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University at Albany, State University of New York

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Articles 181 - 210 of 296

Full-Text Articles in Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology

A Synoptic Climatology Of Combined Severe/Weather/Flash Flood Events, Kyle James Pallozzi Jan 2017

A Synoptic Climatology Of Combined Severe/Weather/Flash Flood Events, Kyle James Pallozzi

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Classical forms of severe weather such as tornadoes, damaging convective wind gusts, and large hail, as well as flash flooding events, all have potentially large societal impacts. This impact is further magnified when these hazards occur simultaneously in time and space. A major challenge for operational forecasters is how to accurately predict the occurrence of combined storm hazards, and how to communicate the associated multiple threat hazards to the public. A seven-year climatology (2009-2015) of combined severe weather/flash flooding (SVR/FF) events across the contiguous United States was developed in attempt to study the combined SVR/FF event hazards further.

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Rossby Wave Breaking And Widespread Extreme Precipitation Events In The Central And Eastern U.S, Benjamin John Moore Jan 2017

Rossby Wave Breaking And Widespread Extreme Precipitation Events In The Central And Eastern U.S, Benjamin John Moore

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

This dissertation examines climatological and dynamical linkages between widespread extreme precipitation events (EPEs) in the central and eastern U.S. and Rossby wave breaking (RWB), and assesses forecast skill for EPEs occurring in conjunction with RWB. The analysis primarily focuses on linkages of EPEs to LC1 (anticyclonic) and LC2 (cyclonic) RWB.

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Ensemble Variability In Rainfall Forecasts Of Hurricane Irene (2011), Molly Becker Smith Jan 2017

Ensemble Variability In Rainfall Forecasts Of Hurricane Irene (2011), Molly Becker Smith

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

As tropical cyclones (TCs) move into the midlatitudes, they are often associated with extensive heavy precipitation. This precipitation can lead to widespread flooding events, such as occurred with Hurricane Irene (2011) over the northeastern United States. Despite the high-impact nature of these events, there are relatively few studies that explore the sensitivity of precipitation forecasts to model initial conditions, beyond focusing on the variability in forecast TC track.

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Influence Of Volcanic Eruptions On Tropical Hydroclimate During The Last Millennium, Christopher Colose Jan 2017

Influence Of Volcanic Eruptions On Tropical Hydroclimate During The Last Millennium, Christopher Colose

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Volcanic eruptions exert the most important radiative forcing on Earth’s climate during the pre-industrial interval of the last millennium. In this thesis, I investigate the role of volcanic eruptions in altering tropical climate, including temperature and rainfall. I primarily use forced transient simulations of the last millennium as a tool to explore how explosive volcanic events project onto the hydrologic cycle, as well as the imprint of water isotopologues (H216O, H218O) associated with rainfall. Attention is given to the South American continent specifically (in chapter 2), and to the entire tropics (in chapter 3).

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Climate Fingerprints Of The Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, Bo Dong Jan 2017

Climate Fingerprints Of The Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, Bo Dong

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

The Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) is a multi-decadal quasi-oscillation seen primarily in tropical and extratropical Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Interacting with the atmosphere, the IPO has been shown to affect global and regional climate. However, a quantitative global synthesis of the IPO’s climate fingerprints and the underlying mechanisms are still lacking. Based on observational and reanalysis data and atmospheric model simulations, this dissertation investigates the IPO’s influence on regional climates over the globe, and its interactions with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and global warming.

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Turbulence In The Upper Levels Of Tropical Cyclones, Michaela Leigh Rosenmayer Jan 2017

Turbulence In The Upper Levels Of Tropical Cyclones, Michaela Leigh Rosenmayer

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Turbulence in the cirrus canopy of tropical cyclones (TCs) can give an indication about the physical processes that occur in this expansive cloud deck. The low stability and/or large shear that likely coincides with turbulent layers can be produced by radiative forcing, convective forcing, and sublimation of frozen precipitation from the cirrus canopy. As a result, turbulence in the cirrus canopy can give an indication about the impact of various physical processes in tropical cyclones.

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A Multiscale Analysis Of Major Transition Season Northeast Snowstorms, Rebecca Blair Steeves Jan 2017

A Multiscale Analysis Of Major Transition Season Northeast Snowstorms, Rebecca Blair Steeves

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Major transition season Northeast snowstorms have the potential to cause widespread socioeconomic disruption in the form of transportation delays, infrastructure damage, and widespread power outages. Because heavy, wet snow tends to occur in transition season Northeast snowstorms, lesser accumulations can result in greater disruption than if the same accumulation occurred in winter season Northeast snowstorms. This study is motivated by the opportunity to improve scientific understanding and forecaster situational awareness of this class of snowstorms by means of a multiscale analysis. The multiscale analysis focuses on documenting: 1) the planetary-to-synoptic-scale flow patterns occurring prior to and during major transition season …

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State Dependency Of The Forest-Tundra-Short Wave Feedback : Comparing The Mid-Pliocene And Pre-Industrial Eras Using A Newly-Developed Vegetation Model, Pablo Paiewonsky Jan 2017

State Dependency Of The Forest-Tundra-Short Wave Feedback : Comparing The Mid-Pliocene And Pre-Industrial Eras Using A Newly-Developed Vegetation Model, Pablo Paiewonsky

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

The forest-tundra-short wave feedback is the dominant short wave (SW) vegetation feedback at mid-to-high northern latitudes and is an important feedback in Earth’s climate system, especially due to its potential role in modulating glacial cycles. Little research has been done on how the strength of this feedback might vary with the background climate state. It is hypothesized that the feedback has generally strengthened over the last four million years. The feedback mechanism is hypothesized to be weaker under warm Northern Hemispheric conditions when tundra is primarily confined to the high Arctic than under cooler conditions in which the forest-tundra boundary …

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Linkages Between Tropopause Polar Vortices And The Development Of Cold Air Outbreaks Over Central And Eastern North America, Kevin Biernat Jan 2017

Linkages Between Tropopause Polar Vortices And The Development Of Cold Air Outbreaks Over Central And Eastern North America, Kevin Biernat

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Coherent vortices in the vicinity of the tropopause, referred to as tropopause polar vortices (TPVs), may be extracted from high latitudes in conjunction with high-latitude upper-level ridge amplification. Once extracted, TPVs may interact with and strengthen midlatitude jet streams, as well as act as precursor disturbances for the development of intense midlatitude cyclones. Cold pools that may accompany TPVs as they are transported to middle latitudes may lead to widespread cold air outbreaks (CAOs), which may result in significant socioeconomic impacts. The purpose of this study is to investigate 1) the equatorward transport of TPVs and cold pools to middle …

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Evaluation Of Lightning Jumps As A Predictor Of Severe Weather In The Northeastern United States, Pamela Eck Jan 2017

Evaluation Of Lightning Jumps As A Predictor Of Severe Weather In The Northeastern United States, Pamela Eck

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Severe weather events in the northeastern United States can be challenging to forecast, given how the evolution of deep convection can be influenced by complex terrain and the lack of quality observations in complex terrain. To supplement existing observations, this study explores using lightning to forecast severe convection in areas of complex terrain in the northeastern United States. A sudden increase in lightning flash rate by two standard deviations (2σ), also known as a lightning jump, may be indicative of a strengthening updraft and an increased probability of severe weather.

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Kz Spatial Wave Separation With Applications To Atmospheric Data, Ming Luo Jan 2017

Kz Spatial Wave Separation With Applications To Atmospheric Data, Ming Luo

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Unlike one-dimensional wave reconstruction, reconstruction 2D spatial wave via Fourier Transform doesn’t look like a non-parametric algorithm. In other words, we need the wave frequency and wave direction information to recover the spatial wave via Fourier Transform, especially when the stress of noise is present. The direct consequence is that accurate estimations of wave parameters are need for reconstructing of spatial waves. To this end, we propose to improve the accuracy of motion image scale detection and parameter estimations with optimization based on Kolmogorov-Zurbenko periodogram (KZP) information. Related methods and algorithms are denoted under the name of Kolmogorov-Zurbenko wave separations. …

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Determination And Analysis Of Dscovr-Eipc Satellite-Retrieved Radiance From Cloud Geometric And Optical Properties, Emily Christine Morgan Jan 2017

Determination And Analysis Of Dscovr-Eipc Satellite-Retrieved Radiance From Cloud Geometric And Optical Properties, Emily Christine Morgan

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Using simulations and numerical fitting, this work sought to describe the satellite-retrieved radiance of clouds as a function of their thermodynamic and optical properties. Subsequently, this understanding can then be used in a look-up-table to determine the properties of clouds imaged by the EPIC sensor in the NASA DSCOVR satellite. In this study, background oxygen absorption was modeled in a radiative transfer model and convolved with EPIC filter functions for two absorption-reference pairs for Oxygen A- and B-band. This absorption profile was established as the primary vertical coordinate in this study, leveraging the similarity principle to allow for intercomparison of …

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Variations In Potential Vorticity Streamer Activity : Development Pathways, Environmental Impacts, And Links To Tropical Cyclone Activity In The North Atlantic Basin, Philippe Pierre Papin Jan 2017

Variations In Potential Vorticity Streamer Activity : Development Pathways, Environmental Impacts, And Links To Tropical Cyclone Activity In The North Atlantic Basin, Philippe Pierre Papin

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

This dissertation examines the climatological occurrence of potential vorticity streamers (PVSs) during the tropical cyclone (TC) season that occur in the upper troposphere in the North Atlantic (NATL) basin, assessing how their variations in frequency, area, and intensity impact the synoptic environment, how they are induced by different synoptic-dynamic patterns, and how they modify TC activity and genesis pathways.

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The Impact Snow Albedo Feedback Over Mountain Regions As Examined Through High-Resolution Regional Climate Change Experiments Over The Rocky Mountains, Theodore Letcher Jan 2017

The Impact Snow Albedo Feedback Over Mountain Regions As Examined Through High-Resolution Regional Climate Change Experiments Over The Rocky Mountains, Theodore Letcher

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

As the climate warms, the snow albedo feedback (SAF) will play a substantial role in shaping the climate response of mid-latitude mountain regions with transient snow cover. One such region is the Rocky Mountains of the western United States where large snow packs accumulate during the winter and persist throughout the spring. In this dissertation, the Weather Research and Forecast model (WRF) configured as a regional climate model is used to investigate the role of the SAF in determining the regional climate response to forced anthropogenic climate change. The regional effects of climate change are investigated by using the pseudo …

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Impacts Of Internal Variability On Climate Trends In Large Ensemble Simulations By Two Climate Models, Christine Bloecker Jan 2017

Impacts Of Internal Variability On Climate Trends In Large Ensemble Simulations By Two Climate Models, Christine Bloecker

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Internal climate variability (ICV) can influence trends in observations and model simulations over periods spanning decades, making it difficult to quantify the response of the climate system to external forcing. We analyze two large ensembles of climate simulations from 1950-2100 by two fully coupled climate models, namely the CanESM2 and CESM1, to quantify the effects of ICV on apparent trends in annual surface air temperature (T) and precipitation (P) over different time periods and regions. In comparison with observations, the CanESM2 overestimates the global T and P trends during 1979-2014 while they fall within the ICV-induced range of the CESM1. …

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Sensitivity Of Meiyu Front To Aerosol Spatial Distribution Over Yangtze-Huai River Valley, Chu-Chun Huang Jan 2017

Sensitivity Of Meiyu Front To Aerosol Spatial Distribution Over Yangtze-Huai River Valley, Chu-Chun Huang

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

The observed contrasts in both aerosol number and size associated with frequent north-polluted-south-clean (NPSC) conditions over Yangtze-Huai River Valley (YHRV) during the Meiyu season may induce different aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions within the region causing different evolution of the Meiyu system. This aspect was studied by conducting WRF sensitivity simulations with different configurations of north-south aerosol number and size contrasts. Results show that when the Meiyu system develops at YHRV, more aerosols in the north (than the south) cause more but smaller cloud droplets to form, resulting in stronger radiative cooling at north part of the Meiyu system. Subsequently, the differential cooling …

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Understanding Predictive Skill Of Arctic Sea Ice And Its Linkage With Mid-Latitude Weather And Climate In The Ncep Climate Forecast System, Colleen Mchugh Jan 2017

Understanding Predictive Skill Of Arctic Sea Ice And Its Linkage With Mid-Latitude Weather And Climate In The Ncep Climate Forecast System, Colleen Mchugh

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Arctic climate is undergoing significant change, particularly rapid decline of sea ice. Arctic sea ice plays an important role in local, regional, and global climate through a variety of physical processes as seen in observational analysis as well as modeling studies. Recent research suggested that decreasing autumn and winter Arctic sea ice extent (SIE) has been shown to have an effect on mid-latitude weather patterns during the winter months. Therefore, accurate forecasts of Arctic sea ice extent and the associated teleconnections with the mid-latitudes are important for accurate seasonal climate prediction. The NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) is …

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Agricultural Drought Transition Periods In The United States Corn Belt Region, Nicholas Joseph Schiraldi Jan 2017

Agricultural Drought Transition Periods In The United States Corn Belt Region, Nicholas Joseph Schiraldi

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Agricultural drought in the U.S. Corn Belt region (CBR) has tremendous global socioeconomic implications. Unfortunately, the weather and climate factors that contribute to transition events toward or away from such droughts, and how well those factors are predicted, are poorly understood. This dissertation focuses on the atmospheric circulation signals associated with agricultural drought transitions periods in the CBR that evolve over 20 and 60 days, and how well those circulation signals are predicted on seasonal to sub-seasonal time scales.

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Examining Variability In Model Skill During The 7 January 2013 Sudden Stratospheric Warming Event, Jonathan Lee Blufer Jan 2017

Examining Variability In Model Skill During The 7 January 2013 Sudden Stratospheric Warming Event, Jonathan Lee Blufer

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Recent analyses of numerical weather prediction models have shown that stratospheric regime changes (e.g. strong and weak vortex events) are not skillfully predicted at medium-range lead times. Motivated by these recent analyses, this thesis investigates the sources of variability in stratospheric forecast skill amongst several operational models initiated at different lead times prior to the 7 January 2013 sudden stratospheric warming (SSW). This study extends upon a previous analysis by the Stratospheric Network for the Assessment of Predictability (SNAP), which concluded that a change in forecast lead-time from 15 to 10 days increased model skill in predicting the 2013 SSW …

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Climate Change, Spruce Root Phenology, And Allocation Of Carbon Below- And Above-Ground, Marie Louise Orton Jan 2017

Climate Change, Spruce Root Phenology, And Allocation Of Carbon Below- And Above-Ground, Marie Louise Orton

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Tree ring analysis has relied on a close relationship between climate and photosynthetically-derived stem enlargement. Lengthening growing seasons associated with climate warming have been predicted to enhance carbon sequestration as wood in trees, but this

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Investigating The Effects Of Ice-Forming Saharan Dust Aerosols On Tropical Deep Convection Using Spectral Bin Microphysics, Matthew Scott Gibbons Jan 2017

Investigating The Effects Of Ice-Forming Saharan Dust Aerosols On Tropical Deep Convection Using Spectral Bin Microphysics, Matthew Scott Gibbons

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Aerosol effects on cloud and precipitation formation remain a significant source of uncertainty in the study of weather and climate. Aerosols can impact cloud and precipitation formation by functioning as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), giant cloud condensation nuclei (GCCN) and/or ice nuclei (IN) affecting subsequent cloud microphysical processes. Aerosol effects on clouds are tightly interconnected with cloud dynamic and thermodynamic variables, some of which are currently impossible or infeasible to observe with existing sensors. Numerical models can be used to untangle aerosols effects from cloud dynamics and thermodynamics, but model results can be affected by the complexity of the parameterizations …

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Tropical Cyclone Intensification Under Moderate Vertical Wind Shear, Rosimar Rios-Berrios Jan 2017

Tropical Cyclone Intensification Under Moderate Vertical Wind Shear, Rosimar Rios-Berrios

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Deep-layer (200–850 hPa) vertical wind shear is generally an inhibiting factor for tropical cyclone intensification. Multiple studies—ranging from case studies to climatological analyses—have consistently shown that the chances of tropical cyclone intensification decrease with increasing vertical wind shear magnitude. However, tropical cyclones can intensify under moderate shear—the range of shear magnitudes that are neither too weak to have negligible influence on intensity nor too strong to completely halt intensification. Intensity, track, and precipitation forecasts of tropical cyclones under moderate shear can be highly uncertain; therefore, explaining how tropical cyclones evolve under seemingly unfavorable conditions is an important step towards improved …

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Influence Of Topography On Convective Patterns Across The Greater Capital Region Of New York, Rachel O’Donnell May 2016

Influence Of Topography On Convective Patterns Across The Greater Capital Region Of New York, Rachel O’Donnell

Atmospheric & Environmental Sciences

The greater Albany region is unique in regards to its terrain. The various mountain ranges and river valleys play a significant role in convective patterns due to modification of flow. The purpose of this research is to compare the days of convection, both severe and non-severe, to the large scale flow pattern. Lightning data from the National Lightning Detection Network was used to analyze the role terrain plays in organizing convection and the associated lightning. The greater Capital Region was divided into 0.1° grid boxes, and the number of total lightning strikes (both cloud-to-cloud and cloud-to-ground) was recorded within that …

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The Tropical Cyclone Diurnal Cycle, Jason Paul Dunion Jan 2016

The Tropical Cyclone Diurnal Cycle, Jason Paul Dunion

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

The research presented in this thesis explores a phenomenon referred to as the tropical cyclone (TC) diurnal cycle (TCDC) and presents satellite, numerical modeling, and observational perspectives pertaining to how it can be monitored, its evolution in time and space, its relevance to TC structure and intensity, and how it manifests in numerical simulations of TCs. Infrared satellite imagery was developed and used to investigate diurnal oscillations in TCs and finds a diurnal pulsing pattern that occurs with notable regularity through a relatively deep layer from the inner core to the surrounding environment. A combination of satellite, numerical model simulations, …

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Understanding The Dependence Of Radiative Feedbacks And Clouds On The Spatial Structure Of Ocean Heat Uptake, Lance Rayborn Jan 2016

Understanding The Dependence Of Radiative Feedbacks And Clouds On The Spatial Structure Of Ocean Heat Uptake, Lance Rayborn

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Ocean heat uptake and radiative forcing are important for understanding transient climate change. Differences in efficacy of ocean heat uptake (suppression of surface warming per unit energy flux into the deep oceans relative to CO2 forcing) account for a substantial fraction of the spread in transient warming between models. Rose et al. (2014) studied the dependence of efficacy on the spatial pattern of ocean heat uptake in an ensemble of aquaplanet simulations with prescribed ocean heat uptake, and found large differences in model responses to high versus low latitude uptake. This study accurately quantifies these model responses through the use …

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Examination Of Water Vapor Characteristics During The 2013 Colorado Flood, Hannah Kristine Huelsing Jan 2016

Examination Of Water Vapor Characteristics During The 2013 Colorado Flood, Hannah Kristine Huelsing

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

During September 9-16, 2013, the Front Range region of Colorado experienced heavy rainfall which resulted in severe flooding. Precipitation totals during the event exceeded 450mm in Boulder, Colorado, 9 lives were lost, and damages to public and private properties were estimated to be over $2 billion. This study analyzes the characteristics of water vapor surrounding the event, including the abnormality of total column water vapor, the sources of moisture, and the relationship between water vapor and precipitation characteristics. It was found that the atmosphere was very near saturation during the duration of the event and monthly-averaged precipitable water (PW) was …

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Air-Sea Carbon Dioxide Exchange In The Southern Ocean And Antarctic Sea Ice Zone, Brian Butterworth Jan 2016

Air-Sea Carbon Dioxide Exchange In The Southern Ocean And Antarctic Sea Ice Zone, Brian Butterworth

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

The Southern Ocean is an important part of the global carbon cycle, responsible for roughly half of the carbon dioxide (CO2) absorbed by the global ocean. The air-sea CO2 flux (Fc) can be expressed as the product of the water-air CO2 partial pressure difference (ΔpCO2) and the gas transfer velocity (k), an exchange coefficient which represents the efficiency of gas exchange. Generally, Fc is negative (a sink) throughout the Southern Ocean and Antarctic sea ice zone (SIZ), but uncertainty in k has made it difficult to develop an accurate regional carbon budget. Constraining the functional dependence of k on wind …

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Chilean Coastal Orographic Precipitation Experiment : A Tale Of Two Rain Regimes, Adam Massmann Jan 2016

Chilean Coastal Orographic Precipitation Experiment : A Tale Of Two Rain Regimes, Adam Massmann

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

The Chilean Coastal Orographic Precipitation Experiment Pilot Project (CCOPE-2015) was an exploratory field campaign to better understand the mechanisms of orographic precipitation enhancement in the Nahuelbuta Mountains of Southern Chile (38 deg. S.). Observations collected include: (1) surface rainfall from a network of 10 data logging rain gauges, (2) vertical precipitation profiles from a pair of K-band Micro Rain Radars, (3) rain drop size distributions from an optical disdrometer, (4) upstream wind and thermodynamic profiles from radiosonde launches, and (5) aerosol number concentration and size distribution measurements from a condensation particle counter and an ultra-high sensitivity aerosol spectrometer.

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Hydroclimate Changes In The South-Central Great Plains Of The United States : A Synoptic Approach, Pawel Slaski Jan 2016

Hydroclimate Changes In The South-Central Great Plains Of The United States : A Synoptic Approach, Pawel Slaski

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Hydroclimate changes over the Southern Central Great Plains (SCGP) of the United States have been occurring throughout the last century. These changes have had a major impact on the local ecosystems, agriculture, and human society in the region by, e.g., producing a higher frequency of drought over the last century. Climate models project further increases of drought in the 21st century over this region under increasing greenhouse gases. This study analyzes climate model simulations to examine changes in synoptic conditions associated with the projected drought increases over the SCGP. Synoptically, mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs) produce a large portion of the …

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The Network Average Gust Factor, Its Measurement And Environmental Controls, And Role In Gust Forecasting, Alexander Austin Gallagher Jan 2016

The Network Average Gust Factor, Its Measurement And Environmental Controls, And Role In Gust Forecasting, Alexander Austin Gallagher

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

There exists a strong, well documented linear relationship between network averaged sustained (or mean) wind and gust speeds within the San Diego Gas and Electric (SDGE) mesonet that is characterized by the slope of the linear regression between the two known as the network average gust factor (GF). The network average GF potentially contains information on the average obstruction of the stations within the network and when paired with numerical model output, may be used for gust prediction. Using the network average GF for gust prediction can also result in the correction of biases due to poorly resolved terrain or …

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