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2012

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Articles 61 - 90 of 547

Full-Text Articles in Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology

Climate Change And The Water Crisis In Israel, Lauren Deutsch Nov 2012

Climate Change And The Water Crisis In Israel, Lauren Deutsch

Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences

Israel’s water crisis is controlled by the availability and location of water resources that are affected by climate change and geopolitics in southwest Asia. Conflict between Israel and the Palestinian occupied territories in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank have put strains on the allocation of water recourses. The goal of this research was to model how much a change in climate will affect the amount of available freshwater in Israel. Intensive research taken from Israel and the occupied territories was carried out to understand how the amount of precipitation, rainfall, and the rate of evaporation is affected by …

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Episodic Recruitment And Climate Analysis Of Ponderosa Pine On The Palmer Divide, Eastern Colorado, William Henry Brenton Jr. Nov 2012

Episodic Recruitment And Climate Analysis Of Ponderosa Pine On The Palmer Divide, Eastern Colorado, William Henry Brenton Jr.

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Previous recruitment studies on populations of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson) in Colorado have been limited to the western mountains and the Front Range. In this research I used tree-ring data to reconstruct recruitment for ponderosa pine near the eastern limits of its distribution at two sites on the Palmer Divide, Eastern Colorado, to determine the relative climate sensitivity of the two sites, and the extent to which climate or other factors may have influenced recruitment at the sites. The results of the tree-ring analysis suggest that ponderosa pines in more the easterly site lower elevation …

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Air-Sea Interface In Hurricane Conditions, Alexander Soloviev, A. Fujimura, Silvia Matt Nov 2012

Air-Sea Interface In Hurricane Conditions, Alexander Soloviev, A. Fujimura, Silvia Matt

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles

Improving hurricane prediction models requires better understanding of complex processes taking place at the air-sea interface at high wind speeds. The change of the air-sea interaction regime in hurricane conditions has been linked to the mechanism of direct disruption of the air-sea interface by pressure fluctuations working against the surface tension force. This can be achieved through the Kelvin-Helmholtz type instability. In order to investigate this mechanism, we have conducted a series of 3D numerical experiments using a volume of fluid multiphase model. The experiments were initialized with either a flat interface or short wavelets and wind stress applied at …

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Spectral Absorption Of Biomass Burning Aerosol Determined From Retrieved Single Scattering Albedo During Arctas, C A. Corr, S R. Hall, B E. Anderson, Kirk Ullman, A J. Beyersdorf, Kenn L. Thornhill, Michael J. Cubison, Jose L. Jimenez, Armin Wisthaler, Jack E. Dibb Nov 2012

Spectral Absorption Of Biomass Burning Aerosol Determined From Retrieved Single Scattering Albedo During Arctas, C A. Corr, S R. Hall, B E. Anderson, Kirk Ullman, A J. Beyersdorf, Kenn L. Thornhill, Michael J. Cubison, Jose L. Jimenez, Armin Wisthaler, Jack E. Dibb

Earth Sciences

Actinic flux, as well as aerosol chemical and optical properties, were measured aboard the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the ARCTAS (Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites) mission in Spring and Summer 2008. These measurements were used in a radiative transfer code to retrieve spectral (350-550 nm) aerosol single scattering albedo (SSA) for biomass burning plumes encountered on 17 April and 29 June. Retrieved SSA values were subsequently used to calculate the absorption Angstrom exponent (AAE) over the 350-500 nm range. Both plumes exhibited enhanced spectral absorption with AAE values that exceeded 1 (6.78 ± …

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An Analysis Of Deep Convection Initiation Environments, Noah Lock Nov 2012

An Analysis Of Deep Convection Initiation Environments, Noah Lock

Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Initiation is the part of the convective life cycle which is currently least understood and least well forecast. The inability to properly forecast the timing and/or location of deep convection initiation degrades forecast skill, especially during the warm season. The goals of this research are examine the spatiotemporal distribution of thunderstorm initiation points and to determine which atmospheric parameters (and ultimately processes) are most important for the initiation of thunderstorms. The spatiotemporal distribution of thunderstorm initiation points shows the expected peaks during summer and during the afternoon. The warm season also produces significant concentrations of initiation points near mountains, mainly …

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A Gap Analysis Of Meteorological Requirements For Commercial Space Operators, Nicholas J. Stapleton Nov 2012

A Gap Analysis Of Meteorological Requirements For Commercial Space Operators, Nicholas J. Stapleton

Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses

Commercial space companies will soon be the primary method of launching people and supplies into orbit. Among the critical aspects of space launches are the meteorological concerns. Laws and regulations pertaining to meteorological considerations have been created to ensure the safety of the space industry and those living around spaceports; but, are they adequate? Perhaps the commercial space industry can turn to the commercial aviation industry to help answer that question. Throughout its history, the aviation industry has dealt with lessons learned from mishaps due to failures in understanding the significance of weather impacts on operations. Using lessons from the …

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Calibration Of Multibeam Echo Sounders: A Comparison Between Two Methodologies, Carlo Lanzoni, Thomas C. Weber Nov 2012

Calibration Of Multibeam Echo Sounders: A Comparison Between Two Methodologies, Carlo Lanzoni, Thomas C. Weber

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Multibeam echo sounders (MBES) are widely used in applications like seafloor imaging, fisheries, and habitat mapping. Calibration of acoustic backscatter is an important aspect of understanding and validating the performance of a MBES. Combined transmit/receive beampattern calibrations were performed on a 200 kHz Reson Seabat 7125 MBES in the acoustic tank of the University of New Hampshire utilizing two different methodologies. The first methodology employs fixed standard target spheres and a high accuracy/high resolution rotation mechanism. This method, similar to that proposed by Foote et al ["Protocols forcalibrating multibeam sonar", J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117(4), 2005], is designed for a …

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Potentially Polluting Marine Sites Geodb: An S-100 Geospatial Database As An Effective Contribution To The Protection Of The Marine Environment, Giuseppe Masetti, Brian R. Calder, Lee Alexander Nov 2012

Potentially Polluting Marine Sites Geodb: An S-100 Geospatial Database As An Effective Contribution To The Protection Of The Marine Environment, Giuseppe Masetti, Brian R. Calder, Lee Alexander

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Potentially Polluting Marine Sites (PPMS) are objects on, or areas of, the seabed that may release pollution in the future. A rationale for, and design of, a geospatial database to inventory and manipu-late PPMS is presented. Built as an S-100 Product Specification, it is specified through human-readable UML diagrams and implemented through machine-readable GML files, and includes auxiliary information such as pollution-control resources and potentially vulnerable sites in order to support analyses of the core data. The design and some aspects of implementation are presented, along with metadata requirements and structure, and a perspective on potential uses of the database.

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Characteristics Of Tropospheric Ozone Depletion Events In The Arctic Spring: Analysis Of The Arctas, Arcpac, And Arcions Measurements And Satellite Bro Observations, T P. Kurosu, Yuhang Wang, T P. Kurosu, K Chance, A Rozanov, A Richter, S J. Oltmans, A M. Thompson, Jonathan Hair, Marta Fenn, Andrew Weinheimer, Thomas B. Ryerson, S Solberg, L Gregory Huey, J Liao, Jack E. Dibb, J A. Neuman, J Nowak, B Pierce, M Natarajan, J Al-Saadi Oct 2012

Characteristics Of Tropospheric Ozone Depletion Events In The Arctic Spring: Analysis Of The Arctas, Arcpac, And Arcions Measurements And Satellite Bro Observations, T P. Kurosu, Yuhang Wang, T P. Kurosu, K Chance, A Rozanov, A Richter, S J. Oltmans, A M. Thompson, Jonathan Hair, Marta Fenn, Andrew Weinheimer, Thomas B. Ryerson, S Solberg, L Gregory Huey, J Liao, Jack E. Dibb, J A. Neuman, J Nowak, B Pierce, M Natarajan, J Al-Saadi

Earth Sciences

Arctic ozone depletion events (ODEs) are caused by halogen catalyzed ozone loss. In situ chemistry, advection of ozone-poor air mass, and vertical mixing in the lower troposphere are important factors affecting ODEs. To better characterize the ODEs, we analyze the combined set of surface, ozonesonde, and aircraft in situ measurements of ozone and bromine compounds during the Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS), the Aerosol, Radiation, and Cloud Processes affecting Arctic Climate (ARCPAC), and the Arctic Intensive Ozonesonde Network Study (ARCIONS) experiments (April 2008). Tropospheric BrO columns retrieved from satellite measurements and back …

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Short Period Gravity Waves In The Arctic Atmosphere Over Alaska, Michael Negale, Kim Nielsen, Michael J. Taylor, Britta Irving, Richard Collins Oct 2012

Short Period Gravity Waves In The Arctic Atmosphere Over Alaska, Michael Negale, Kim Nielsen, Michael J. Taylor, Britta Irving, Richard Collins

Physics Student Research

The propagation nature and sources of short-period gravity waves have been studied extensively at low and mid-latitudes, while their extent and nature at the polar regions are less known. During the last decade, observations from select sites on the Antarctic continent have revealed a significant presence of these waves over the southern Polar Region as well as shown unexpected dynamical behavior. In contrast, observations over the Arctic region are few and the dynamical behavior is unknown. A recent project was initiated in January 2011 to investigate the presence and dynamics of these waves over interior Alaska. This site provides an …

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Water: Conserving Our Most Precious Resource, John Holmes Gcvo, Kbe, Cmg Oct 2012

Water: Conserving Our Most Precious Resource, John Holmes Gcvo, Kbe, Cmg

Reports (USI)

This was a thoughtful discussion on a vital and still neglected issue. While there was enough fresh water in the world overall, its distribution did not match that of the global population. Climate change, continuing population growth, urbanisation and altered dietary habits were all exacerbating existing problems of fresh water availability. But there was little new action at national or international level, though local and private sector decisions were making a difference in some places. In the end we might have to take the water to the people rather than expecting the people to go to the water, as had …

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Predictability Of Biomass Burning In Response To Climate Changes, A.-L. Daniau, Megan Walsh Oct 2012

Predictability Of Biomass Burning In Response To Climate Changes, A.-L. Daniau, Megan Walsh

All Faculty Scholarship for the College of the Sciences

Climate is an important control on biomass burning, but the sensitivity of fire to changes in temperature and moisture balance has not been quantified. We analyze sedimentary charcoal records to show that the changes in fire regime over the past 21,000 yrs are predictable from changes in regional climates. Analyses of paleo- fire data show that fire increases monotonically with changes in temperature and peaks at intermediate moisture levels, and that temperature is quantitatively the most important driver of changes in biomass burning over the past 21,000 yrs. Given that a similar relationship between climate drivers and fire emerges from …

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Campaign Logistics, Mapping, And Discussion (Climate), Student Group Oct 2012

Campaign Logistics, Mapping, And Discussion (Climate), Student Group

U.S. - Japan Bilateral Workshop on the Tropical Tropopause Layer: State of the Current Science and Future Observational Needs

No abstract provided.

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Campaign Logistics, Mapping, And Discussion (Djf), Student Group Oct 2012

Campaign Logistics, Mapping, And Discussion (Djf), Student Group

U.S. - Japan Bilateral Workshop on the Tropical Tropopause Layer: State of the Current Science and Future Observational Needs

No abstract provided.

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Campaign Logistics, Mapping, And Discussion (Jja), Student Group Oct 2012

Campaign Logistics, Mapping, And Discussion (Jja), Student Group

U.S. - Japan Bilateral Workshop on the Tropical Tropopause Layer: State of the Current Science and Future Observational Needs

No abstract provided.

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Summary And Discussion Of Science Questions (Climate), Student Group Oct 2012

Summary And Discussion Of Science Questions (Climate), Student Group

U.S. - Japan Bilateral Workshop on the Tropical Tropopause Layer: State of the Current Science and Future Observational Needs

No abstract provided.

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Summary And Discussion Of Science Questions (Djf), Student Group Oct 2012

Summary And Discussion Of Science Questions (Djf), Student Group

U.S. - Japan Bilateral Workshop on the Tropical Tropopause Layer: State of the Current Science and Future Observational Needs

No abstract provided.

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Summary And Discussion Of Science Questions (Jja), Student Group Oct 2012

Summary And Discussion Of Science Questions (Jja), Student Group

U.S. - Japan Bilateral Workshop on the Tropical Tropopause Layer: State of the Current Science and Future Observational Needs

No abstract provided.

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Identification Of Ttl Boundaries Using The Ozone-Water Vapor Relationship, Laura Pan Oct 2012

Identification Of Ttl Boundaries Using The Ozone-Water Vapor Relationship, Laura Pan

U.S. - Japan Bilateral Workshop on the Tropical Tropopause Layer: State of the Current Science and Future Observational Needs

Two sets of TTL boundary definitions have been proposed in the literature. One uses the static stability structure (Gettelman and Foster, 2002) and the other uses the radiative forcing mass flux criterion (Fu et al., 2007; Fueglistaler et al., 2009). In this work, we present a method to characterize the TTL boundaries using ozone–water vapor relationship. The result shows that the tracer behavior supports the level of the minimum stability to be the lower boundary of the transition layer and the cold point to be a good proxy of the upper boundary. Using this method, we characterize and compare the …

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Ozone Variations Over The Northern Subtropical Region Revealed By Ozonesonde Observations In Hanoi, Shin-Ya Ogino Oct 2012

Ozone Variations Over The Northern Subtropical Region Revealed By Ozonesonde Observations In Hanoi, Shin-Ya Ogino

U.S. - Japan Bilateral Workshop on the Tropical Tropopause Layer: State of the Current Science and Future Observational Needs

Seasonal and subseasonal variations in the ozone mixing ratio (OMR) are investigated by using continuous seven-year ozonesonde data from Hanoi (21 0 N, 106 0 E), Vietnam. The mean seasonal variations for the seven years show large amplitude at the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) region (10–18 km) and at the lower troposphere (around 3 km) with standard deviations relative to the mean value of about 30% for both regions. In the UTLS region, the seasonal variation in the OMR shows a minimum in winter and a maximum in spring to summer. The variation seems to be caused by …

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The Noaa H2o And O3 Data Base, Karen Rosenlof Oct 2012

The Noaa H2o And O3 Data Base, Karen Rosenlof

U.S. - Japan Bilateral Workshop on the Tropical Tropopause Layer: State of the Current Science and Future Observational Needs

No abstract provided.

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In-Situ Water Vapor And Ozone Measurements In Lhasa And Kunming During The Asian Summer Monsoon, Jianchun Bian, Laura L. Pan, Laura Paulik, Holger Vömel, Hongbin Chen, Daren Lu Oct 2012

In-Situ Water Vapor And Ozone Measurements In Lhasa And Kunming During The Asian Summer Monsoon, Jianchun Bian, Laura L. Pan, Laura Paulik, Holger Vömel, Hongbin Chen, Daren Lu

U.S. - Japan Bilateral Workshop on the Tropical Tropopause Layer: State of the Current Science and Future Observational Needs

Asian summer monsoon (ASM) anticyclone circulation is recognized to be a significant transport pathway for water vapor and pollutants to enter the stratosphere. Observational evidence, however, is largely based on satellite retrievals. We report the first coincident in situ measurements of water vapor and ozone within the ASM anticyclone. The combined water vapor and ozone sondes were launched from Kunming in August 2009 and Lhasa in August 2010. We present the key characteristics of these measurements, and provide a comparison to similar measurements from Alajuela, Costa Rica, an equatorial location, during the Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling (TC4) campaign …

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Development Of New Hydorometer Video Sonde (Hyvis) System For Ice Cloud Observation In Ttl Region, Kensaku Shimizu Oct 2012

Development Of New Hydorometer Video Sonde (Hyvis) System For Ice Cloud Observation In Ttl Region, Kensaku Shimizu

U.S. - Japan Bilateral Workshop on the Tropical Tropopause Layer: State of the Current Science and Future Observational Needs

Cirrus clouds in the TTL play an important role on the radiation budget and thus the understanding of their optical properties together with the microphysical processes associated with their formation is quite important. In spite of the progress in theoretical research on the TTL cirrus (e.g., Koop et al., 2000; Peter et al., 2006), observational research is not enough because of the difficulty due to its height and coldness. On the other hand, research of cirrus clouds at 10 km height has been carried out since 1990s using aircraft and hydrometer sondes such as HYVIS (Murakami and Orikasa, 1997) and …

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Impact Of Abrupt Stratospheric Dynamical Change On Tropical Tropopause Layer, Nawo Eguchi, Kunihiko Kodera, Tomoe Nasuno Oct 2012

Impact Of Abrupt Stratospheric Dynamical Change On Tropical Tropopause Layer, Nawo Eguchi, Kunihiko Kodera, Tomoe Nasuno

U.S. - Japan Bilateral Workshop on the Tropical Tropopause Layer: State of the Current Science and Future Observational Needs

We have studied the impact of stratospheric circulation change on water vapor in the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) during the stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) events (e.g., Eguchi and Kodera, 2010). Increased Brewer-Dobson circulation associated with SSW produces cooling in the tropical lower stratosphere (LS). The cooling generally produces more cirrus clouds and decreases of the water vapor mixing ratio (WV) in the TTL, except for some regions over Africa and South American continents where penetrating clouds are expected. This time, we found a new stratospheric phenomenon which produces abrupt warming in the tropical stratosphere converse to the SSW event. The …

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Volatility And Composition Of Ttl Aerosols By Balloon-Borne In-Situ Observation, Masahiko Hayashi Oct 2012

Volatility And Composition Of Ttl Aerosols By Balloon-Borne In-Situ Observation, Masahiko Hayashi

U.S. - Japan Bilateral Workshop on the Tropical Tropopause Layer: State of the Current Science and Future Observational Needs

Tandem optical particle counters (OPC) were launched by balloon, from Biak 1 0 S, 136 0 E in January 2011 and 2012. One of the tandem OPC directly observed size distribution of aerosols of 0.3 – 7 µm in diameter, and another one observed size distributions in heated conditions of 100 0 , 150 0 , and 200 0 C through thermodenuder, to observe volatility of TTL aerosols. Most of TTL aerosol smaller than 0.8 µm in diameter show high volatility, suggesting to be composed of sulfuric acid or sulfate. There also exist non-volatile particles larger than 0.8 µm in …

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Cloud-Top Height Dataset By Geostationary Satellite Split Window Measurements Trained With Cloudsat Data, Noriyuki Nishi Oct 2012

Cloud-Top Height Dataset By Geostationary Satellite Split Window Measurements Trained With Cloudsat Data, Noriyuki Nishi

U.S. - Japan Bilateral Workshop on the Tropical Tropopause Layer: State of the Current Science and Future Observational Needs

Lookup tables for estimating the cloud-top height (CTOP) and visible optical thickness of uppertropospheric clouds by the infrared brightness temperature (TB) at 10.8 μm (T11) and its difference from TB at 12 μm (DT11-12) measured by geostationary satellites are developed (Hamada and Nishi 2010, JAMC). These lookup tables were constructed by regressing the cloud radar measurements by the CloudSat satellite over the infrared measurements by the Japanese geostationary multifunctional transport satellite MTSAT-1R and MTSAT-2. The CTOP is available at http://database.rish.kyoto-u.ac.jp/arch/ctop/ since July 2005. The data have good precision for cirrus clouds (τ > ~3) that have large DT11-12 values and are …

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Quantifying The Deep Convective Temperature Signal Within The Tropical Tropopause Layer (Ttl), Thomas Birner Oct 2012

Quantifying The Deep Convective Temperature Signal Within The Tropical Tropopause Layer (Ttl), Thomas Birner

U.S. - Japan Bilateral Workshop on the Tropical Tropopause Layer: State of the Current Science and Future Observational Needs

Dynamics on a vast range of spatial and temporal scales, from individual convective plumes to planetary-scale circulations, play a role in driving the temperature variability in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). Here, we aim to better quantify the deep convective temperature signal within the TTL using multiple datasets. First, we investigate the link between ozone and temperature in the TTL using the Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) dataset. Low ozone concentrations in the TTL are indicative of deep convective transport from the boundary layer. We confirm the usefulness of ozone as an indicator of deep convection by identifying a typical …

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Tornado Warnings In Three Southern States: A Qualitative Analysis Of Public Response Patterns, William Donner, Havidan Rodriguez, Walter Diaz Oct 2012

Tornado Warnings In Three Southern States: A Qualitative Analysis Of Public Response Patterns, William Donner, Havidan Rodriguez, Walter Diaz

Sociology Faculty Publications

Recent research in three Southern states supplied data describing the role community structure and culture played in shaping public response to tornado risks. The following study identifies and describes how residents received, made sense of, and ultimately used information to make decisions about responding to warnings. In addition to a range of theoretical concerns, research was also intended to develop a set of safety policies derived from what the data reveals about the social psychology of risk perception, economic constraints to shelter, and the cultural aspects of response.Data analysis reveals a diverse set of social factors governing community response to …

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Future Project Foci: Aeroclim, Markus Rex Oct 2012

Future Project Foci: Aeroclim, Markus Rex

U.S. - Japan Bilateral Workshop on the Tropical Tropopause Layer: State of the Current Science and Future Observational Needs

No abstract provided.

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Future Project Foci: Contrast, Laura Pan Oct 2012

Future Project Foci: Contrast, Laura Pan

U.S. - Japan Bilateral Workshop on the Tropical Tropopause Layer: State of the Current Science and Future Observational Needs

No abstract provided.

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