Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons^™

Specific Absorption And Backscatter Coefficient Signatures In Southeastern Atlantic Coastal Waters, Charles R. Bostater

Ocean Engineering and Marine Sciences Faculty Publications

Measurements of natural water samples in the field and laboratory of hyperspectral signatures of total absorption and reflectance were obtained using long pathlength absorption systems (50 cm pathlength). Water was sampled in Indian River Lagoon, Banana River and Port Canaveral, Fl. Stations were also occupied in near coastal waters out to the edge ofthe Gulf Stream in the vicinity of Kennedy Space Center, Fl. and estuarine waters along Port Royal Sound and along the Beaufort River tidal area in South Carolina. The measurements were utilized to calculate natural water specific absorption, total backscatter and specific backscatter optical signatures. The resulting …

Agricultural Water Management In The Missippi Delta Region Of Arkansas, H. Don Scott, James A. Ferguson, Linda Hanson, Todd Fugitt, Earl Smith

AAES Research Reports and Research Bulletins

Agriculture is the largest use of soil and water resources in eastern Arkansas. This bulletin summarized the recent historical use of soil and water by agriculture and the impact of irrigation on yields of rice, soybeans and cotton. The experiments conducted in the field to quantitatively schedule irrigations of crops are summarized. The results show the close relationship between the irrigation of crops and the extraction of water from the Alluvial Aquifer. The implications of this relationaship for the future are discussed.

Monitoring Cavefish Populations And Environmental Quality In Cave Springs Cave, Arkansas, Arthur V. Brown, G. O. Graening, Paul Vendrell

Arkansas Water Resources Center Technical Reports

Cave Springs Cave, Benton County, Arkansas, was monitored from October 1997 to June 1998 to determine the chemical and physical environmental quality and the status of the population of threatened Ozark cavefish, Amblyopsis rosae. The majority of the chemical parameters measured were indicative of adequate environmental quality in the Cave Springs Cave ecosystem. However, several significant problems were revealed. A trend analysis of known water quality studies of this cave complex suggests that many organic and inorganic chemicals have increased in concentration in the last 14 years. This ecologically sensitive water body did not meet Arkansas water quality regulations for …

Comments On ‘‘Air–Sea Gas Transfer: Mechanisms And Parameterization’’, Alexander Soloviev, Peter Schlüssel

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles

No abstract provided.

Radiocarbon From Nuclear Testing Applied To Age Validation Of Black Drum, Pogonias Cromis, Steven E. Campana, Cynthia M. Jones

OES Faculty Publications

Radiocarbon ((14)C) in the world's oceans increased sharply between 1950 and 1970 as a result of the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons. Through comparison with the (14)C time series reconstructed from atmospheric measurements and marine carbonates, Kalish, in 1993, used the (14)C concentration measured in fish otolith cores as a means of confirming the annulus-based age estimates for some South Pacific fish species. Here we report the pre-and postbomb (14)C chronology of North Atlantic adult black drum (Pogonias cronis), assumed to be between 15 and 42 yr of age on the basis of otolith annulus counts. According to …

Analytic Forms Of Bidirectional Reflectance Functions For Application To Earth Radiation Budget Studies, N. Manalo-Smith, G. L. Smith, S. N. Tiwari, W. F. Staylor

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Faculty Publications

Analytic expressions for the bidirectional reflectance functions are formulated and fit to the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) operational models, which were developed using Nimbus 7 ERB data. The analytic bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (BRDFs) are based on theoretical considerations and are functions of viewing geometry and scene type. The models consist of a Rayleigh scattering term and a term for scattering due to clouds and surface. The darkness of the ocean permits the empirical determination of the Rayleigh component of scattering from the atmosphere. The models have the advantage that they are smooth in terms of view and solar …

Circulation, Vol. 5, No. 4, Center For Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University

CCPO Circulation

Summer 1998 issue of CCPO Circulation featuring article "Bay Mouth Climatology"

Abundance And Seasonal Distribution Of The Marbled Murrelet In Puget Sound And Hood Canal In Fall And Winter, Richard Anthony Jensen Merizon

Dissertations and Theses

The greater Puget Sound area is home to a diversity of seabirds, however with encroaching human recreational and economic use of these areas these birds are facing unique threats. It is vitally important that we understand where these seabirds occur in order to minimize the risks associated with human influences. Intensive and extensive transects were used to collect data on seasonal distribution and abundance of seabirds, specifically marbled murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus), in Puget Sound and Hood Canal. Surveys were conducted from the water during the fall and winter in 1995 and 1996 and summer of 1997. Marbled murrelets were abundant …

Announcements: June 1998

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

Contents:

Western Drought Coordination Council Products Available

Implications Of Climate Change For Soil Moisture Availability In Turkey’S Southeastern Anatolia Project Region, Ali Umran Komuscu

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

The Southeast Anatolia Development Project (known as GAP) is a multifaceted development project for agriculture and water resources within the Turkish portions of the Euphrates and Tigris river basins. Through this project, the vulnerability of the region to drought has been investigated in both temporal and spatial terms. On completion of the project, 28% of the total water potential of Turkey will be brought under control through facilities on the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, which have a joint flow of more than 50 billion m³ (GAP Regional Development Administration, 1997). The GAP project aims to irrigate 8.5 million hectares …

No Droughts Over India Following Very Strong El Niño Episodes, R. H. Kripalani, Ashwini Kulkarni

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

One of the external factors responsible for the interannual variability of Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR—June through September) is the El Niño phenomenon. About half of the droughts over India have been related to this phenomenon. Other external factors, such as the Eurasian snow, also affect the year-to-year variability of the ISMR. It is believed that in such cases, the ISMR becomes locked into its own internal dynamics.

Improving Drought Management And Planning Through Better Monitoring In Africa, Tsegaye Tadesse

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

Drought is part of the environment. It occurs in every part of the globe and adversely affects the lives of a large number of people, causing considerable damage to economies, the environment, and property. It also affects countries differently, having a greater impact on countries with poor economic conditions.

Recurrent drought in Africa in the last 30 years has had a disastrous effect on an economic and social situation that already had serious problems. Today, in the aftermath of these devastating droughts, planning and preparedness have become more important. Most disasters, including droughts, are no accident. They are made by …

Australia’S National Drought Policy Continues To Evolve, David H. White

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

Australia is an arid continent with a high variability in its annual rainfall. Given the frequency and severity of droughts and the consequent high financial and social costs to the nation and to individuals, and the associated potential for further degradation of the land, a national policy on drought was clearly needed.

Australia’s National Drought Policy (NDP) was ratified by the state and Commonwealth (federal) governments in 1992 (White, 1993; White et al., 1993; White and O’Meagher, 1995). Its aims are to:

• encourage primary producers and other sections of rural Australia to adopt self-reliant approaches to managing for climatic …

From The Director: June 1998, Donald A. Wilhite

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

The 1997–98 El Niño event has certainly raised the public’s level of awareness of the impact of climate on society. Although the concern in the United States has focused more on mitigating the potential effects of floods, not all regions of the country are dealing with water surplus situations. An emerging drought in Montana and parts of some surrounding states has caught the attention of scientists and policy makers in recent months. Worldwide, droughts in Central America, Mexico, Brazil, Hawaii, some Pacific island nations, Indonesia, Australia, southern Africa, and elsewhere have attracted the attention of scientists, policy makers, and the …

Estimate Of Bottom And Surface Stress During A Spring-Neap Tide Cycle By Dynamical Assimilation Of Tide Gauge Observatons In The Chesapeake Bay, Y. H. Spitz, J. M. Klinck

CCPO Publications

Dynamical assimilation of surface elevation from tide gauges is investigated to estimate the bottom drag coefficient and surface stress as a first step in improving modeled tidal and wind-driven circulation in the Chesapeake Bay. A two-dimensional shallow water model and an adjoint variational method with a limited memory quasi-Newton optimization algorithm are used to achieve this goal. Assimilation of tide gauge observations from 10 permanent stations in the Bay and use of a two-dimensional model adequately estimate the bottom drag coefficient, wind stress, and surface elevation at the Bay mouth. Subsequent use of these estimates in the circulation model considerably …

Tropospheric Sulfate Distribution During Success: Contributions From Jet Exhaust And Surface Sources, Jack E. Dibb, R. Talbot, M Loomis

Earth Sciences

The distribution of SO₄⁼ aerosol over the central US during SUCCESS indicates that surface sources of SO₄⁼ and SO₂ in the western US caused SO₄⁼ enhancements up to 10 km altitude. The mean (median) SO₄⁼ mixing ratio in the mid- and upper-troposphere increased from 24 (16) pptv over the Pacific ocean to 58 (29) pptv over the central plains. Above 10 km the SO₄⁼mixing ratio was essentially the same in both regions, and also when the geographic classifications were further partitioned into upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric categories …

Influence Of Vertical Transport On Free Tropospheric Aerosols Over The Central Usa In Springtime, R. Talbot, Jack E. Dibb, M Loomis

Earth Sciences

Measurements of the atmospheric aerosol chemical composition during the Subsonic Aircraft: Contrail and Cloud Effects Special Study (SUCCESS) indicate substantial vertical transport of boundary layer aerosol to the free troposphere over the south-central United States during springtime. Mixing ratios of water-soluble aerosol Ca 2+ at 6 - 12 km altitude exhibited a median mixing ratio of 20 pptv, with 15% of the measurements > 100 pptv and a maximum of ! 235 pptv. In air parcels with enhanced Ca 2+, the ratios K+/Ca 2+, Mg2+/Ca 2+, and Na+/Ca 2+ in the bulk aerosol were distinctly characteristic of those in limestone and/or …

Separating Baroclinic Flow From Tidally Induced Flow In Estuaries, Chunyan Li, Arnoldo Valle-Levinson, Kuo Chuin Wong, Kamazima M. M. Lwiza

CCPO Publications

A simple method is used to separate the tidally induced and density-driven subtidal flows in a coastal plain estuary. This method is applicable to weak wind conditions and to systems with appreciable fortnightly variation of tidal amplitude. The baroclinic density-driven motion is assumed to depend on the river discharge, which generates a horizontal density gradient, and is weakened by vertical mixing, which in turn depends on tidal forcing. The barotropic tidally induced motion is assumed to be a function of the tidal amplitude. By Taylor series expansions, two equations are obtained. These equations show the dependence of the tidally induced …

The Role Of An Invasive Exotic Plant On The Structure Of Aquatic Invertebrate Assemblages: Tamarix In The Southwest United States, Bert Lewis

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Over the past 100 years, riparian vegetation communities throughout the Southwest United States have been extensively invaded by Tamarix spp. (saltcedar). Saltcedar derives its common name from its physiological adaptation to excrete salts. The production of Tamarix detritus with associated secondary chemicals may affect the quality of aquatic invertebrate food and habitat resources. An alteration in food and habitat quality may affect the composition and structure of aquatic invertebrate assemblages.

A series of experiments was conducted contrasting aquatic invertebrate assemblage densities, colonization rates, and growth rates associated with Tamarix versus native vegetation, Populus fremontii (cottonwood) and Salix exigua (willow), to …

Ua12/2/1 Special Storm Coverage, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

Special hail storm coverage edition of the College Heights Herald:

• Batcheldor, Matt. Campus Damage Exceeds $4 Million; No One Hurt – Hail, Flooding
• Moore, Leigh. Downing University Center Roof Destroyed; Food Services Continue – Hail, Dining Services
• Batcheldor, Matt. Weather or Not . . . Hail, Flooding

Ua52/1 Hail Storm Memories, Wku Archives

WKU Administration Documents

Memories of WKU faculty, staff, alumni and the general public regarding the 1988 hail storm solicited by WKU Archives.

Relationship Between Continuous Aerosol Measurements And Firn Core Chemistry Over A 10-Year Period At The South Pole, M H. Bergin, E A. Meyerson, Jack E. Dibb, Paul A. Mayewski

Earth Sciences

Before ice core chemistry can be used to estimate past atmospheric chemistry it is necessary to establish an unambiguous link between concentrations of chemical species in the air and snow. For the first time a continuous long-term record of aerosol properties (aerosol light scattering coefficient, σ_sp, and Ångström exponent, å) at the South Pole are compared with the chemical record from a high resolution firn core (∼10 samples per year) covering the period from 1981 to 1991. Seasonal signals in å, associated with winter minima due to coarse mode seasalt and summer maxima due to accumulation mode sulfate …

Midwater Fishes And Shrimps As Competitors And Resource Partitioning In Low Latitude Oligotrophic Ecosystems, T. L. Hopkins, Tracey Sutton

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles

Oligotrophic tropical-subtropical oceanic regimes constitute the largest and most ancient ecosystem on earth, with these enormous areas being characterized by high faunal diversity. The stability and age of the ecosystem have enabled the evolution of many similar species niches where there is considerable overlap in niche parameters such as food and space, resulting in high species packing, especially in the epi- and mesopelagic zones. Competition for limited resources undoubtedly exists and has been described by MacArthur (1972; Geographical ecology, Harper and Row, New York) as diffuse competition where each species is impacted by many other species sharing the environment. Most …

Trophic Diversity Of A Mesopelagic Fish Community., Tracey Sutton, Thomas L. Hopkins, Thomas M. Lancraft

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Proceedings, Presentations, Speeches, Lectures

To understand the character of prey partitioning in a low latitude oligotrophic region, a composite picture of the trophic structure of a mesopelagic fish community was made from the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Two hundred and twenty three species were collected in the area of which I61 species were abundant enough for analyses. Fifteen major categories of prey biomass are identified for diet analyses: viz. copepods, ostracods, amphipods, euphausiids, decapods, larvaceans, salps, coelenterates (primarily siphonophores), unidentified gelatinous prey, polychaetes, gastropods, cephalopods, chaetognaths, fish, other food. Prey partitioning is minimal across major prey categories as the vast majority of mesopelagic fishes …

Circulation, Vol. 5, No. 3, Center For Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Louis Codispoti, Steve Gaurin

CCPO Circulation

Spring 1998 issue of CCPO Circulation CCPO Circulation featuring article "Steve and Lou's Excellent Antarctic Adventure: Anectodal Observations of Birds, Ocean, and Human Zaniness at the Polar Front"

Spring 1998, Nsu Oceanographic Center

Currents

No abstract provided.

Florida Coral Reef Damage From Nuclear Submarine Grounding And Proposed Restoration, Kenneth Banks, Richard E. Dodge (Editor), Lou Fisher, David K. Stout, Walter Jaap

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles

The United States submarine Memphis grounded in approximately 10 m water depth on a tropical coral reef ofT southeast Florida in February, 1993. The grounding caused extensive physical and biological damage to the reef substrate and to the coral community. As part of a claim by the State of Florida against the United States, the impact of the grounding was assessed, and the area of damage was determined through field and photographic studies. A recovery rate for the reef was assigned from literature estimates. The NOAA Habitat Equivalency Model (HEM) was used to calculate the reef area needed to be …

A Near-Surface Microstructure Sensor System Used During Toga Coare. Part I: Bow Measurements., Alexander Soloviev, Roger Lukas, Sharon Decarlo, Jefrey Snyder, A. Arjannikov, Vyacheslav Turenko, M. Baker, Dmitry Khlebnikov

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles

High-resolution probes mounted on the bow of the vessel at a 1.7-m depth in an undisturbed region ahead of the moving vessel were used for microstructure and turbulence measurements in the near-surface layer of the ocean during TOGA COARE. The probes measured temperature, conductivity, pressure, three-component fluctuation velocity, and two components of acceleration. Accumulation of large amounts of high-quality nearsurface data poses a difficult challenge, and deployment from the bow of a ship, such as is done with these sensors, requires rugged, well-calibrated, and low-noise sensors. The heaving motion of the ship that causes the sensors to break through the …

Studies Of Warm-Core Rings Using A Particle-In-Cell Method, John James Holdzkom Ii

OES Theses and Dissertations

A particle-in-cell (PIC) model is developed and applied to problems involving the evolution of warm-core rings. Such models are a hybrid of conventional Eulerian and Lagrangian models. They are ideally suited for problems in which a lower layer outcrops to the surface, such as at the boundary of a ring.

The model is developed in three implementations. First, for purposes of model validation, a reduced gravity model is described. The PIC model reproduces the essential characteristics of analytical solutions to the reduced gravity equations and integral invariants are conserved to a high degree. Next, a 1.5-layer model is developed and …

Inversion And Analysis Of Remotely Sensed Atmospheric Water Vapor Measurements At 940nm, Jack Cutler Larsen

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations

The understanding and acceptance of remotely sensed atmospheric data depends strongly on the steps taken to characterize experiment error and validate observations through comparisons to other independent measurements. A formal error analysis of the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II) water vapor operational inversion algorithm is performed and compared to previous results. Random measurement errors were characterized by segmented least-squares profile fitting of the slant path absorption which found the error to be uncorrelated in the stratosphere with estimated variances significantly smaller than expected from 18-30 km. Estimates of null space error were developed from radiosonde hygrometers in …