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Articles 1 - 25 of 25
Full-Text Articles in Atmospheric Sciences
Dark Production: A Significant Source Of Oceanic Cos, M. Von Hobe, Gregory A. Cutter, A. J. Kettle, M. O. Andreae
Dark Production: A Significant Source Of Oceanic Cos, M. Von Hobe, Gregory A. Cutter, A. J. Kettle, M. O. Andreae
OES Faculty Publications
Carbonyl sulfide (COS) in air and dissolved in seawater was determined during a cruise in August 1999 in the Sargasso Sea in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Dissolved concentrations at the sea surface displayed only a weak diel cycle with a mean of 8.6 ± 2.8 pmol dm−3 owing to low abundance of photochemical precursors and high temperatures causing rapid hydrolysis. Depth profiles measured over the oceanic mixed layer revealed significant vertical gradients of COS concentration with higher values at the surface, suggesting that the rate of photochemical production at the surface exceeds the rate of vertical mixing. The mean …
One-Gas Models With Height-Dependent Mean Molecular Weight: Effects On Gravity Wave Propagation, R. L. Walterscheid, Michael P. Hickey Ph.D.
One-Gas Models With Height-Dependent Mean Molecular Weight: Effects On Gravity Wave Propagation, R. L. Walterscheid, Michael P. Hickey Ph.D.
Publications
Many models of the thermosphere employ the one-gas approximation where the governing equations apply only to the total gas and the physical properties of the gas that depend on composition (mean molecular weight and specific heats) are height-dependent. It is further assumed that the physical properties of the gas are locally constant; thus motion-induced perturbations are nil. However, motion in a diffusively separated atmosphere perturbs local values of mean molecular weight and specific heats. These motion-induced changes are opposed by mutual diffusion of the constituent gases, which attempts to restore diffusive equilibrium. Assuming that composition is locally constant is equivalent …
High-Precision Dating Of Volcanic Events (A.D. 1301–1995) Using Ice Cores From Law Dome, Antarctica, Anne S. Palmer, Tas D. Van Ommen, Mark A. J. Curran, Vin Morgan, Joe M. Souney, Paul Andrew Mayewski
High-Precision Dating Of Volcanic Events (A.D. 1301–1995) Using Ice Cores From Law Dome, Antarctica, Anne S. Palmer, Tas D. Van Ommen, Mark A. J. Curran, Vin Morgan, Joe M. Souney, Paul Andrew Mayewski
Earth Science Faculty Scholarship
A record of volcanic activity over the period A.D. 1301–1995 has been extracted from three Law Dome ice cores (East Antarctica). The record dating is unambiguous at the annual level from A.D. 1807 to 1995 and has an uncertainty of ±1 year at A.D. 1301. Signals from 20 eruptions are preserved in the record, including those of two unknown eruptions with acid deposition beginning in A.D. 1810.8 and A.D. 1685.8. The beginning of the ice core signal from the A.D. 1815 Tambora eruption is observed in the austral summer of A.D. 1816/1817. The mean observed stratospheric transport and deposition time …
Reflection Of A Long-Period Gravity Wave Observed In The Nightglow Over Arecibo On May 8–9, 1989?, Michael P. Hickey Ph.D.
Reflection Of A Long-Period Gravity Wave Observed In The Nightglow Over Arecibo On May 8–9, 1989?, Michael P. Hickey Ph.D.
Publications
During the Arecibo Initiative for Dynamics of the Atmosphere (AIDA) campaign in 1989 a characteristic of gravity wave perturbations observed in mesopause region airglow emissions was that airglow brightness fluctuations and airglow-derived temperature fluctuations often occurred either in phase or in antiphase. This stimulated the development of a theory suggesting that such in-phase fluctuations were most probably the result of strong reflections occurring in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region. Recent examination of a particular wave event and application of simple WKB-type theory has appeared to support this hypothesis. Here we use a full-wave model and a WKB-type model, each …
Acoustic Wave Heating Of The Thermosphere, Michael P. Hickey Ph.D., G. Schubert, R. L. Walterscheid
Acoustic Wave Heating Of The Thermosphere, Michael P. Hickey Ph.D., G. Schubert, R. L. Walterscheid
Publications
A numerical model is used to study the dissipation in the thermosphere of upward propagating acoustic waves. Whereas dissipating gravity waves can cool the upper atmosphere through the effects of sensible heat flux divergence, it is found that acoustic waves mainly heat the thermosphere by viscous dissipation. Though the amplitudes of acoustic waves in the atmosphere are poorly constrained, the calculations suggest that dissipating acoustic waves can locally heat the thermosphere at rates of tens of kelvins per day and thereby contribute to the thermospheric energy balance. It is shown that viscous heating cannot be calculated from the divergence of …
Relationships Between Synoptic-Scale Transport And Interannual Variability Of Inorganic Cations In Surface Snow At Summit, Greenland: 1992-1996, J F. Slater, Jack E. Dibb, Barry D. Keim, D W. Kahl
Relationships Between Synoptic-Scale Transport And Interannual Variability Of Inorganic Cations In Surface Snow At Summit, Greenland: 1992-1996, J F. Slater, Jack E. Dibb, Barry D. Keim, D W. Kahl
Earth Sciences
To fully utilize the long-term chemical records retrieved from central Greenland ice cores, specific relationships between atmospheric circulation and the variability of chemical species in the records need to be better understood. This research examines associations between the variability of surface snow inorganic cation chemistry at Summit, Greenland (collected during 1992–1996 summer field seasons) and changes in air mass transport pathways and source regions, as well as variations in aerosol source strength. Transport patterns and source regions are determined through 10-day isentropic backward air mass trajectories during a 1 month (late May to late June) common season over the 5 …
Airglow Variations Associated With Nonideal Ducting Of Gravity Waves In The Lower Thermosphere Region, Michael P. Hickey Ph.D.
Airglow Variations Associated With Nonideal Ducting Of Gravity Waves In The Lower Thermosphere Region, Michael P. Hickey Ph.D.
Publications
A numerical full-wave model is used to study the response of the O2 atmospheric airglow to ducted gravity waves in the mesopause region. For an isothermal, quasi-adiabatic, and motionless background atmosphere the calculated phase differences between airglow brightness fluctuations and fluctuations of temperatures derived from the airglow, as given by Krassovsky's ratio, are in good agreement with the predictions of published theory. Significant departures from the predictions of the basic theory are obtained when we consider ducting in the presence of the eddy and molecular diffusion of heat and momentum in a nonisothermal background atmosphere. Wind shears also affect the …
Ozone And Tracer Transport Variations In The Summer Northern Hemisphere Stratosphere, E. C. Cordero, S. R. Kawa
Ozone And Tracer Transport Variations In The Summer Northern Hemisphere Stratosphere, E. C. Cordero, S. R. Kawa
Faculty Publications, Meteorology and Climate Science
Constituent observations from the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) in combination with estimates of the residual circulation are used to examine the transport and chemical budgets of HF, CH4 and O3 in the summer Northern Hemisphere. Budget calculations of HF, CH4 and O3 show that the transport tendency due to the residual circulation increases in magnitude and is largely opposed by eddy motions through the summer months. Ozone budget analyses show that between 100 and 31 hPa, the magnitudes of the mean circulation and eddy transport terms increase through the summer months, producing tendencies that are …
Ozone And Tracer Transport Variations In The Summer Northern Hemisphere Stratosphere, E. C. Cordero, S. R. Kawa
Ozone And Tracer Transport Variations In The Summer Northern Hemisphere Stratosphere, E. C. Cordero, S. R. Kawa
Eugene C. Cordero
Constituent observations from the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) in combination with estimates of the residual circulation are used to examine the transport and chemical budgets of HF, CH4 and O3 in the summer Northern Hemisphere. Budget calculations of HF, CH4 and O3 show that the transport tendency due to the residual circulation increases in magnitude and is largely opposed by eddy motions through the summer months. Ozone budget analyses show that between 100 and 31 hPa, the magnitudes of the mean circulation and eddy transport terms increase through the summer months, producing tendencies that are …
Coherent Differential Absorption Lidar For Combined Measurement Of Wind And Trace Atmospheric Gases, Grady James Koch
Coherent Differential Absorption Lidar For Combined Measurement Of Wind And Trace Atmospheric Gases, Grady James Koch
Electrical & Computer Engineering Theses & Dissertations
A lidar system was developed for making combined range-resolved measurements of wind speed and direction, water vapor concentration, and carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. This lidar combines the coherent Doppler technique for wind detection and the differential absorption lidar (DIAL) technique to provide a multifunctional capability. DIAL and coherent lidars have traditionally been thought of and implemented as separate instruments, but the research reported here has shown a demonstration of combining the coherent and DIAL techniques into a single instrument using solid-state lasers. The lasers used are of Ho:Tm:YLF, which operates at a wavelength of 2 μm. This wavelength …
Climatology And Modeling Of Quasi-Monochromatic Atmospheric Gravity Waves Observed Over Urbana Illinois, J. H. Hecht, R. L. Walterscheid, Michael P. Hickey Ph.D., S. J. Franke
Climatology And Modeling Of Quasi-Monochromatic Atmospheric Gravity Waves Observed Over Urbana Illinois, J. H. Hecht, R. L. Walterscheid, Michael P. Hickey Ph.D., S. J. Franke
Publications
From analyzing nine months of airglow imaging observations of atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) over Adelaide, Australia (35°S) [Walterscheid et al., 1999] have proposed that many of the quasi-monochromatic waves seen in the images were primarily thermally ducted. Here are presented 15 months of observations, from February 1996 to May 1997, for AGW frequency and propagation direction from a northern latitude site, Urbana Illinois (40°N). As Adelaide, Urbana is geographically distant from large orographic features. Similar to what was found in Adelaide, the AGWs seem to originate from a preferred location during the time period around summer solstice. In …
Validation And Characterization Of Ionospheric Densities Measured By Dmsp, Herbert L. Keyser
Validation And Characterization Of Ionospheric Densities Measured By Dmsp, Herbert L. Keyser
Theses and Dissertations
Future models of the thermosphere-ionosphere-magnetosphere system will require near real-time assimilation of ionospheric parameters to specify% and forecast these regions One of the current sensors that will be used in the GAIM model is the DMSP SSIES. Knowledge of the SSIES's reliability and data characteristics is key to using the data when relying on automated processes to ingest the data. To validate the DMSP value, the DMSP-measured density is compared to ground-based ISR measurements from solar minimum to solar maximum. The DMSP data are compared to data from the ISRs located at the Millstone Hill Observatory in Massachusetts and Sondrestrom …
Gravity Wave Propagation Directions Inferred From Satellite Observations Including Smearing Effects, Jason S. Brown, Michael P. Hickey Ph.D.
Gravity Wave Propagation Directions Inferred From Satellite Observations Including Smearing Effects, Jason S. Brown, Michael P. Hickey Ph.D.
Publications
We simulate space-based, sublimb viewing observations of airglow brightness fluctuations caused by atmospheric gravity wave interactions with the O2 atmospheric airglow, and we demonstrate that because of the geometry associated with such observations, the brightness fluctuations observed for the optically thick 0–0 band emission will always appear stronger for waves traveling toward the observer (the satellite). The effect should be most noticeable for waves having relatively small vertical wavelengths (∼10 km) and horizontal wavelengths of 50 km or greater. For waves of short (∼100 km) horizontal wavelength, the brightness fluctuation anisotropy with respect to viewing direction may also be evident …
Atmospheric Conditions Associated With Lightning During Snow And Ice Events, Randall J. Haeberle
Atmospheric Conditions Associated With Lightning During Snow And Ice Events, Randall J. Haeberle
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this research was to find the atmospheric mechanisms associated with lightning in snow and ice events. The specific mechanisms that were examined were low-level wind shear, upper level divergence, surface temperature, low-level temperature, the -10 ° C level, and precipitable water. A chi-squared dependency test showed the strong association of low-level wind shear to each precipitation type (snow, sleet/freezing rain, rain) in two separate studies. Surface temperature appeared to have a relationship to lightning in all precipitation categories, while no significant relationship to lightning in all precipitation categories, while no significant relationship was found with upper level …
Simulating Wet Deposition Of Radiocesium From The Chernobyl Accident, Aaron M. Kinser
Simulating Wet Deposition Of Radiocesium From The Chernobyl Accident, Aaron M. Kinser
Theses and Dissertations
In response to the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident of 1986, a cesium-137 deposition dataset was assembled. Most of the airborne Chernobyl cesium was wet deposited, either via interception by falling raindrops or via absorption into cloud droplets destined to become raindrops. The Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian rated Transport (HYSPLIT) model, developed at Air Resources Laboratory, is used to simulate the transport and deposition of Chernobyl cesium-137. A cloud base parameterization modification is tested and appears to slightly improve the accuracy of one HYSPLIT simulation of daily Chernobyl cesium-137 deposition over the course of the accident at isolated European sites, and …
The Effects Of Buffer And Temperature Feedback On The Oceanic Uptake Of Co2, Chuixiang Yi, Peng Gong, Ming Xu, Ye Qi
The Effects Of Buffer And Temperature Feedback On The Oceanic Uptake Of Co2, Chuixiang Yi, Peng Gong, Ming Xu, Ye Qi
Publications and Research
The feedback between climate and carbon cycle systems is critical to the prediction of future CO2 concentration in the atmosphere and the capacity of the oceans to take up CO2 from the atmosphere. We calculated the magnitudes of the potential feedback between the increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration, the carbonate chemistry of the oceans (via a buffer factor), and the global temperature. We find that the magnitude of the buffer feedback depends strongly on the level of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the oceans and increases rapidly with the increase of the atmospheric CO …
Assessment Of The Effects Of Entrainment And Wind Shear On Nuclear Cloud Rise Modeling, Daniel E. Zalewski
Assessment Of The Effects Of Entrainment And Wind Shear On Nuclear Cloud Rise Modeling, Daniel E. Zalewski
Theses and Dissertations
The Missile Defense Agency (MDA) plans to construct, during a two-week period, an X-Band Radar (XBR) on Shemya, AK. Wind speeds must not, at any time during the construction, exceed a 25 knot limit set by the MDA for lifting the massive dome panels into place. The goal of this research was to explore the possibilities of long-range forecasts to determine the feasibility of predicting any upcoming two-week windows of opportunity, well in advance, that will ensure the successful completion of constructing the XBR on Shemya. In order to reach this goal, the following objectives were achieved; (1) a climatological …
Spectral And Temporal Characterization Of High Temperature Events, William F. Bagby
Spectral And Temporal Characterization Of High Temperature Events, William F. Bagby
Theses and Dissertations
The remote observations of the temporal and spectral characteristics of the infrared (IR) emissions from exploding ordnance have been correlated with explosion conditions. A Bomem MR-154 Fourier Transform Interferometer with two detectors, InSb and HgCdTe, was used to record spectra in the 1.3 - 20 micrometers range. Data was collected at spectral resolutions of 16/cm and 4/cm, and temporal resolutions of 0.045 sand 0.123 5, respectively. The data files range in size from 900 Kilobytes to several Megabytes. These are reduced to 2-dimensional representations of temporal features that are less than 100 Kilobytes. The data analysis indicates the possibility of …
Analysis Of Cloud-Free Line-Of-Sight Probability Calculations, Joseph J. Golemboski Iii
Analysis Of Cloud-Free Line-Of-Sight Probability Calculations, Joseph J. Golemboski Iii
Theses and Dissertations
Cloud-free line-of-sight probabilities were calculated using two separate methods. The first was a variation of a method developed by the Rand Corporation in 1972. In it, CFLOS probabilities were calculated using empirical data based on five years of photograms taken over Columbia, Missouri and forecasted cloud amounts rather than climatological values. The second was a new approach using the Cloud Scene Simulation Model developed by Phillips Laboratory. Cloud scenes were generated using forecasted cloud fields, meteorological inputs, and thirty random numbers. Water content files were produced and processed through a follow-on program to determine the extinction coefficients at each grid …
Investigation Of Gravity Waves Via The Rotational Temperature Of Hydroxyl Nightglow, Erin C. Willingham
Investigation Of Gravity Waves Via The Rotational Temperature Of Hydroxyl Nightglow, Erin C. Willingham
Theses and Dissertations
Measurement of the vibration and rotation bands of mesospheric hydroxyl radicals (OH) has been conducted during the past two decades using ground-based and space-based interferometers to take temperature and wind measurements from 70-100km in altitude. Gravity waves that pass through the mesosphere can be measured by determining the variance over time of the rotational temperature of the OH emissions. Several attempts were made to take spectrum measurements of the nightglow from hydroxyl radicals in the mesosphere using a custom hardware configuration that included a telescope and grating monochrometer optimized for the visible and near infrared. Quantifying gravity wave activity was …
Secular Variations Of Oi 5577 Å Airglow In The Mesopause Region Induced By Transient Gravity Wave Packets, Michael P. Hickey Ph.D., R. L. Walterscheid
Secular Variations Of Oi 5577 Å Airglow In The Mesopause Region Induced By Transient Gravity Wave Packets, Michael P. Hickey Ph.D., R. L. Walterscheid
Publications
We employ a 2-dimensional, time-dependent, fully nonlinear model of minor species in the mesopause region and our Spectral Full-Wave Model to simulate the response of minor species and the OI 5577 Å airglow to a gravity wave packet in the mesopause region. Gravity waves affect the time-averaged distribution of minor species in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region through constituent fluxes induced by violation of the non-acceleration conditions due to wave transience and dissipation. In addition, wave perturbed chemistry can induce a flux of chemically active species. Simulations are performed with nominal values of eddy diffusion coefficients in the …
Can Long-Term Variability In The Gulf Stream Transport Be Inferred From Sea Level?, Tal Ezer
Can Long-Term Variability In The Gulf Stream Transport Be Inferred From Sea Level?, Tal Ezer
CCPO Publications
Recent studies by Sturges and collaborators suggest a simple, but powerful, technique to estimate climatic changes in the transport of the Gulf Stream from the difference between the oceanic sea level calculated with a simple wind-driven Rossby wave model and the observed coastal sea level. The hypothesis behind this technique is tested, using 40 years of data (1950 to 1989) obtained from a three-dimensional Atlantic Ocean model forced by observed surface data. The analysis shows that variations in sea level difference between the ocean and the coast are indeed coherent with variations of the Gulf Stream transport for periods shorter …
Retrieval And Validation Of Mesospheric Temperatures From Wind Imaging Interferometer Observations, M G. Shepherd, B Reid, S Zhang, B H. Solheim, G G. Shepherd, Vincent B. Wickwar, Joshua P. Herron
Retrieval And Validation Of Mesospheric Temperatures From Wind Imaging Interferometer Observations, M G. Shepherd, B Reid, S Zhang, B H. Solheim, G G. Shepherd, Vincent B. Wickwar, Joshua P. Herron
All Physics Faculty Publications
A method has been developed for the retrieval of mesospheric temperatures in the 65–90 km altitude range from satellite observations made by the Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) aboard the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). Retrieved temperatures are derived from Rayleigh scattered sunlight observed in a wavelength band centered at 553 nm. Integrated line-of-sight radiance observations are inverted to tangent height volume scattering profiles, which are proportional to atmospheric density. From these, absolute temperature profiles are calculated using a technique derived from established Rayleigh lidar retrieval methods assuming that the atmosphere is in hydrostatic equilibrium and that it obeys the ideal …
Mesospheric Temperature Observationsat The Usu / Cass Atmospheric Lidar Observatory (Alo), Vincent B. Wickwar, T D. Wilkerson, M Hammond, Joshua P. Herron
Mesospheric Temperature Observationsat The Usu / Cass Atmospheric Lidar Observatory (Alo), Vincent B. Wickwar, T D. Wilkerson, M Hammond, Joshua P. Herron
All Physics Faculty Publications
The Center for Atmospheric and Space Sciences (CASS) at Utah State University (USU) operates the ALO for studying the middle atmosphere from the stratosphere to the lower thermosphere. ALO’s mid-latitude location (41.74°N, 111.81°W, 1466 m) is very unique in that it is in the middle of an extensive set of rugged mountains, the Rocky Mountains, which are a major orographic source of gravity waves that may give rise to a longitudinal variation in the mesospheric structure. Mesospheric observations between approximately 45 and 90 km have been carried out on many clear nights with the ALO Rayleigh- scatter lidar since late …
Lead Isotope Tracking Of Atmospheric Response To Post- Industrial Conditions In Yerevan, Armenia, Charles Dunlap, Robert Kurkjian
Lead Isotope Tracking Of Atmospheric Response To Post- Industrial Conditions In Yerevan, Armenia, Charles Dunlap, Robert Kurkjian
Charles Dunlap
Temporal gradients in environmental lead concentrations and isotopic compositions trace the rapidly shifting transition from high to low industrial emissions in Yerevan, Armenia following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s. Shortly after the breakup, in 1995 and 1996, atmospheric lead concentrations averaged ~0.4 µg/m3 and the combustion of leaded gasoline was the primary source of industrial lead emissions in Yerevan. But by 1998, unleaded gasoline was predominant and atmospheric lead concentrations had decreased by two orders of magnitude to ≤ 0.003 µg/m3 because industrial lead emissions from stationary sources had also been radically curtailed. The increased …