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Theses and Dissertations

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Articles 241 - 270 of 368

Full-Text Articles in Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology

Assessment Of Optical Turbulence Profiles Derived From Probabilistic Climatology, Brett W. Wisdom Mar 2007

Assessment Of Optical Turbulence Profiles Derived From Probabilistic Climatology, Brett W. Wisdom

Theses and Dissertations

This research effort assesses the performance of the High Energy Laser End-to-End Operational Simulation (HELEEOS) Climatological C2n optical turbulence model. Path-integrated C2n values of two HELEEOS optical turbulence pro les at 3 distinct operational altitudes are compared to values determined from measured thermosonde data. HELEEOS desert and mid-latitude sites are selected from the Extreme and Percentile Environmental Reference Tables (ExPERT) database for comparison to the thermosonde data. Statistical equivalence of the two datasets is determined through a Design of Experiments (DOE) factorial test to within 80% confidence. The HELEEOS profiles are shown to be equivalent to …

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Modeling, Simulation, And Estimation Of Optical Turbulence, Byron P. Formwalt Mar 2007

Modeling, Simulation, And Estimation Of Optical Turbulence, Byron P. Formwalt

Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation documents three new contributions to simulation and modeling of optical turbulence. The first contribution is the formalization, optimization, and validation of a modeling technique called successively conditioned rendering (SCR). The SCR technique is empirically validated by comparing the statistical error of random phase screens generated with the technique. The second contribution is the derivation of the covariance delineation theorem, which provides theoretical bounds on the error associated with SCR. It is shown empirically that the theoretical bound may be used to predict relative algorithm performance. Therefore, the covariance delineation theorem is a powerful tool for optimizing SCR algorithms. …

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Radiometric Analysis Of Daytime Satellite Detection, Katherine B. Lilevjen Mar 2006

Radiometric Analysis Of Daytime Satellite Detection, Katherine B. Lilevjen

Theses and Dissertations

A radiometric model for daylight satellite detection is developed and used to evaluate the effects of various parameters on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Detection of reflected sunlight from a low-earth orbit, diffuse, planar satellite by a single-pixel infrared photovoltaic detector is considered. Noise considered includes photon noise from the background and signal, as well as thermal noise. Parameters considered include atmospheric conditions, optical parameters, and detector parameters. The Phillips Laboratory Expert-assisted User System, an atmospheric modeling tool that employs the MODTRAN and FASCODE transmission codes, is used to model wavelength-dependent atmospheric transmission and background radiance. The SNR is found to increase …

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Modeling E & F Region Ionospheric Response To X-Ray Solar Flares, Annette M. Parsons Mar 2006

Modeling E & F Region Ionospheric Response To X-Ray Solar Flares, Annette M. Parsons

Theses and Dissertations

This research takes an existing ionospheric model and modifies it to include the effects of solar flare activity. Solar flares are a localized explosive release of magnetic energy that appears as a sudden, short-lived brightening in the sun’s chromosphere. This additional energy is deposited in the earth’s ionosphere, temporarily changing its properties, which can affect military communications. Studying the effects of moderate solar flares will improve our understanding of the ionosphere’s response, leading to better operational models. Modification of the model is accomplished by adding a flare irradiance model to represent solar irradiance changes due to a flare. The irradiance …

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Comparison Of Ray Tracing Through Ionospheric Models, Shayne C. Aune Mar 2006

Comparison Of Ray Tracing Through Ionospheric Models, Shayne C. Aune

Theses and Dissertations

A comparison of ray tracing predictions for transionospheric electromagnetic wave refraction and group delays through ionospheric models is presented. Impacted applications include over-the-horizon RADAR, high frequency communications, direction finding, and satellite communications. The ionospheric models used are version 2.1 of Utah State University's Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements (USU GAIM) model and the 2001 version of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model. In order to provide ray tracing results applicable to satellite communications for satellites at geosynchronous orbit (GEO), a third ionospheric model is used to extend the sub-2000-km USU GAIM and IRI ionospheric specifications to 36540 km in altitude. …

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A Climatological Study Of Equatorial Gps Data And The Effects On Ionospheric Scintillation, Katharine A. Wicker Mar 2006

A Climatological Study Of Equatorial Gps Data And The Effects On Ionospheric Scintillation, Katharine A. Wicker

Theses and Dissertations

Ionospheric scintillation is detrimental to radio signals, especially those from the global positioning system. Such scintillation is caused when a signal permeates the ionosphere through plasma bubbles. The signal’s phase and amplitude can be altered, and a receiver on the ground can lose lock on the GPS signal. Measured using a zero to one index known as S4, scintillation severity is based upon season, solar cycle, time of day, location and frequency. The most severe scintillation occurs at the equatorial anomaly, or fifteen degrees north and south of the equator. Seven years of data from fifteen different locations around the …

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Development Of A Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (Dmsp) F-15 Disturbance Storm-Time (Dst) Index, James M. Bono Mar 2005

Development Of A Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (Dmsp) F-15 Disturbance Storm-Time (Dst) Index, James M. Bono

Theses and Dissertations

As the DoD's use of space and space assets increases, so does its need for timely and accurate predictions of space weather conditions. A good understanding of the data from satellites together with data from ground stations can help model and determine variations in the space environment. An accurate, real-time Disturbance storm-time (Dst) index would be a primary input into current and future space weather models The Dst index is a measure of geomagnetic activity used to assess the severity of magnetic storms. The index is based on the average value of the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field …

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In-Line Particulate Transport And Dispersion Modeling Using The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (Rams), John W. Englert Mar 2005

In-Line Particulate Transport And Dispersion Modeling Using The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (Rams), John W. Englert

Theses and Dissertations

There are a number of analytical and semi-empirical models that describe the behavior of particulate matter in the atmosphere. Many of these require modification for all types of weather, dry versus wet deposition, and overall effects can be quite non-linear. Rainfall (rate, drop size, etc.), snowfall (rate, flake size, etc.), humidity, pressure, temperature, and combination of these greatly affect particle settling and washout rates. To that end, a method for tracking released constituents using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) microphysics package is developed by modifying one of the hydrometeor categories (hail) in the microphysics package. The RAMS microphysics package …

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Derivation Of A Self-Consistent Auroral Oval Model Using The Auroral Boundary Index, Keith A. Anderson Jun 2004

Derivation Of A Self-Consistent Auroral Oval Model Using The Auroral Boundary Index, Keith A. Anderson

Theses and Dissertations

The position and intensity of the auroral oval has many implications for the Air Force from determining the effects of incoming electron flux on DoD systems to modeling the ionosphere to exploit current HF communications capabilities. The auroral morphology is a good indicator of the level at which space weather and its near-Earth consequences are occurring, and thus it is important to develop an auroral prediction model. However, since no purely physics-based models exist to describe the temporal and spatial evolution of the auroral zone, space weather practitioners and researchers are forced to produce statistical representations, “organized” by some relevant …

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Estimating Equatorial F-Region Daytime Vertical E X B Drift Velocities From Ground-Based Magnetometer Measurements In The Philippine Longitude Sector, Shauna M. Kinkela Jun 2004

Estimating Equatorial F-Region Daytime Vertical E X B Drift Velocities From Ground-Based Magnetometer Measurements In The Philippine Longitude Sector, Shauna M. Kinkela

Theses and Dissertations

Ionospheric disturbances can severely impact Department of Defense (DoD) systems, such as radar. satellite. and navigation technologies. Forecasting disturbances and describing the Earth's ionosphere, in turn, relies upon innovative computer-based models that gather input parameters from ground and space-borne observations and empirical models for ionospheric drivers. Equatorial E x B drift velocities are significant input parameters that go into many ionospheric models, because they help describe vertical plasma motions near the magnetic equator. Previous work by Anderson, et al 2002 has demonstrated the ability to derive Peruvian longitude sector, daytime vertical E x B drifts from ground-based magnetometer data. The …

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Comparative Study On The Use Of Coherent Radar-Derived Electric Fields Vs. Statistical Electric Fields For The Initialization Of A High-Latitude Ionospheric Model, Christopher M. Hogue Jun 2004

Comparative Study On The Use Of Coherent Radar-Derived Electric Fields Vs. Statistical Electric Fields For The Initialization Of A High-Latitude Ionospheric Model, Christopher M. Hogue

Theses and Dissertations

The structure and time development of the magnetosphere-ionosphere system have significant impacts on the Air Force and its mission. Specifically, an accurate knowledge of ionospheric plasma densities is important for the operation of many Air Force systems. This research analyzes plasma density structure development through comparing two distinct electric field models. The two models compared here are a commonly used statistical model created by Heppner and Maynard 1987, and a more recently developed model using real-time coherent radar measurements from the SuperDARN radar network. Ionospheric simulations were run using Utah State University s Time-Dependent Ionospheric Model (TDIM) with the two …

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Comparison Of A Conceptual Model And Objective Indicators Of Extratropical Transition In The Western North Pacific, Gregory D. Fox Mar 2004

Comparison Of A Conceptual Model And Objective Indicators Of Extratropical Transition In The Western North Pacific, Gregory D. Fox

Theses and Dissertations

The primary purpose of this research is to provide guidance to forecasters from the Joint (Air Force/Navy) Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) in Pearl Harbor to use in differentiating between the stages of extratropical transition (ET) of tropical cyclones (TCs). Not only is ET relevant to the Department of Defense, since JTWC stops providing TC warnings once they have undergone ET, but it is also applicable to the meteorological community since there currently "is no commonly accepted definition of ET" (Jones et al 2003). This research compares the results of a conceptual model of ET using subjective satellite analysis with the …

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Forecasting Advective Sea Fog With The Use Of Classification And Regression Tree Analyses For Kunsan Air Base, Danielle M. Lewis Mar 2004

Forecasting Advective Sea Fog With The Use Of Classification And Regression Tree Analyses For Kunsan Air Base, Danielle M. Lewis

Theses and Dissertations

Advective sea fog frequently plagues Kunsan Air Base (AB), Republic of Korea, in the spring and summer seasons. It is responsible for a variety of impacts on military operations, the greatest being to aviation. To date, there are no suitable methods developed for forecasting advective sea fog at Kunsan, primarily due to a lack of understanding of sea fog formation under various synoptic situations over the Yellow Sea. This work explored the feasibility of predicting sea fog development with a 24-hour forecast lead time. Before exploratory data analysis was performed, a geographical introduction to the region was provided along with …

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Verification Of Meteorological Data Reports From The Rq-4a Global Hawk Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, Steven M. Callis Mar 2004

Verification Of Meteorological Data Reports From The Rq-4a Global Hawk Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, Steven M. Callis

Theses and Dissertations

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have onboard sensors that continuously record weather data during their missions. This information is extremely valuable to both the meteorological and UAV communities with numerous potential benefits, which include improved weather forecast products and additional weather intelligence for military planners. The value of any dataset is directly related to its accuracy and this research determined the accuracy of weather data obtained from a particular UAV, the RQ-4A Global Hawk. This was accomplished through statistical analysis and comparisons with upper-air data and Atmospheric Slant Path Analysis Model (ASPAM) profiles of the atmosphere. Recommendations are provided for the …

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Developing A Forecast Tool For Cloud-To-Ground Lightning In The North Central And Northeastern United States, Manuel I. Folsom Jr. Mar 2004

Developing A Forecast Tool For Cloud-To-Ground Lightning In The North Central And Northeastern United States, Manuel I. Folsom Jr.

Theses and Dissertations

Cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning is a hazard to the Air Force for both air and ground operations Forecasting CG lightning is a necessary and extremely important requirement for Air Force meteorologists and forecasters. The 15th Operational Weather Squadron requested a forecast tool capable of predicting CG lightning within a 25 and 10 nautical mile radius of the 13 military locations in their area of responsibility. To fulfill their request, forecast decision tools were created using a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) data analysis program. Four decision trees were produced for each location using the period of record from March through September, …

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Verification Of The Mountain Wave Forecast Model's Stratospheric Turbulence Forecasts Using Sounding Data And Pilot Reports, Scott M. Miller Mar 2004

Verification Of The Mountain Wave Forecast Model's Stratospheric Turbulence Forecasts Using Sounding Data And Pilot Reports, Scott M. Miller

Theses and Dissertations

Since stratospheric turbulence (Stratoturb) is becoming an increased concern to the Air Force, the threat of damage to aircraft must be addressed. Therefore, the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) requests an accurate Stratoturb forecast model. In 2002, The Mountain Wave Forecast Model (MWFM) was modified in order to develop a Stratoturb forecast tool. Turbulence forecasts generated twice daily by the MWFM for locations over East Asia over a period of thirty days were compared to output from the Rawindsonde Observation (RAOB) program to determine if the model agreed with the program output. Although the results were promising, verification by aircraft …

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Dust Storm Forecasting For Al Udeid Ab, Qatar: An Empirical Analysis, Kevin S. Bartlett Mar 2004

Dust Storm Forecasting For Al Udeid Ab, Qatar: An Empirical Analysis, Kevin S. Bartlett

Theses and Dissertations

Dust storms are extreme weather events that have strong winds laden with visibility reducing and operations limiting dust, The Central Command Air Forces (CENTAF) 28th Operational Weather Squadron (OWS) is ultimately responsible for forecasting weather in the vast, data denied region of Southwest Asia in support of daily military and humanitarian operations. As a result, the 28th OWS requests a simplified forecasting tool to help predict mesoscale dust events that affect coalition operations at Al Udeid AB, Qatar. This research satisfies the 28th OWS request through an extensive statistical analysis of observational data depicting seasonal dust events over the past …

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Feasibility Of Using Classification Analyses To Determine Tropical Cyclone Rapid Intensification, Jonathan W. Leffler Mar 2004

Feasibility Of Using Classification Analyses To Determine Tropical Cyclone Rapid Intensification, Jonathan W. Leffler

Theses and Dissertations

Tropical cyclone intensity techniques developed by Dvorak have thus far been regarded by tropical meteorologists as the best identification and forecast schemes available using satellite imagery. However, in recent years, several ideologies have arisen which discuss alternative means of determining typhoon rapid intensification or weakening in the Pacific. These theories include examining channel outflow patterns, potential vorticity superposition and anomalies, tropical upper tropospheric trough interactions, environmental influences, and upper tropospheric flow transitions. It is now possible to data mine these atmospheric parameters thought partly responsible for typhoon rapid intensification and weakening to validate their usefulness in the forecast process. Using …

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A Statistically-Based Method For Predicting Fog And Stratus Dissipation, Louis L. Lussier Iii Mar 2004

A Statistically-Based Method For Predicting Fog And Stratus Dissipation, Louis L. Lussier Iii

Theses and Dissertations

The method is a success in producing forecasts for ceiling and visibility criteria that had never previously been examined. It is suggested that the 15 OWS incorporate this methodology into their operational forecasting routine. Ceiling forecasts at Dover AFB and McGuire AFB show improvements over conditional climatology ranging from 1-51% with an average improvement of 19.2% when verified against an independent data set. McGuire AFB visibility forecasts show an average improvement over conditional climatology of 3%. These findings are of particular importance to the Air Force in general and specifically to the 15th Operational Weather Squadron (15 OWS) who produces …

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Atmospheric Simulation Using A Liquid Crystal Wavefront Controlling Device, Matthew R. Brooks Mar 2004

Atmospheric Simulation Using A Liquid Crystal Wavefront Controlling Device, Matthew R. Brooks

Theses and Dissertations

Test and evaluation of laser warning devices is important due to the increased use of laser devices in aerial applications. In this thesis, an atmospheric aberrating system is developed to enable in-lab testing of laser warning devices. This system employs laser light at 632.8nm from a Helium-Neon source and a spatial light modulator (SLM) to cause phase changes using a birefringent liquid crystal material. Before the system can be used, the SLM phase response must be quantified to ensure proper manipulation of index of refraction. Additionally, diffraction from the SLM and real-world system scaling are addressed. Once completed, the atmospheric …

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An Automated Method Of Predicting Clear-Air Turbulence, Brian L. Belson Mar 2004

An Automated Method Of Predicting Clear-Air Turbulence, Brian L. Belson

Theses and Dissertations

Clear-air turbulence (CAT) prediction is vitally important to military aviation and the successful completion of Department of Defense (DoD) operations such as air to air refueling and new national defensive weapon systems such as directed energy platforms. The unique mission requirements of military aircraft often require strict avoidance of turbulent regions. Traditionally, weather forecasters have found it difficult to accurately predict CAT. In order to forecast regions where CAT might occur, forecasters must first determine the location of breaking waves caused by either Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities or topographically forced internal gravity waves (mountain waves) in the atmosphere. The United States Air …

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Evaluation Of The Mountain Wave Forecast Model's Stratospheric Turbulence Simulations, Mark S. Allen Mar 2003

Evaluation Of The Mountain Wave Forecast Model's Stratospheric Turbulence Simulations, Mark S. Allen

Theses and Dissertations

Stratospheric turbulence (Stratoturb) is a well-known hazard to aircraft in flight. Forecasting mountain waves, specifically the breaking of these waves, is necessary to accurately predict the presence of Stratoturb. The Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) requested a product with the capability of forecasting Stratoturb at 30, 50, and 70 mb using model data currently available, To facilitate their request, the Mountain Wave Forecast Model (MWFM) was acquired from the Naval Research Laboratory. MWFM turbulence forecasts generated twice daily over East Asia, using the AVN and MM5 models for initialization, were compared to S' layer turbulence analyses from the Rawinsonde Observation …

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Comparison Of The Refractive Index Structure Constant Derived From Numerical Weather Prediction (Nwp) Models And Thermosonde Data, De Leon C. Narcisse Mar 2003

Comparison Of The Refractive Index Structure Constant Derived From Numerical Weather Prediction (Nwp) Models And Thermosonde Data, De Leon C. Narcisse

Theses and Dissertations

An accurate depiction of atmospheric turbulence is required for successful employment of a viable airborne laser for the Department of Defense (DOD). The ABL Special Program Office (SEC) which is tasked by the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) bas not designated any particular numerical weather model that is tasked exclusively to model optical turbulence This research compares CLEAR1, 2 X CLEAR I and thermosonde derived values of the refractive index structure constant to optical turbulence values derived from several numerical weather prediction models currently in use by the DOD. The models used were the fifth Generation Mesoscale Model (MM5), the Coupled …

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Forecasting Excessive Rainfall And Low-Cloud Bases East Of The Northern Andes And Mesoscale Convective Complex Movement In Central South America, Marc R. Gasbarro Mar 2003

Forecasting Excessive Rainfall And Low-Cloud Bases East Of The Northern Andes And Mesoscale Convective Complex Movement In Central South America, Marc R. Gasbarro

Theses and Dissertations

This research produces better forecast tools for SOUTHCOM's 25th Operational Weather Squadron (OWS) over multiple areas of operation in South America. Heavy rainfall and low-cloud base events along the northeastern Andes foothills are examined, as well as, mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs) in Central South America (CSA). Low clouds, fog, and flooding rains hamper daily Department of Defense (DoD) counter-drug operations in Northwestern South America (NWSA). In addition, fierce MCCs interfere with joint-military exercises in CSA.

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Data Mining Atmospheric/Oceanic Parameters In The Design Of A Long-Range Nephelometric Forecast Tool, Richard F. Benz Mar 2003

Data Mining Atmospheric/Oceanic Parameters In The Design Of A Long-Range Nephelometric Forecast Tool, Richard F. Benz

Theses and Dissertations

The Department of Defense calls for long-range forecasts to aid in the planning of operations. The goal of this research was to explore the feasibility of predicting, one month in advance, the total monthly cloud cover over the country of Afghanistan. In an attempt to reach this goal, the following objectives were achieved: (1) climatological synoptic study of Afghanistan; (2) survey of Real Time Nephanalysis, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), and surface observational data; (3) examination of teleconnection indices and sea surface temperatures; (4) standard statistical analysis for prediction; and (5) classification tree analysis (CART), In addition, due to current world …

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High Energy Laser Pointing Through Extended Turbulence, Jason A. Tellez Sep 2002

High Energy Laser Pointing Through Extended Turbulence, Jason A. Tellez

Theses and Dissertations

The airborne laser (ABL) uses adaptive optics to compensate the atmospheric turbulence between the ABL and the target. The primary purpose of this compensation is to increase the energy density of the energy laser at the target. However, the specifics of the engagement scenario require the tracking point of reference and the adaptive optics point of reference to be located at different points on the target. This research considers the effects of tracking a target in one direction while compensating for atmospheric turbulence in a different directions. The target references used are a point source and a rectangle, while a …

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Long Range Forecast Possibilities For X-Band Radar Construction On Shemya, Brian K. Schroeder May 2002

Long Range Forecast Possibilities For X-Band Radar Construction On Shemya, Brian K. Schroeder

Theses and Dissertations

Current moisture initialization sources lack the spatial and temporal resolution required for mesoscale moisture forecast accuracy critical for military operations. The Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite constellation provides an opportunity to extract accurate moisture observations based on the refraction of the GPS signal through the troposphere. GPS-derived precipitable water (PW) from two different research areas was independently compared with the Air Force Weather Agency s (AFWA's) MM5 PW model output. Results were concurrent with similar studies comparing GPS-derived PW with numerical weather models. The mean correlation in CONUS was 92.5%, while in Alaska it was 72.8%. Mean model biases were …

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Oceanic Transport And Life History Of The Tropical Western Atlantic Opossum Pipefish, Microphis Brachyurus Lineatus, Sarah Frias-Torres May 2002

Oceanic Transport And Life History Of The Tropical Western Atlantic Opossum Pipefish, Microphis Brachyurus Lineatus, Sarah Frias-Torres

Theses and Dissertations

The opossum pipefish, Microphis brachyurus lineatus, is a tropical migratory syngnathid. Adults live and breed in freshwater tributaries in specific emergent vegetative habitats. Juveniles associate with pelagic Sargassum in the tropical western Atlantic. Reproduction occurs during the wet season (May-November). Juvenile recruitment occurs during the dry season (December-April). The objective of this dissertation is to study the east Florida breeding population in the freshwater tributaries of the Indian River Lagoon and focus on: 1) Larval drift to the Gulf Stream and, 2) recruitment of pelagic juveniles from the Gulf Stream onto the freshwater breeding habitat. Pouch released larvae face sharp …

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Quantification Of The Effects Of Data Denial And Limitation In Mm5 Initialization On Forecast Accuracy, Robert W. Evans Mar 2002

Quantification Of The Effects Of Data Denial And Limitation In Mm5 Initialization On Forecast Accuracy, Robert W. Evans

Theses and Dissertations

The current hub-and-spoke network in the European Theater is made up of locations built and organized around a Cold War threat. The threat of large-scale attrition warfare seems to have passed, and the threat of multiple, smaller scale contingencies has placed greater demands on the US military's ability to transport equipment and personnel to multiple locations simultaneously. This research effort utilizes a Multiple Objective Linear Programming (MOLP) model to analyze optimal hub locations in USEUCOM. The model used to analyze the network was developed in Microsoft Excel and followed MOLP techniques to determine the trade-offs between the two constructs of …

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The Horizontal Extent Of Lightning Based On Altitude And Atmospheric Temperature, David R. Vollmer Mar 2002

The Horizontal Extent Of Lightning Based On Altitude And Atmospheric Temperature, David R. Vollmer

Theses and Dissertations

Due to multiple factors, including an increase in military operations tempo and the improved resolution of meteorological models, demand for access to customized aviation weather products has increased exponentially. This has given rise to a need for a multi-purpose interactive aviation weather product generation software solution. This software solution must be platform-independent, multiple data source access configurable, robust, extensible or upgradeable, user-friendly, and an improvement over current visualization applications used in the operational military aviation weather community. This thesis determines whether Unidata MetApps meets these criteria. A software reuse and component-based engineering approach was taken in this thesis. Two experimental …

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