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2013

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Articles 61 - 90 of 163

Full-Text Articles in Physics

A Gamos Plug-In For Geant4 Based Monte Carlo Simulation Of Radiation-Induced Light Transport In Biological Media, Adam K. Glaser, Stephen C. Kanick, Rongxiao Zhang, Pedro Arce, Brian W. Pogue May 2013

A Gamos Plug-In For Geant4 Based Monte Carlo Simulation Of Radiation-Induced Light Transport In Biological Media, Adam K. Glaser, Stephen C. Kanick, Rongxiao Zhang, Pedro Arce, Brian W. Pogue

Dartmouth Scholarship

We describe a tissue optics plug-in that interfaces with the GEANT4/GAMOS Monte Carlo (MC) architecture, providing a means of simulating radiation-induced light transport in biological media for the first time. Specifically, we focus on the simulation of light transport due to the Čerenkov effect (light emission from charged particle's traveling faster than the local speed of light in a given medium), a phenomenon which requires accurate modeling of both the high energy particle and subsequent optical photon transport, a dynamic coupled process that is not well-described by any current MC framework. The results of validation simulations show excellent agreement with …


Probing Bonding And Dynamics At Heterogeneous Adsorbate/Graphene Interfaces, Eric Charles Mattson May 2013

Probing Bonding And Dynamics At Heterogeneous Adsorbate/Graphene Interfaces, Eric Charles Mattson

Theses and Dissertations

Graphene-based materials are becoming an astoundingly promising choice for many relevant technological and environmental applications. Deriving graphene from the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) is becoming a popular and inexpensive route toward the synthesis of these materials. While the desired product from GO reduction is pristine graphene, defects and residual oxygen functional groups inherited from the parent GO render reduced graphene oxide (RGO) distinct from graphene. In this work, the structure and bonding for GO and RGO is investigated to the end of a working understanding of the composition and properties of these materials. In situ selected area electron diffraction …


Directed Percolation And The Abstract Tile Assembly Model, Tyler Garrett Moore May 2013

Directed Percolation And The Abstract Tile Assembly Model, Tyler Garrett Moore

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Self-assembly is a process by which simple components build complex structures through local interactions. Directed percolation is a statistical physical model for describing competitive spreading processes on lattices. The author describes an algorithm which can transform a tile assembly system in the abstract Tile Assembly Model into a directed percolation problem, and then shows simulations of the aTAM which support this algorithm. The author also investigates two new constructs designed for Erik Winfree's abstract Tile Assembly Model called the NULL tile and temperature 1.5. These constructs aid the translation between self-assembly and directed percolation and may assist self-assembly researchers in …


The Geometry And Sensitivity Of Ion-Beam Sculpted Nanopores For Single Molecule Dna Analysis, Ryan Connor Rollings May 2013

The Geometry And Sensitivity Of Ion-Beam Sculpted Nanopores For Single Molecule Dna Analysis, Ryan Connor Rollings

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

In this dissertation, the relationship between the geometry of ion-beam sculpted solid-state nanopores and their ability to analyze single DNA molecules using resistive pulse sensing is investigated. To accomplish this, the three dimensional shape of the nanopore is determined using energy filtered and tomographic transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that this information enables the prediction of the ionic current passing through a voltage biased nanopore and improves the prediction of the magnitude of current drop signals when the nanopore interacts with single DNA molecules. The dimensional stability of nanopores in solution is monitored using this information and is improved …


Plasmonic Nanostructures For The Absorption Enhancement Of Silicon Solar Cells, Nathan Matthias Burford May 2013

Plasmonic Nanostructures For The Absorption Enhancement Of Silicon Solar Cells, Nathan Matthias Burford

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

In this work, computational investigation of plasmonic nanostructures was conducted using the commercial finite element electromagnetics solver Ansys® HFSS. Arrays of silver toroid nanoparticles located on the surface of an amorphous silicon thin-film absorbing layer were studied for particle sizes ranging from 20 nm to 200 nm in outer diameter. Parametric optimization by calculating an approximation of the photocurrent enhancement due to the nanoparticles was performed to determine optimal surface coverage of the nanoparticles. A comparison was made between these optimized nanotoroid arrays and optimized nanosphere arrays based on spectral absorption enhancement and potential photocurrent enhancement in an amorphous silicon …


Design And Fabrication Of Nanofluidic Systems With Integrated Sensing Electrodes For Rapid Biomolecule Characterization, Taylor Bradley Busch May 2013

Design And Fabrication Of Nanofluidic Systems With Integrated Sensing Electrodes For Rapid Biomolecule Characterization, Taylor Bradley Busch

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

A transparent nanofluidic system with embedded sensing electrodes was designed and fabricated by integrating Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) nanolithography, Focused Ion Beam (FIB) milling and metal deposition, and standard microfabrication processing. The fabrication process started with the evaporation of chrome/gold (Cr/Au) onto a Pyrex 7740 wafer followed by photolithography and wet etching of the microchannels. The wafer was patterned a second time to form Au microelectrodes with 15-45 micrometer separation gaps in the nanochannel region. Sensing electrodes (up to one micron wide) were then deposited using FIB to bridge the gaps. The nanochannels were realized through both AFM nanolithography and …


Particle Dynamics And Resistivity Characteristics In Bifurcated Current Sheets, Tushar Andriyas May 2013

Particle Dynamics And Resistivity Characteristics In Bifurcated Current Sheets, Tushar Andriyas

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Charged particle chaos and its collective effects in different magnetic geometries are investigated in a sequence of various numerical experiments. The fields generated by the particles as a result of interaction with the background electric and magnetic fields is not accounted for in the simulation. An X-line is first used to describe the geometry of the magnetotail prior to magnetic reconnection and a study of the behavior of charged particles is done from a microscopic viewpoint. Another important geometry in the magnetotail prior to substorm onset is Bifurcated Current Sheet. The same analysis is done for this configuration. The existence …


Nanowire Metal-Insulator-Metal Plasmonic Devices, Joseph W. Haus, Li Li, Cong Deng, Nkorni Katte, Michael Scalora, Domenico De Ceglia, Maria Antonietta Vincenti May 2013

Nanowire Metal-Insulator-Metal Plasmonic Devices, Joseph W. Haus, Li Li, Cong Deng, Nkorni Katte, Michael Scalora, Domenico De Ceglia, Maria Antonietta Vincenti

Electro-Optics and Photonics Faculty Publications

In this paper we theoretically study the responsivity of Metal-Insulator-Metal nanostructures to light illumination over a broad wavelength band (1 - 25 microns) and we examine the role of a local field enhancement and electrostatic field on the responsivity.


Modeling Complex Properties Of Ferroelectric Nanocomposites, Raymond T. Walter Apr 2013

Modeling Complex Properties Of Ferroelectric Nanocomposites, Raymond T. Walter

Raymond Walter

No abstract provided.


Wireless Transmission Network : A Imagine, Radhey Shyam Meena Engineer, Neeraj Kumar Garg Asst.Prof Apr 2013

Wireless Transmission Network : A Imagine, Radhey Shyam Meena Engineer, Neeraj Kumar Garg Asst.Prof

Radhey Shyam Meena

World cannot be imagined without electrical power. Generally the power is transmitted through transmission networks. This paper describes an original idea to eradicate the hazardous usage of electrical wires which involve lot of confusion in particularly organizing them. Imagine a future in which wireless power transfer is feasible: cell phones, household robots, mp3 players, laptop computers and other portable electronic devices capable of charging themselves without ever being plugged in freeing us from that final ubiquitous power wire. This paper includes the techniques of transmitting power without using wires with an efficiency of about 95% with non-radioactivemethods. In this paper …


Magnetic And Crystal Structures Of Sr2Iro4: A Neutron Diffraction Study, Feng Ye, Songxue Chi, Bryan C. Chakoumakos, Jaime A. Fernandez-Baca, Tongfei Qi, Gang Cao Apr 2013

Magnetic And Crystal Structures Of Sr2Iro4: A Neutron Diffraction Study, Feng Ye, Songxue Chi, Bryan C. Chakoumakos, Jaime A. Fernandez-Baca, Tongfei Qi, Gang Cao

Center for Advanced Materials Faculty Publications

We report a single-crystal neutron diffraction study of the layered Sr2IrO4. This work unambiguously determines the magnetic structure of the system and reveals that the spin orientation rigidly tracks the staggered rotation of the IrO6 octahedra in Sr2IrO4. The long-range antiferromagnetic order has a canted spin configuration with an ordered moment of 0.208(3) μB/Ir site within the basal plane; a detailed examination of the spin canting yields 0.202(3) and 0.049(2) μB/site for the a axis and the b axis, respectively. It is intriguing that forbidden nuclear reflections …


Reversible Mn Segregation At The Polar Surface Of Lithium Tetraborate, Christina L. Dugan, Robert L. Hengehold, Stephen R. Mchale, Juan A. Colon Santana, John W. Mcclory, Volodymyr T. Adamiv, Yaroslav V. Burak, Ya B. Losovyj, Peter A. Dowben Apr 2013

Reversible Mn Segregation At The Polar Surface Of Lithium Tetraborate, Christina L. Dugan, Robert L. Hengehold, Stephen R. Mchale, Juan A. Colon Santana, John W. Mcclory, Volodymyr T. Adamiv, Yaroslav V. Burak, Ya B. Losovyj, Peter A. Dowben

Faculty Publications

We find Mn surface segregation for single crystals of Mn doped Li2B4O7, nominally Li1.95Mn0.05B4O7(001), but as the temperature increases, evidence of this Mn surface segregation diminishes significantly. At room temperature, the surface photovoltaic charging is significant for this pyroelectric material but is quenched at a temperature well below that seen for the undoped Li2B4O7 samples. The suppression of surface charging in the region of 120 °C that accompanies the temperature of Mn dissolution in the bulk of Li2B4 …


Universal Scaling And Intrinsic Classification Of Electro-Mechanical Actuators, Sambit Palit, Ankit Jain, Muhammad A. Alam Apr 2013

Universal Scaling And Intrinsic Classification Of Electro-Mechanical Actuators, Sambit Palit, Ankit Jain, Muhammad A. Alam

Birck and NCN Publications

Actuation characteristics of electromechanical (EM) actuators have traditionally been studied for a few specific regular electrode geometries and support (anchor) configurations. The ability to predict actuation characteristics of electrodes of arbitrary geometries and complex support configurations relevant for broad range of applications in switching, displays, and varactors, however, remains an open problem. In this article, we provide four universal scaling relationships for EM actuation characteristics that depend only on the mechanical support configuration and the corresponding electrode geometries, but are independent of the specific geometrical dimensions and material properties of these actuators. These scaling relationships offer an intrinsic classification for …


Enhanced Nucleate Boiling On Horizontal Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic Carbon Nanotube Coatings, Xianming Dai, Xinyu Huang, Fanghao Yang, Xiaodong Li, Joshua Sightler, Yingchao Yang, Chen Li Apr 2013

Enhanced Nucleate Boiling On Horizontal Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic Carbon Nanotube Coatings, Xianming Dai, Xinyu Huang, Fanghao Yang, Xiaodong Li, Joshua Sightler, Yingchao Yang, Chen Li

Faculty Publications

Ideal hydrophobic-hydrophilic composite cavities are highly desired to enhance nucleate boiling. However, it is challenging and costly to fabricate these types of cavities by conventional micro/nano fabrication techniques. In this study, a type of hydrophobic-hydrophilic composite interfaces were synthesized from functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes by introducing hydrophilic functional groups on the pristine multiwall carbon nanotubes. This type of carbon nanotube enabled hydrophobic-hydrophilic composite interfaces were systematically characterized. Ideal cavities created by the interfaces were experimentally demonstrated to be the primary reason to substantially enhance nucleate boiling


Compositional And Structural Analysis Of Nitrogen Incorporated And Ion Implanted Diamond Thin Films, Elias James Garratt Apr 2013

Compositional And Structural Analysis Of Nitrogen Incorporated And Ion Implanted Diamond Thin Films, Elias James Garratt

Dissertations

Significant progress in area of nano-structured thin film systems has taken place in recent decades. In particular, diamond thin film systems are being widely studied for their wear resistant, optical and electronic properties. Of the various methods researchers use to modify the structure of such films, three techniques in particular are of interest due to their versatility: modification of the growth atmosphere, growth on metalized substrates, providing an interfacial layer, and modification through post-growth ion implantation. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects each has to the structure and composition of elements. Different techniques are applied in …


Quantum Man, Julian Voss-Andreae Mar 2013

Quantum Man, Julian Voss-Andreae

The STEAM Journal

According to quantum physics, the world is fundamentally quite different than it seems. Drawing inspiration from the underlying nature of reality, former quantum physicist Julian Voss-Andreae created an image of a walking human as a quantum object. Made up of parallel sheets of steel, the sculpture is a metaphor for the counter-intuitive world of quantum physics. Symbolizing the dual nature of matter with the appearance of classical reality on the surface and cloudy quantum behavior underneath, the sculpture seems to consist of solid steel when seen from the front, but dissolves into almost nothing when seen from the side.


Battery Energy Storage System In Solar Power Generation, Radhey Shyam Meena Er., Deepa Sharma Mar 2013

Battery Energy Storage System In Solar Power Generation, Radhey Shyam Meena Er., Deepa Sharma

Radhey Shyam Meena

Grid-connected solar PV dramatically changes the load profile of an electric utility customer. The expected widespread adoption of solar generation by customers on the distribution system poses significant challenges to system operators both in transient and steady state operation, from issues including voltage swings, sudden weather-induced changes in generation, and legacy protective devices designed with one-way power flow in mind


Carbon Nitride And Conjugated Polymer Composite Materials, Josh Byers Mar 2013

Carbon Nitride And Conjugated Polymer Composite Materials, Josh Byers

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

The semiconductor and photovoltaic properties of carbon nitride (CNx) thin films prepared using a reactive magnetron sputtering technique were investigated both individually and as composites with the organic conjugated polymers polybithiophene (PBT) and poly(3-hextlthiophene) (P3HT). At low nitrogen content, the film structure was dominated by graphitic sp2 percolation networks, whereas at higher nitrogen contents CNx films started to demonstrate semiconductor properties, as evidenced by the occurrence of photoconductivity and the development of a space charge region. When CNx was deposited onto a PBT substrate, it was found to function as an acceptor material improving the photocurrent generation both in …


Study Of The Growth And Switching Kinetics On Ferroelectric Nanocrystals Of Copolymer Vinylidene Fluoride And Trifluoroethylene On An Atomic Force Microscope, R. V. Gaynutdinov, O. A. Lysova, A. L. Tolstikhina, V. M. Fridkin, S. G. Yudin, Stephen Ducharme Mar 2013

Study Of The Growth And Switching Kinetics On Ferroelectric Nanocrystals Of Copolymer Vinylidene Fluoride And Trifluoroethylene On An Atomic Force Microscope, R. V. Gaynutdinov, O. A. Lysova, A. L. Tolstikhina, V. M. Fridkin, S. G. Yudin, Stephen Ducharme

Stephen Ducharme Publications

The growth of nanocrystals obtained from Langmuir-Blodgett films of ferroelectric copolymer consisting of 70% vinylidene fluoride and 30% trifluoroethylene has been investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The radius and concentration of nanocrystals are found to depend on the annealing time of the film. A model for nanocrystal growth is proposed which yields adequate time dependences for nanocrystal size parameters. The switching kinetics of individual ferroelectric nanocrystals with an average diameter of 100–200 nm and a height of 15–20 nm has been investigated in the piezoelectric response mode. It is shown that the switching of nanocrystals has an activation character.


Note: A Simple Thermal Gradient Annealing Unit For The Treatment Of Thin Films, C. J. Metting, Johnathan K. Bunn, Ellen A. Underwood, Yihao Zhu, G. Koley, T. Crawford, Jason R. Hattrick-Simpers Mar 2013

Note: A Simple Thermal Gradient Annealing Unit For The Treatment Of Thin Films, C. J. Metting, Johnathan K. Bunn, Ellen A. Underwood, Yihao Zhu, G. Koley, T. Crawford, Jason R. Hattrick-Simpers

Faculty Publications

A gradient annealing cell has been developed for the high-throughput study of thermalannealing effects on thin-film libraries in different environments. The inexpensive gradientannealing unit permits temperature gradients as large as 28 °C/mm and can accommodate samples ranging in length from 13 mm to 51 mm. The system was validated by investigating the effects of annealing temperature on the crystallinity, resistivity, and transparency of tin-doped indium oxide deposited on a glass substrate by magnetron sputtering. The unit developed in this work will permit the rapid optimization of materials properties such as crystallinity, homogeneity, and conductivity across a variety of applications.


Bulk Heterojunction Photodiode: To Detect The Whole Visible Spectrum, Shahino Mah Abdullah Feb 2013

Bulk Heterojunction Photodiode: To Detect The Whole Visible Spectrum, Shahino Mah Abdullah

Shahino Mah Abdullah

In this paper, we report an organic bulk heterojunction photo-sensor that has been fabricated by using a composite of a polymer material poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and a dye material vanadyl-phthalocyanine (VOPcPhO). The UV–Vis spectrum shows that this composite exhibits a broad absorption over the whole visible range. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of P3HT and VOPcPhO blend have been studied to optimize the ratio of P3HT and VOPcPhO. The photo-sensitivity has been investigated under different applied voltages in reverse direction. The photoconductivity sensitivity value has been calculated as 5.65 × 102 Sm/W. The photo-responsivity of the sensor has been investigated under 100 …


Measurements Of Nh3 Linestrengths And Collisional Broadening Coefficients In N2, O2, Co2, And H2o Near 1103.46 Cm−1, Kyle Owen, Et-Touhami Es-Sebbar, Aamir Farooq Feb 2013

Measurements Of Nh3 Linestrengths And Collisional Broadening Coefficients In N2, O2, Co2, And H2o Near 1103.46 Cm−1, Kyle Owen, Et-Touhami Es-Sebbar, Aamir Farooq

Dr. Et-touhami Es-sebbar

Laser-based ammonia gas sensors have useful applications in many fields including combustion, atmospheric monitoring, and medical diagnostics. Calibration-free trace gas sensors require the spectroscopic parameters including linestrengths and collisional broadening coefficients to be known. Ammonia's strong ν2 vibrational band between View the MathML source has the high absorption strength needed for sensing small concentrations. Within this band, the 1103.46 cm−1 feature is one of the strongest and has minimal interference from CO2 and H2O. However, the six rotational transitions that make up this feature have not been studied previously with absorption spectroscopy due to their small line spacing ranging from …


Optical Down-Conversion In Doped Znse:Tb3+ Nanocrystals, Sandip Das, K. C. Mandal Feb 2013

Optical Down-Conversion In Doped Znse:Tb3+ Nanocrystals, Sandip Das, K. C. Mandal

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.


Insertion Of Lithium Ions Into Tio2 (Rutile) Crystals: An Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Study Of The Li-Associated Ti3+ Small Polaron, A. T. Brant, Nancy C. Giles, Larry E. Halliburton Feb 2013

Insertion Of Lithium Ions Into Tio2 (Rutile) Crystals: An Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Study Of The Li-Associated Ti3+ Small Polaron, A. T. Brant, Nancy C. Giles, Larry E. Halliburton

Faculty Publications

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) are used to identify a Ti3+-Li+ complex in TiO2 crystals having the rutile structure. This defect consists of an interstitial Li+ ion adjacent to a substitutional Ti3+ ion (the unpaired electron on the Ti3+ ion provides charge compensation for the Li+ ion). The neutral Ti3+-Li+ complex is best described as a donor-bound small polaron and is similar in structure to the recently reported neutral fluorine and hydrogen donors in TiO2 (rutile). Lithium ions are diffused into the crystals at …


The International Trafficking In Arms Regulations: Precluding Innovation In Academic Spacecraft Engineering — Or Are They?, Jeremy Straub, Joe Vacek Feb 2013

The International Trafficking In Arms Regulations: Precluding Innovation In Academic Spacecraft Engineering — Or Are They?, Jeremy Straub, Joe Vacek

Jeremy Straub

Government regulations and uncertainty about their enforcement can be a significant barrier to innovation. In business, it is undesirable to consume time and other resources developing a product that cannot be sold or which requires navigating significant bureaucracy for each sale. In academ-ia, where limited funding is available prior to the submission of a grant pro-posal and receipt of an award, proposal-stage compliance costs can derail a project long before it begins. This paper reviews the International Traffick-ing in Arms Regulations (ITAR) and their impact on spacecraft research in academia, private research labs and industry. It reviews the exemptions available, …


Vector Acoustic Intensity Around A Tuning Fork, Daniel A. Russell, Justin Junell, Daniel O. Ludwigsen Feb 2013

Vector Acoustic Intensity Around A Tuning Fork, Daniel A. Russell, Justin Junell, Daniel O. Ludwigsen

Physics Publications

The acoustic intensity vector field around a tuning fork is investigated. Theory for a longitudinal quadrupole source predicts a well-defined transition between near-field and far-field, with significant circulation of sound energy in the near-field. Vector components of the time-averaged intensity were measured using a two-microphone intensity probe and found to agree well with predictions from theory. The vector intensity map is interpreted, and shown to provide useful information about the near-field of an acoustic source.


Organic Semiconductors: Applications In Solar Photovoltaic And Sensor Devices, Shahino Mah Abdullah Jan 2013

Organic Semiconductors: Applications In Solar Photovoltaic And Sensor Devices, Shahino Mah Abdullah

Shahino Mah Abdullah

Organic semiconductor-based solar photovoltaic cells and sensors are scalable, printable, solution processable, bendable and light-weight. Furthermore, organic semiconductors require low energy fabrication process, hence can be fabricated at low cost as light-weight solar cells and sensors, coupled with the ease of processing, as well as compatibility, with flexible substrates. Organic semiconductors have been identified as a fascinating class of novel semiconductors that have the electrical and optical properties of metals and semiconductors. The continuous demand to improve the properties of organic semiconductors raises the quest for a deep understanding of fundamental issues and relevant electronic processes. Organic semiconductor thin film …


Experimental Determination Of Electron-Hole Pair Creation Energy In 4h-Sic Epitaxial Layer: An Absolute Calibration Approach, S. K. Chaudhuri, K. J. Zavalla, K. C. Mandal Jan 2013

Experimental Determination Of Electron-Hole Pair Creation Energy In 4h-Sic Epitaxial Layer: An Absolute Calibration Approach, S. K. Chaudhuri, K. J. Zavalla, K. C. Mandal

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.


Effects Of N2o And O2 Addition To Nitrogen Townsend Dielectric Barrier Discharges At Atmospheric Pressure On The Absolute Ground-State Atomic Nitrogen Density, Et. Es-Sebbar, N. Gherardi, F. Massines Jan 2013

Effects Of N2o And O2 Addition To Nitrogen Townsend Dielectric Barrier Discharges At Atmospheric Pressure On The Absolute Ground-State Atomic Nitrogen Density, Et. Es-Sebbar, N. Gherardi, F. Massines

Dr. Et-touhami Es-sebbar

Absolute ground-state density of nitrogen atoms N (2p3 4S3/2) in non-equilibrium Townsend dielectric barrier discharges (TDBDs) at atmospheric pressure sustained in N2/N2O and N2/O2 gas mixtures has been measured using Two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence (TALIF) spectroscopy. The quantitative measurements have been obtained by TALIF calibration using krypton as a reference gas. We previously reported that the maximum of N (2p3 4S3/2) atom density is around 3 × 1014 cm−3 in pure nitrogen TDBD, and that this maximum depends strongly on the mean energy dissipated in the gas. In the two gas mixtures studied here, results show that the absolute N …


Battery Energy Storage System In Solar Power Generation, Radhey Shyam Meena Er. Jan 2013

Battery Energy Storage System In Solar Power Generation, Radhey Shyam Meena Er.

Radhey Shyam Meena

As solar photovoltaic power generation becomes more commonplace, the inherent intermittency of the solar resource poses one of the great challenges to those who would design and implement the next generation smart grid. Specifically, grid-tied solar power generation is a distributed resource whose output can change extremely rapidly, resulting in many issues for the distribution system operator with a large quantity of installed photovoltaic devices. Battery energy storage systems are increasingly being used to help integrate solar power into the grid. These systems are capable of absorbing and delivering both real and reactive power with sub-second response times. With these …