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Articles 781 - 810 of 969
Full-Text Articles in Physics
The Imprudence Of Prudent Avoidance, David W. Hafemeister
The Imprudence Of Prudent Avoidance, David W. Hafemeister
Physics
No abstract provided.
Magnetic Force Microscopy Of The Submicron Magnetic Assembly In A Magnetotactic Bacterium, R. B. Proksch, T. E. Schäffer, B. M. Moskowitz, E. D. Dahlberg, Dennis A. Bazylinski, Richard B. Frankel
Magnetic Force Microscopy Of The Submicron Magnetic Assembly In A Magnetotactic Bacterium, R. B. Proksch, T. E. Schäffer, B. M. Moskowitz, E. D. Dahlberg, Dennis A. Bazylinski, Richard B. Frankel
Physics
A magnetic force microscope (MFM) was used to image topography and magnetic forces from a chain of submicron single magnetic domain particles produced by and contained in isolated magnetotactic bacteria. The noncontact magnetic force microscope data were used to determine a value for the magnetic moment of an individual bacterial cell, of order 10−13 emu, consistent with the average magnetic moment of bacteria from the same sample, obtained by superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry. The results represent the most sensitive quantification of a magnetic force microscope image to date.
Effects Of Imperfect Unipolarity On The Ionization Of Rydberg Atoms By Subpicosecond Half-Cycle Pulses, N. E. Tielking, Thomas J. Bensky, Robert R. Jones
Effects Of Imperfect Unipolarity On The Ionization Of Rydberg Atoms By Subpicosecond Half-Cycle Pulses, N. E. Tielking, Thomas J. Bensky, Robert R. Jones
Physics
Rydberg atoms are ionized by nearly unipolar, subpicosecond electromagnetic pulses. Deviations from a perfectly unidirectional pulse are found to alter substantially the ionization probability as a function of peak field. Quantitative agreement between classical theory and experiment is achieved if the pulse imperfections are significantly attenuated.
Monitoring Nuclear Test Ban Treaties, David W. Hafemeister
Monitoring Nuclear Test Ban Treaties, David W. Hafemeister
Physics
With the end of the Cold War, the emphasis on monitoring nuclear weapons tests has shifted from the 1976 Threshold Test Ban Treaty (TTBT), which confined the US and USSR to a limit of 150 kilotons (kt), to the Comprehensive Test Ban (CTB) Treaty, which would ban all nuclear tests by the signatories. 1995 will be a watershed year to control the proliferation of nuclear weapons, as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) must be considered for renewal. The fate of the NPT is dependent on a successful CTB negotiation, because the two treaties are politically linked. This paper will cover …
Ion‐Implanted Charge Collection Contacts For High Purity Silicon Detectors Operated At 20 Mk, Betty A. Young, K. M. Yu
Ion‐Implanted Charge Collection Contacts For High Purity Silicon Detectors Operated At 20 Mk, Betty A. Young, K. M. Yu
Physics
We have developed a technique for fabricating high resolution, ohmic contacts for cryogenic silicon detectors operated at temperatures well below 1 K. In this paper, we give a detailed description of the techniques used to fabricate these boron‐implanted contacts, and present characterization data obtained on 24 test samples studied during the design phase of our program. We then describe the fabrication and operation of a 23 g prototype silicon hybrid detector which simultaneously senses both the phonons and ionization produced by a single event, and which incorporates these new contacts into its design. Finally, we present data obtained using a …
Microbes, Magnetism, And Microscopy, E. Dan Dahlberg, R. B. Proksch, Bruce M. Moskowitz, Dennis A. Bazylinski, Richard B. Frankel
Microbes, Magnetism, And Microscopy, E. Dan Dahlberg, R. B. Proksch, Bruce M. Moskowitz, Dennis A. Bazylinski, Richard B. Frankel
Physics
An accurate quantification of magnetic force microscope images has been accomplished. The magnetosomes produced by magnetotactic bacteria, an ideal micromagnetic model system, were the specimens used for the quantification (a moment on the order of 10−13 emu).
Collection Of Athermal Phonons Into Doped Germanium Thermistors Using Quasiparticle Trapping, S. M. Grannan, Betty A. Young, Andrew E. Lange, S. Labov, Bernard Sadoulet, J. Emes, Eugene E. Haller
Collection Of Athermal Phonons Into Doped Germanium Thermistors Using Quasiparticle Trapping, S. M. Grannan, Betty A. Young, Andrew E. Lange, S. Labov, Bernard Sadoulet, J. Emes, Eugene E. Haller
Physics
We have developed a low‐temperature particle detector that uses a novel quasiparticle trapping mechanism to funnel athermal phonon energy from an 80 mg Ge absorber into a 1.6 mg doped Ge thermistor via a superconducting Al film. We report on pulse height spectra obtained at 320 mK by scanning a 241Am alpha source along the device, and show that up to 20% of the energy deposited in the Ge absorber by a 5.5 MeV alpha particle interaction can be collected into a thermistor via quasiparticle trapping. We show that this device is sensitive to the position of an alpha …
Structure And Function Of Magnetosomes In Magnetotactic Bateria, Richard B. Frankel, Dennis A. Bazylinski
Structure And Function Of Magnetosomes In Magnetotactic Bateria, Richard B. Frankel, Dennis A. Bazylinski
Physics
Magnetotactic bacteria contain magnetosomes, which are mineral particles enclosed my membranes. The particles are ferrimagnetic magnetite, ferrimagnetic greigite, or greigite and non-magnetic pyrite. The particles constitute an elegant biomagnetic compass that orients the cell along the geomagnetic field lines as it swims. This paper discusses the structures of these particles and their possible formation mechanisms.
Mössbauer Spectroscopic And Magnetic Studies Of Magnetoferritin, Q. A. Pankhurst, S. Betteridge, D. P. E. Dickson, T. Douglas, Stephen Mann, Richard B. Frankel
Mössbauer Spectroscopic And Magnetic Studies Of Magnetoferritin, Q. A. Pankhurst, S. Betteridge, D. P. E. Dickson, T. Douglas, Stephen Mann, Richard B. Frankel
Physics
Mössbauer spectroscopic and magnetic measurements have been made on a novel magnetic protein produced by the controlled reconstitution of ferritin. The data indicate that the predominant mineral form in the iron-containing cores is maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) rather than magnetite (Fe3O4).
Magnetotaxis And Magnetic Particles In Bacteria, Richard B. Frankel, Dennis A. Bazylinski
Magnetotaxis And Magnetic Particles In Bacteria, Richard B. Frankel, Dennis A. Bazylinski
Physics
Magnetotactic bacteria contain magnetic particles that constitute a permanent magnetic dipole and cause each cell to orient and migrate along geomagnetic field lines. Recent results relevant to the biomineralization process and to the function of magnetotaxis are discussed.
Iron Core Formation In Horse Spleen Ferritin: Magnetic Susceptibility, Ph, And Compositional Studies, S. Hilty, B. Webb, Richard B. Frankel, G. D. Watt
Iron Core Formation In Horse Spleen Ferritin: Magnetic Susceptibility, Ph, And Compositional Studies, S. Hilty, B. Webb, Richard B. Frankel, G. D. Watt
Physics
Horse spleen ferritin (HoSF) reconstituted with small iron cores ranging in size from 8 to 500 iron atoms was studied by magnetic susceptibility and pH measurements to determine when the added Fe3+ begins to aggregate and form antiferromagnetically coupled clusters and also to determine the hydrolytic state of the iron at low iron loading. The Evans NMR magnetic susceptibility measurements showed that at iron loadings as low as 8 Fe3+/HoSF, at least half of the added iron atoms were involved in antiferromagnetic exchange interactions and the other half were present as isolated iron atoms with S = …
Comparison Of Magnetic Properties Of Polysaccharide Iron Complex (P.I.C.) And Ferritin, M. E. Y. Mohie-Eldin, Richard B. Frankel, L. Gunther
Comparison Of Magnetic Properties Of Polysaccharide Iron Complex (P.I.C.) And Ferritin, M. E. Y. Mohie-Eldin, Richard B. Frankel, L. Gunther
Physics
The synthetic polysaccharide iron complex (PIC) molecule has been suggested as a ‘biomimic’, i.e. a counterpart, to the naturally occurring biological molecule ferritin with respect to its magnetic properties based on the identification of ferrihydrite as the major mineral in both. Magnetization measurements were used to investigate the magnetic properties of PIC in relation to those of ferritin, as well as to identify differences in such properties between naturally occurring ferritin, which we designate here as Ferritin I, and ferritin with an artificially high content of Fe2+ ions bound to its core, which is designated here as Ferritin II. …
Tunneling Into Granular Pb Films In The Superconducting And Insulating Regimes, Richard P. Barber Jr., L. Merchant, Porta Arthur La, Robert C. Dynes
Tunneling Into Granular Pb Films In The Superconducting And Insulating Regimes, Richard P. Barber Jr., L. Merchant, Porta Arthur La, Robert C. Dynes
Physics
Tunneling measurements have been performed on both sides of the insulator-superconductor transition in quench-condensed granular Pb films. The results indicate that the Pb film consists of fully superconducting grains with essentially bulk values for the superconducting energy gap and transition temperature, even when the film exhibits insulating behavior in transport measurements. The density of states inferred from measurements in perpendicular magnetic field are consistent with magnetic spin-flip broadening.
Rock Magnetic Criteria For The Detection Of Biogenic Magnetite, Bruce M. Moskowitz, Richard B. Frankel, Dennis A. Bazylinski
Rock Magnetic Criteria For The Detection Of Biogenic Magnetite, Bruce M. Moskowitz, Richard B. Frankel, Dennis A. Bazylinski
Physics
We report results on the magnetic properties of magnetites produced by magnetotactic and dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria. Magnetotactic bacterial (MTB) strains MS1, MV1 and MV2 and dissimilatory iron-reducing bacterium strain GS-15, grown in pure cultures, were used in this study. Our results suggest that a combination of room temperature coercivity analysis and low temperature remanence measurements provides a characteristic magnetic signature for intact chains of single domain (SD) particles of magnetite from MTBs. The most useful magnetic property measurements include: (1) acquisition and demagnetization of isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) using static, pulse and alternating fields; (2) acquisition of anhysteretic remanent magnetization …
Fe304 And Fe3S4 In A Bacterium, Dennis A. Bazylinski, Brigid R. Heywood, Stephen Mann, Richard B. Frankel
Fe304 And Fe3S4 In A Bacterium, Dennis A. Bazylinski, Brigid R. Heywood, Stephen Mann, Richard B. Frankel
Physics
No abstract provided.
Cation Distribution In Natural Ferrites, H. A. Maia, F. F. T. De Araújo, M. A. B. De Araújo, J. Danon, Richard B. Frankel
Cation Distribution In Natural Ferrites, H. A. Maia, F. F. T. De Araújo, M. A. B. De Araújo, J. Danon, Richard B. Frankel
Physics
Mössbauer spectra of jacobsite have been recorded at temperatures of 4.2, 125, 180, 240 and 300 K and with an external magnetic field of 60 kOe applied parallel to the incident radiation at 4.2 K. The results show the presence of two different magnetic hyperfine interactions associated with the iron nuclei. Spectra of samples in external magnetic fields indicate the same sign for the magnetic hyperfine interactions, implying that both iron ions occupy only the octahedral sublattice. These results are compared with data from synthetic stoichiometry manganese ferrite, and a model of cation distribution, assuming the existence of vacancies, is …
Low-Field Magnetoresistance In Granular Pb Films Near The Insulator-Superconductor Transition, Richard P. Barber Jr., Robert C. Dynes
Low-Field Magnetoresistance In Granular Pb Films Near The Insulator-Superconductor Transition, Richard P. Barber Jr., Robert C. Dynes
Physics
We have studied the insulator-superconductor transition in quench-condensed granular Pb films from 0.1 to 10 K. Resistance measurements were made in zero magnetic field and low noise conditions. Magnetoresistance measurements were also performed for low magnetic fields (less than 100 G). The magnetoresistance results on the superconducting side of the transition suggest that we are directly probing the finite length scales associated with the range of phase coherence in these granular materials.
Review Of Genius In The Shadows: A Biography Of Leo Szilard, The Man Behind The Bomb By William Lanouette And Bela Silard, David W. Hafemeister
Review Of Genius In The Shadows: A Biography Of Leo Szilard, The Man Behind The Bomb By William Lanouette And Bela Silard, David W. Hafemeister
Physics
No abstract provided.
Copper Association With Iron Sulfide Magnetosomes In A Magnetotactic Bacterium, Dennis A. Bazylinski, Anthony J. Garratt-Reed, Afshin Abedi, Richard B. Frankel
Copper Association With Iron Sulfide Magnetosomes In A Magnetotactic Bacterium, Dennis A. Bazylinski, Anthony J. Garratt-Reed, Afshin Abedi, Richard B. Frankel
Physics
Greigite (Fe3S4) and pyrite (FeS2) particles in the magnetosomes of a many-celled, magnetotactic prokaryote (MMP), common in brackish-to-marine, sulfidic, aquatic habitats, contained relatively high concentrations of copper which ranged from about 0.1 to 10 atomic per cent relative to iron. In contrast, the greigite particles in the magnetosomes of a curved magnetotactic bacterium collected from the same sampling site did not contain significant levels of copper. The ability of the MMP to biomineralize copper within its magnetosomes appeared to be limited to that organism and dependent upon the site from which it was collected. …
Magneto-Oscillatory Behavior And Magnetism In Quasi-Two-Dimensional Organic Conductors, J. S. Brooks, S. J. Klepper, C. C. Agosta, M. Tokumoto, N. Kinoshita, Y. Tanaka, S. Uji, H. Aoki, G. J. Athas, X. Chen, H. Anzai
Magneto-Oscillatory Behavior And Magnetism In Quasi-Two-Dimensional Organic Conductors, J. S. Brooks, S. J. Klepper, C. C. Agosta, M. Tokumoto, N. Kinoshita, Y. Tanaka, S. Uji, H. Aoki, G. J. Athas, X. Chen, H. Anzai
Physics
We have studied the magneto-oscillatory behavior of quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) organic conductors of the type (BEDT-TTF)2XHg(SCN)4, where X = K, Rb, NH4, in order to probe the underlying magnetic behavior of these materials. The K and Rb compounds are metallic down to 50 mK, but are not superconducting. They both display a dual series of magneto-oscillations, a magnetic ordering at low temperatures, below about 10 K, and a sharp drop in the magnetoresistance associated with the destruction of this phase with the application of high magnetic fields at low temperatures. In contrast, the NH4 material is a superconductor at low temperatures …
Electron Microscopy Study Of Magnetosomes In Two Cultured Vibrioid Magnetotactic Bacteria, Fiona C. Meldrum, Stephen Mann, Brigid R. Heywood, Richard B. Frankel, Dennis A. Bazylinski
Electron Microscopy Study Of Magnetosomes In Two Cultured Vibrioid Magnetotactic Bacteria, Fiona C. Meldrum, Stephen Mann, Brigid R. Heywood, Richard B. Frankel, Dennis A. Bazylinski
Physics
Magnetite (Fe304) crystals produced by two strains of cultured vibrioid magnetotactic bacteria were studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Both magnetotactic strains were characterized by single chains of magnetite crystals aligned along the long axes of the cells. The strains, designated as MV-2 and MV-4, produced crystals that differed markedly in size and morphology. Crystals present in MV-4 cells were generally larger than those in MV-2 cells and displayed significantly smaller aspect ratios. Crystallographic analysis of the magnetosomes of MV-2 revealed an elongated hexagonal habit based on a prism of {110} faces capped by {111} …
Electron Microscopy Study Of Magnetosomes In A Cultured Coccoid Magnetotactic Bacterium, Fiona C. Meldrum, Stephen Mann, Brigid R. Heywood, Richard B. Frankel, D. A. Bazyllinski
Electron Microscopy Study Of Magnetosomes In A Cultured Coccoid Magnetotactic Bacterium, Fiona C. Meldrum, Stephen Mann, Brigid R. Heywood, Richard B. Frankel, D. A. Bazyllinski
Physics
Intracellular magnetite (Fe3O4) crystals produced by the magnetotactic bacterium MC-1 were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Strain MC-1 represents the first-reported isolation of a coccoid magnetotactic bacterium in axenic culture. The magnetosomes of this bacterium displayed a pseudo-hexagonal prismatic habit, were elongated along the crystallographic direction, and were truncated by {111}, {100} and {110} faces. The presence of {111} truncations represents a modification of the magnetosome morphology previously determined for those in other coccoid bacteria. Study of immature crystals produced by strain MC-1 showed that the crystal morphology was controlled even at early stages of …
Multiple Evolutionary Origins Of Magnetotaxis In Bacteria, Edward F. Delong, Richard B. Frankel, Dennis A. Bazylinski
Multiple Evolutionary Origins Of Magnetotaxis In Bacteria, Edward F. Delong, Richard B. Frankel, Dennis A. Bazylinski
Physics
Magnetosomes are intracellular, iron-rich, membrane-enclosed magnetic particles that allow magnetotactic bacteria to orient in the earth's geomagnetic field as they swim. The magnetosomes of most magnetotactic bacteria contain iron oxide particles, but some magnetotactic species contain iron sulfide particles instead. Phylogenetic analyses of small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences showed that all known magnetotactic bacteria of the iron oxide type are associated with the a subgroup of the Proteobacteria in the domain Bacteria. In contrast, uncultured magnetotactic bacteria of the iron sulfide type are specifically related to the dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria within the δ subdivision of the Proteobacteria. These findings indicate …
Fermi Surface And Magnetic Properties Of Low-Dimensional Organic Conductors, J. S. Brooks, S. J. Klepper, C. C. Agosta, M. Tokumoto, N. Kinoshita, Y. Tanaka, S. Uji, H. Aoki, A. S. Perel, G. J. Athas, X. Chen, D. A. Howe, H. Anzai
Fermi Surface And Magnetic Properties Of Low-Dimensional Organic Conductors, J. S. Brooks, S. J. Klepper, C. C. Agosta, M. Tokumoto, N. Kinoshita, Y. Tanaka, S. Uji, H. Aoki, A. S. Perel, G. J. Athas, X. Chen, D. A. Howe, H. Anzai
Physics
We report systematic high-magnetic-field and low-temperature measurements on several members of the α-(BEDT- TTF)2MHg(SCN)4 family of low-dimensional organic conductors. For M = K, transport, high-pressure and magnetic studies show the presence of a magnetic phase which is removed either with high magnetic fields or with high pressure. For M = Rb, transport measurements indicate the existence of a magnetic phase similar to the case for M = K, but with a higher transition temperature and critical field. For both M = K and Rb the split Landau level phenomenon is observed. We also report the pressure dependence of the Fermi …
Measurement Of Ionization And Phonon Production By Nuclear Recoils In A 60 G Crystal Of Germanium At 25 Mk, Tom Shutt, B. Ellman, P. D. Barnes Jr., Alan Cummings, Angela Da Silva, John Emes, Y. Giraud-Héraud, Eugene E. Haller, Andrew E. Lange, Ron R. Ross, J. Rich, Bernard Sadoulet, G. Smith, W. Stockwell, C. Stubbs, N. Wang, S. White, Betty A. Young, D. Yvon
Measurement Of Ionization And Phonon Production By Nuclear Recoils In A 60 G Crystal Of Germanium At 25 Mk, Tom Shutt, B. Ellman, P. D. Barnes Jr., Alan Cummings, Angela Da Silva, John Emes, Y. Giraud-Héraud, Eugene E. Haller, Andrew E. Lange, Ron R. Ross, J. Rich, Bernard Sadoulet, G. Smith, W. Stockwell, C. Stubbs, N. Wang, S. White, Betty A. Young, D. Yvon
Physics
We report on the first measurement of the absolute phonon energy and the amount of ionization produced by the recoil of nuclei and electrons in a 60 g germanium cyrstal at a temperature of ≊25 mK. We find good agreement between our results and previous measurements of ionization yield from nuclear recoils in germanium. Our device achieves 10:1 discrimination between neutrons and photons in the few keV energy range, demonstrating the feasibility of this technique for large reductions of background in searches for direct interactions of weakly interacting massive particle dark matter.
Simultaneous High Resolution Meausurement Of Phonons And Ionization Created By Particle Interactions In A 60 G Germanium Crystal At 25 Mk, Tom Shutt, N. Wang, B. Ellman, Y. Giraud-Héraud, C. Stubbs, Peter D. Barnes Jr., A. Cummings, Angela Da Silva, John Emes, Eugene E. Haller, Andrew E. Lange, J. Rich, R. R. Ross, B. Sadoulet, G. Smith, W. Stockwell, S. White, Betty A. Young, D. Yvon
Simultaneous High Resolution Meausurement Of Phonons And Ionization Created By Particle Interactions In A 60 G Germanium Crystal At 25 Mk, Tom Shutt, N. Wang, B. Ellman, Y. Giraud-Héraud, C. Stubbs, Peter D. Barnes Jr., A. Cummings, Angela Da Silva, John Emes, Eugene E. Haller, Andrew E. Lange, J. Rich, R. R. Ross, B. Sadoulet, G. Smith, W. Stockwell, S. White, Betty A. Young, D. Yvon
Physics
We demonstrate simultaneous high energy resolution (rms≊800 eV) measurements of ionization and phonons created by particle interactions in a semiconductor crystal of macroscopic size (60 g germanium) at 25 mK. We present first studies of charge collection at biases below 1 V/cm, and find that, contrary to commonly held opinion, the full recoil energy of particle interactions is recovered as phonons when charge trapping is negligible. We also report an unanticipated correlation between charge collection and phonon energy at very low bias, and discuss this effect in terms of charge trapping.
The Three-Line Magnetic Hyperfine Spectrum Of 57Fe, Norman A. Blum, Richard B. Frankel
The Three-Line Magnetic Hyperfine Spectrum Of 57Fe, Norman A. Blum, Richard B. Frankel
Physics
Longitudinal magnetization of a 57Co in iron metal foil source and an iron metal foil absorber in a uniform external magnetic field results in a simple three-line magnetic hyperfine absorption spectrum. Measurement of the spectral splitting as a function of applied magnetic field yields the 57Fe excited-and ground-state g-factors.
Variation Of Superparamagnetic Properties With Iron Loading In Mammalian Ferritin, Richard B. Frankel, G. C. Papaefthymiou, G. D. Watt
Variation Of Superparamagnetic Properties With Iron Loading In Mammalian Ferritin, Richard B. Frankel, G. C. Papaefthymiou, G. D. Watt
Physics
The average blocking temperatures of ferritin molecules containing differing amounts of iron were determined by Mossbauer spectroscopy. The results imply that the magnetic anisotropy of the ferritin core particles is a function of particle volume. By addition of 57Fe to ferritin core particles it was determined that, at a given temperature within the superpara-magnetic temperature region, the “last-in” ferric ions have average relaxation times that are shorter than those of the bulk ferric ions.
Structure, Morphology And Growth Of Biogenic Greigite (Fe3S4), Brigid R. Heywood, Stephen Mann, Richard B. Frankel
Structure, Morphology And Growth Of Biogenic Greigite (Fe3S4), Brigid R. Heywood, Stephen Mann, Richard B. Frankel
Physics
Several species of aquatic bacteria are known to exploit the earth's geomagnetic field as a means of directing their motion towards suitable habitats. A feature common to these bacteria is the presence of discrete intracellular magnetic inclusions, magnetosomes, aligned in chains along the long axis of the organism. The size and orientation of the individual magnetic particles imparts a permanent magnetic dipole moment to the cell which is, in turn, responsible for the magnetotactic response. In all species examined to date the magnetic particles have been found to be well-ordered, single domain, membrane-bounded crystals with reproducible, species-specific morphologies. Until recently, …
Inorganic Particles Produced By Microorganisms, Richard B. Frankel
Inorganic Particles Produced By Microorganisms, Richard B. Frankel
Physics
The processes by which microorganisms, particularly bacteria, produce inorganic mineral particles are reviewed.