Of [Fe4S4(Sr)4]3; Analogs Of Reduced Bacterial Ferredoxins, R. B. Frankel, T. Herskovitz, B. A. Averill, R. H. Holm, P. J. Krusic, W. D. Phillips
Physics
One-electron reduction of the synthetic tetramers [Fe4S4(SR)4]2- (R = CH2Ph, Ph), by chemical and electrochemical methods affords the corresponding trianions. The collective results from optical, electron paramagnetic resonance, and Mössbauer spectroscopy, when compared to available data for reduced 4-Fe and 8-Fe ferredoxin proteins and super-reduced Chromatium high-potential protein, reveal that [Fe4S4(SR)4]3- are electronic analogs of the [Fe4S4(S-Cys)4] active sites of these proteins.
Abstract: Phase Transitions In Fecl2·2h2O In External Magnetic Fields: Mössbauer Spectroscopy, L. D. Kandel, M. A. Weber, Richard B. Frankel, C. R. Abeledo
Abstract: Phase Transitions In Fecl2·2h2O In External Magnetic Fields: Mössbauer Spectroscopy, L. D. Kandel, M. A. Weber, Richard B. Frankel, C. R. Abeledo
Physics
Monoclinic FeCl2·2H2O orders antiferromagnetically at TN = 23 K, and the magnetic structure consists of two sublattices of -FeCl2-chains lying along the c-axis. The coupling along the chains is ferromagnetic with weak antiferromagnetic coupling between chains. Application of an external magnetic field along the easy axis (a) induces phase transitions at H1 = 39 kOe and at H2 = 46 kOe.
We report the observation of the three phases using the Mössbauer effect in a single crystal of FeCl2·2H2O cut parallel to the c-axis and placed at …
Mössbauer Spectroscopy Of Magnetic Phases In Fecl2 · 2h2O, L. Kandel, M. A. Weber, Richard B. Frankel, C. R. Abeledo
Mössbauer Spectroscopy Of Magnetic Phases In Fecl2 · 2h2O, L. Kandel, M. A. Weber, Richard B. Frankel, C. R. Abeledo
Physics
Mössbauer spectroscopy of the three magnetic phases of single crystal FeCl2 · 2H2 in external magnetic fields at 4.2 K is reported.
Phase Transitions In Antiferromagnets In External Magnetic Fields: Mossbauer Spectroscopy, Richard B. Frankel
Phase Transitions In Antiferromagnets In External Magnetic Fields: Mossbauer Spectroscopy, Richard B. Frankel
Physics
No abstract provided.
Orbital Ground State Inversion In [Fe(H2O)6](Clo4)2, W. M. Reiff, Richard B. Frankel, C. R. Abeledo
Orbital Ground State Inversion In [Fe(H2O)6](Clo4)2, W. M. Reiff, Richard B. Frankel, C. R. Abeledo
Physics
Mössbauer spectroscopy in external magnetic fields has been used to measure the signs of the principal components of the electric field gradient Vzz in the two forms of [Fe(H2O)6)(Cl04)2. The signs are Vzznegative for low temperature form (A) with quadrupole splitting ΔEA = 3.4 mm/sec, and Vzz positive for high temperature form (B) with ΔEB = 1.4 mm/sec. This implies a trigonally distorted ligand field and the transition (A) → (B) corresponds to compression → elongation with respect to the trigonal axis.
Hyperfine Interactions In The Intramolecular Antiferromagnet (Fe Salen C1)2, R. Lechan, C. Nicolini, C. R. Abeledo, Richard B. Frankel
Hyperfine Interactions In The Intramolecular Antiferromagnet (Fe Salen C1)2, R. Lechan, C. Nicolini, C. R. Abeledo, Richard B. Frankel
Physics
Magnetic hyperfine interactions in (Fe salen C1)2 have been studied using the Mössbauer effect in external magnetic fields up to 80 kOe and for 4.2 ≤ T ≤ 80 °K. The low‐temperature results are adequately described by a simple intramolecular exchange model with J = 7.0 cm−1 and a hyperfine interaction constant of −180 kOe per unit spin. At higher temperature the effective field approximation breaks down. Data for (Fe salen)2O are also briefly reported.
Orbital Ground State Reversal In The High‐Spin Complex Fe(Ii) (N, N′‐Dicyclohexylthiourea)6(Clo4)2, R. Latorre, C. R. Abeledo, Richard B. Frankel, J. A. Costamagna, W. M. Reiff, E. Frank
Orbital Ground State Reversal In The High‐Spin Complex Fe(Ii) (N, N′‐Dicyclohexylthiourea)6(Clo4)2, R. Latorre, C. R. Abeledo, Richard B. Frankel, J. A. Costamagna, W. M. Reiff, E. Frank
Physics
Mössbauer spectroscopy of iron (II)(N, N′‐Dicyclohexylthiourea)6 (ClO4)2 shows the existence of two isomers. At low temperatures (T < 200°K) a form A with quadrupole splitting ΔE = 3.31 mm∕sec is stable. At and above room temperature a form B with ΔE = 1.32 mm∕sec is stable. For 200 °K < T < 300°K both forms are observed with the B∕A ratio increasing with increasing temperature. The values of ΔE are typical of Fe2+ with an orbital singlet and an orbital doublet ground state for A and B, respectively. The isomer shift and magnetic susceptibility results indicate that both …
High Magnetic Field Behavior Of Iron Impurities In Chromium, Richard B. Frankel, N. A. Blum
High Magnetic Field Behavior Of Iron Impurities In Chromium, Richard B. Frankel, N. A. Blum
Physics
Mössbauer measurements in 57Fe in dilute FeCr alloys in external magnetic fields up to 140 kOe are presented. The magnetic hyperfine interactions are compared with results obtained by Herbert, Clark and Wilson and are discussed in terms of a model due to Housley and Dash.