Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons^™

Rapid Warming Events In A Small Coastal Upwelling Embayment, Tatjana E. Ellis

Physics

Temperature variability in the nearshore coastal ocean influences various biological processes and can drive changes in biodiversity and habitat range. Despite recent progress, there are still significant gaps in the understanding of drivers of temperature variability in upwelling bays, particularly at higher frequencies. In this study, we analyzed a decade of nearshore temperature measurements both inside and outside a small coastal embayment located in central California [San Luis Obispo (SLO) bay], as well as temperature data from satellites, to characterize rapid warming events. We found that rapid warming events, defined using rates of temperature change across different thresholds, occurred more …

Comparison Of Fish Assemblages Aggregated By Artificial Reefs Using Scuba Diving And Acoustic Surveys, Hsueh-Jung Lu, Jia-Rong Lin, Ting-Chieh Huang, Sunarti Sinaga

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

To determine the aggregation effect of artificial reefs (ARs), we conducted surveys in 16 artificial reefs in Taiwan by using the scientific echo sounder, Simrad EY-60 (200 KHz), along with sighting by scuba divers. Scuba diving was conducted within the reef structures (r ¼ 20 m), whereas acoustic surveys were conducted over a wider range (r ¼ 100 m), with five repeating transects over the ARs. We compared the results obtained from the two methods among 16 artificial reefs in the coastal waters of Taiwan to determine the consistency of the quantitative information between the two methods and to investigate …

Study On The Behavior Of Peled (Coregonus Peled ) Around A Set Net By Ultrasonic Biotelemetry System In A Plateau Lake, China, Jing Liu, Keiichi Uchida, Leiming Yin, Yong Tang, Yoshinori Miyamoto, Binbin Xing

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

Sayram Lake is a plateau cold-water lake located in northwestern China. Peled (Coregonus peled ) was introduced to Sayram Lake from Russia in 1998. The behavior characteristics of peled in Sayram Lake are important for fishery resource proliferation, effective fishing, and sustainable development. In this study, we used an ultrasonic biotelemetry system to track the fish around a large-scale set net in Sayram Lake. The purpose of this study is to study the behavior characteristics of the peled and to provide suggestions for the improvement of the set net. The results showed that the fish released in the playground of …

Seasonal Dynamics In Fish Distribution And Abundance Revealed By An Acoustic Survey In Coastal Waters Of The Suzu Area, Kochi Prefecture, Japan, Yanhui Zhu, Kenji Minami, Yuka Iwahara, Kentaro Oda, Koichi Hidaka, Osamu Hoson, Koji Morishita, Sentaro Tsuru, Masahito Hirota, Hokuto Shirakawa, Kazushi Miyashita

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

For Japan's fishery, it is essential to conduct sustainable and efficient fishery owing to the decline in fish catch as well as the fisher population. To obtain information that contributes to sustainable and efficient fishery, we researched appropriate set-net locations with regard to fish distribution, abundance, and environmental characteristics. We conducted surveys from 2017/5 to 2018/2 in the Suzu coastal area, Kochi Prefecture, where the only main industry is set-net fishery. We investigated the seasonal relationships between fish school characteristics, including distribution and size, and marine environmental conditions in the Suzu coastal area, using a quantitative echo sounder (KSE300 SONIC, …

Development Of A Biomass Assessment Method Using Fisheries Echo Sounder For Monitoring Whitebait Fishery In Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, Kenichi Kobayashi, Yanhui Zhu, Daichi Oshiyama, Kenji Minami, Hokuto Shirakawa, Kazushi Miyashita

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

Coastal fisheries constitute the second most important sector in fishery production in Japan, following offshore fisheries. Thus, spatial evaluation of coastal fishing grounds and understanding of the changes in biomass are important for the sustainable use of fishing resources. For the assessment of spatial fish biomass, a quantitative echo sounder is used, but such a device is not mass produced and involves a high cost. In the present study, we examined the feasibility of biomass assessment using typical commercial fisheries echo sounders that are widely used and cheaper than quantitative echo sounders. Therefore, we aimed to verify the validity of …

Acoustic Survey For Estimating Density Of Anchovy Schools In The South Sea Of Korea, Eunbi Min, Eun-A Yoon, Sung-Tae Kim, Seong Yong Moon, Hyun Woo Kim, Shelly Salim, Taejong Kang, Doo-Jin Hwang

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

No abstract provided.

Estimating The Sampling Efficiencies Of A Framed Midwater Trawl And Ring Net For Zooplankton Using An Acoustic Method, Zhen Lu, Tohru Mukai, Yasuzumi Fujimori, Kohji Iida

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

It is well known that there is bias using different sampling gear, such as a framed midwater trawl (FMT) and a ring net, when measuring the density and length distribution of target species. This limit is characterized by the sampling efficiency of the gear. Acoustic monitoring can be used to determine the sampling efficiencies of this gear, as its noninvasive, wide-range sweeps provide more reliable estimates of absolute abundance of the target species. The density measured by the gear can then be standardized by multiplying the initial density measurement by the derived sampling efficiency. In this study, we compared the …

In Situ Broadband Acoustic Measurements Of Age-0 Walleye Pollock And Pointhead Flounder In Funka Bay, Hokkaido, Japan, Kohei Hasegawa, Naizheng Yan, Tohru Mukai

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

Measurements of the broadband acoustic backscattering from fish should improve acoustic discrimination between species. The pulse compression processing of broadband systems can be used to measure acoustic backscattering with high range resolution and improve signal-to-noise ratio. This may increase opportunities for in situ target strength (TS) measurements, the preferred method of collecting TS data. To evaluate the availability of TS spectra for acoustic discrimination, three Simrad EK80 wideband transceivers and split-beam transducers of 70, 120, and 200 kHz were used to collect in situ frequency responses of TS from age-0 juvenile walleye pollock and pointhead flounder, a swimbladderless flat-fish, distributed …

Volume Scattering And Echo Integration In Fisheries Acoustics Revisited, Masahiko Furusawa

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

Echo integration is the most important method in fisheries acoustics. The basis of the method is volume scattering theory, and the theory assumes that many fish are randomly and homogeneously distributed broader than a beam spread. In actual acoustic surveys, however, we encounter various distributions for which these assumptions do not hold. It is the echo integration method that hypothetically fulfills these assumptions. In this paper, we review the volume scattering theory and the echo integration method historically and theoretically and confirm their bases. We then point out some misunderstandings affected by historical constraints such as the persistence of time …

Rapid Population Decline Of The Pillar Coral Dendrogyra Cylindrus Along The Florida Reef Tract, Karen L. Neely, Cynthia L. Lewis, Kathleen S. Lunz, Lystina Kabay

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles

Coral reefs worldwide are in a state of decline, but the population status and impacts of stressors for rare species are generally not well documented using broad-scale monitoring protocols. We fate-tracked all known colonies of the pillar coral, Dendrogyra cylindrus, on the Florida Reef Tract (FRT) from 2013 to 2020 to assess population condition and trend, and to document the relative impacts of chronic and acute stressors. Large average colony size, an absence of juveniles, and large geographic distances between genotypes suggest that the Florida D. cylindrus population has been reproductively extinct for decades. During the study period, low-intensity …

Exotic Brittle Star Interactions With Native Octocoral Epizoites: An Endemic Benthic Ctenophore In Peril?, Peter Glynn, Brian Coffman, Kyle Detloff, Joshua Dominguez, Philip Gilette, Nicholas Martinez, Nicolas Jones, Bernhard Riegl

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles

Widespread and large populations of the exotic eastern Pacific ophiuroid brittle star Opthiothela mirabilis now occur in southeastern Florida, extending the range of this recently introduced species from southern Brazil northward to the eastern Caribbean Sea and Florida. The Florida brittle stars, representing two lineages, are epibionts on shallow (3-18 m depth), tropical/subtropical plexaurid (e.g., Eunicea spp., Muricea elongata) and gorgoniid (Antillogorgia spp.) octocorals. The scope of this study includes recent distributional records of O. mirabilis in south Florida, field abundances in relation to the cohabiting endemic ctenophore Coeloplana waltoni, behavioral observations of the ophiuroid, ctenophore and …

Alexandrium In The Arctic: Are Harmful Algae Spreading As The Arctic Warms?, Sveinn Einarsson, Kate Lowry, Robert Pickart, Karin Ashjian, P. Dreux Chappell

College of Sciences Posters

Alexandrium tamerense is a well-studied dinoflagellate known for its ability to produce the neurotoxin that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning. Until 1970 Alexandrium tamerense was only found in Europe, North America, and Japan but has been increasingly found all over the globe. Alexandrium is characteristically found in temperate and subtropical regions and as the Arctic warms, there is considerable concern that it may be expanding into the Arctic. We found Alexandrium tamerense during a research expedition to the Alaskan Beaufort Sea shelf to study upwelling. Upwelling events are known to support seasonal blooms of phytoplankton, which are important primary producers at …

Seasonal Variability In Diazotroph Abundance And Gene Expression At A Coastal N2 Fixation Hotspot (Outer Banks, Nc), Katherine Crider, Corday Selden, Kimberly Powell, P. Dreux Chappell

College of Sciences Posters

Marine microbial dinitrogen (N₂) fixation, the conversion of gaseous N₂ to bioavailable species, is the primary source of new oceanic nitrogen (N). N is present in nucleic acids, amino acids, and proteins, and is essential to all life. Long considered to be a primarily oligotrophic ocean process, significant N₂ fixation rates have recently been observed in coastal environments, including along the Cape Hatteras front. To see if elevated N₂ fixation was a persistent feature in this region, N₂ fixation rates and N₂ fixer (diazotroph) abundance and gene expression were investigated through roughly monthly …

Implications Of Increased Sst On Sula Dactylatra In Rapa Nui Marine Park, Flavia Soctto D'Antuono, Hayden E. Dubniczki

Student Publications

Marine protected areas are a relatively new conservation tool intended to remove harmful anthropogenic practices and influences to enable ecological processes to occur normally, but they cannot protect ecosystems from global impacts like climate change. One such MPA, Rapa Nui Marine Park in Chile, is home to the Masked Booby, Sula dactylatra. Though not currently endangered, their population numbers decrease annually, and seabirds are among the most threatened species in the face of climate change. This study seeks to examine the spatial ecology of the Sula dactylatra against the context of the MPA and examines whether increasing sea surface temperatures …

Thermoelectric Generation And Thermophysical Properties Of Metal Oxide Nanofluids, Xinran Hou, Rong-Tsu Wang, Shaowen Huang, Jung-Chang Wang

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

This study describes the comprehensive characterization of the diverse water-based nanofluids involving aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide nanoparticles, which were prepared through the two-step synthesis method assisted by a microemulsion ultrasound skill with effects of both weight-percent concentration (wt.%) in the range of 1.0% and 5.0% and between 20 ^oC and 40 ⁰C. The mean cluster size, zeta potential, pH value, viscosity, thermal conductivity, absorbance, light absorption, and electrical charge density of the various nanofluids were surveyed by relative experiments. The results showed that the 2 wt.% Al₂O₃, 2 wt.% TiO_{2 …}

Wireless Sensor Network-Based Monitoring Of Bridge Pile Foundations For Detecting Scouring Depth, Han-Tang Huang, H. Ping Tserng, Ruei-Yu Hou, Mirosław Skibniewski

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

Climate change brings about unprecedented increases in the occurrence of storms and flooding. In response to increased risk of bridge pier scouring, there is a need for increased safety monitoring of bridges. This paper presents a wireless sensor network (WSN) - based solution developed to measure micro-vibrations of a bridge pier. Test measurement values are converted with the use of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method to obtain natural frequencies. Scouring depth of the pier is estimated with the use of a Finite Element Method model. WSN is used to collect the signal and to test data transmission stability in …

A New Fuzzy Dea Model For Solving The Mcdm Problems In Supplier Selection, Chi-Mao Tsai, Hsuan-Shih Lee, Guo-Ya Gan

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

Supplier selection is a crucial task in supply chain management, and good supply chain management is essential to a company's ability to develop sustainably and gain the trust and satisfaction of its customers. In modern supply chain management, supplier selection often takes the form of a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem. Thus, to solve this problem, this study formulated a novel fuzzy MCDM model, which is based on the fuzzy data envelopment analysis model. This novel approach can transform the linguistic variables of assessment criteria into well-founded quantitative data for calculation. Moreover, our approach can effectively discriminate between decision-making units (both …

Evaluation Of The Human Discomfort Caused By Ship Vibrations, Laurentiu Picu, Eugen Rusu

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

The present work analyzes the subjective responses of people exposed to transient vibrations caused by systems with a single degree of freedom. In this context, the main objective of the research was to identify the main effect of vibrations on people's well-being at work (in particular on vessels crew) and to discover those frequencies that lead to the greatest discomfort. In order to achieve this goal, 12 laboratory experiments were carried out involving ten male subjects in good health, aged between 28 and 42. The variables of the vibratory system considered are: acceleration (4.8 ÷ 8.6 m/s¡2), amplitude (1 ÷ …

Application Of Physically Based Semi-Distributed Hec-Hms Model For Flow Simulation In Tributary Catchments Of Kaohsiung Area Taiwan, Fiaz Hussain, Ray-Shyan Wu, Kai-Chun Yu

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

Hydrologic modeling is a commonly used tool to understand the rainfallerunoff processes of gauged and ungauged catchments for proper quantitative estimation of water resources availability. In the present study, an attempt is made to simulate surface runoff using a physically based semi-distributed hydrological (HEC-HMS) model for four local-scale tributary catchments of Kaohsiung area Taiwan. The input physical parameters of the model were calculated and preprocessed in HEC-GeoHMS based on digital elevation model (DEM), land use, soil and hydro-meteorological data. The model performance was satisfactory with Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) ¼ 0.51 to 0.86 and the coefficient of determination (R2) ¼ …

Evaluating Key Factors Of Container Shipping Lines From The Perspective Of High-Tech Industry Shippers, Chien-Lung Hsu, Tien-Chun Ho

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

Because of the changes in customers' needs and demands created by the development of container transport in the 1960s, the global container transport business has become increasingly competitive. With the high-tech industry ranged with one of the few competitive industries in Taiwan from 2002, container shipping lines have been forced to implement innovative operating patterns to meet the evolving demands of the high-tech industry shippers. This study conducts a survey questionnaire of domestic high-tech industry shippers to explore the different factors affecting their selection of container shipping lines, evaluating the key influencing factors by maritime marketing's 4C framework: customer needs, …

Beach Topography Surveying Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photogrammetry Technology, Hui-Ming Fang, Kuan-Tsung Chang, Sung-Shan Hsiao, Shih-Peng Chiang

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

The mechanisms of in situ topography changes must be identified for spatial planning in coastal areas. In this study, the authors used in situ direct measurement methods and indirect remote-sensing technologies to develop a method for beach topography surveillance. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have advantages of high portability and mobility and low operating altitude. Therefore, a UAV was equipped with a lightweight camera and a positioning system that comprised a global positioning system and an inertial measurement unit. Aerial photogrammetry and aerial triangu-lation methods were adopted for matching image feature points to obtain the corresponding topographic points in the sand. …

Editorial: Deep Pelagic Ecosystem Dynamics In A Highly Impacted Water Column: The Gulf Of Mexico After Deepwater Horizon, Tracey Sutton, Kevin M. Boswell, Heather Bracken-Grissom, Jose V. Lopez, Michael Vecchione, Marsh Youngbluth

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles

The intermediate-sized midwater fauna (fishes, shrimps, and cephalopods; “micronekton” collectively) are dominant components of the pelagic ocean, which is by far the largest ecosystem type on Earth by several metrics (volume, organismal numbers, biomass, and productivity). Deep-pelagic micronekton, those animals residing in the water column below 200 m depth during the day, are the direct link between plankton and oceanic top predators, and through the linked processes of feeding and daily vertical migration facilitate one of Earth's most important ecosystem services to humans, carbon sequestration. Despite increasing recognition of this importance, a disconnect exists between stewardship and human impact; only …

Impacts Of Petroleum, Petroleum Components, And Dispersants On Organisms And Populations, Steven A. Murawski, Martin Grosell, Cynthia Smith, Tracey Sutton, Kenneth M. Halanych, Richard F. Shaw, Charles A. Wilson

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles

Following the Deepwater Horizon blowout, oil, degraded oil, oil mixed with dispersants, and management responses to the spill affected a variety of Gulf of Mexico organisms. This review provides examples of various documented impacts, common patterns, and trends across organisms and/or their environments, and discusses future implications as well as directions for future research. Organism effects are generally characterized as lethal and sublethal. Sublethal can be short term, long term, or permanent and multigenerational. We present individual examples of effects on behavioral response, olfaction, vision, cardiac function, and gene shift, based on research done in laboratories, mesocosm settings, and the …

Seasonal Controls On Nearshore Hypoxia In A Small Coastal Embayment, Stephen Alexander Huie

Physics

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is an important biogeochemical factor that strongly influences nearshore coastal ecosystems. Low DO (hypoxic) events can cause physiological stressful environments for ecological and economically important species, potentially leading to mass mortalities. In order to better assess drivers of coastal hypoxia, we collected data from monthly cruises on the inner shelf and nearshore moorings inside and outside a small coastal embayment (San Luis Obispo Bay on the Central California Coast) across the full upwelling season (March to August). During the late spring and early summer, we found that the nearshore near-bottom temperature-DO (T-DO) relationship aligned with the shelf …

State Of Satiation Partially Regulates The Dynamics Of Vertical Migration, Ryan P. Bos, Tracey Sutton, Tamara Frank

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles

Vertical migrations into shallower waters at night are beneficial for migrators as they reduce predation risk and allow migrators to encounter a higher density of prey. Nevertheless, ocean acoustics data and trawl data have shown that a portion of some vertically migrating populations remain at depth and do not migrate. One hypothesis for this phenomenon is the Hunger-Satiation hypothesis, which in part states that the non-migrating portion of the migrating species-assemblage refrains from migrating if they have full or partially full stomachs from daytime or nocturnal feeding. However, stomach fullness of the non-migrating subpopulation compared to the migrating portion has …

Comparison Of A Smartfin With An Infrared Sea Surface Temperature Radiometer In The Atlantic Ocean, Robert J. W. Brewin, Werenfrid Wimmer, Phillip J. Bresnahan, Tyler Cyronak, Andreas J. Andersson, Giorgio Dall’Olmo

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles

The accuracy and precision of satellite sea surface temperature (SST) products in nearshore coastal waters are not well known, owing to a lack of in-situ data available for validation. It has been suggested that recreational watersports enthusiasts, who immerse themselves in nearshore coastal waters, be used as a platform to improve sampling and fill this gap. One tool that has been used worldwide by surfers is the Smartfin, which contains a temperature sensor integrated into a surfboard fin. If tools such as the Smartfin are to be considered for satellite validation work, they must be carefully evaluated against state-of-the-art techniques …

Developing A Method To Track Marine Snow Aggregation Through Individual Collisions Using Stereoscopic Imaging, Riley Henning

Theses

The aggregation of individual phytoplankton into marine snow allows particles to sink more quickly, thus resulting in the transport of particulate organic carbon from surface waters to the deep ocean. Aggregate formation has previously been measured in experiments indirectly by quantifying how particle size or particle concentration changes over time. Here, I present my thesis in which I applied high-resolution imaging to quantify aggregate formation using two different methodologies.

We conducted experiments to investigate aggregate formation using stereoscopic imaging, tracking individual particles directly in a 3D volume. Phytoplankton cultures were rolled in cylindrical tanks and imaged by two cameras illuminated …

Atlantic Sailfish (Istiophorus Albicans) Distribution Off The East Coast Of Florida From 2003 To 2018 In Response To Sea Surface Temperature, Meredith M. Pratt

Mako: NSU Undergraduate Student Journal

The Atlantic sailfish (Istiophorus albicans) ranges from 40°N to 40°S in the Western Atlantic Ocean and has great economic and recreational value for sport fishers. Off the east coast of Florida, recreational fishing boats often target this species due to its size, speed and strength. This project aimed to determine the relationship between sea surface temperature (SST) and the distribution of Atlantic sailfish caught and released over a fifteen-year period (2003 to 2018). Tagging information was collected from The Billfish Foundation and NOAA who have the most extensive programs for billfish. Using the time and location of each …

An Indo-Pacifc Coral Spawning Database, Andrew H. Baird, James R. Guest, Alasdair J. Edwards, Andrew G. Bauman, Jessica Bouwmeester, Hanaka Mera, David Abrego, Mariana Alvera-Noriega, Russel C. Babcock, Miguel B. Barbosa, Victor Bonito, John Burt, Patrick C. Cabaitan, Ching-Fong Chang, Suchana Chavanich, Chaolun A. Chen, Chieh-Jhen Chen, Wei-Jen Chen, Fung-Chen Chung, Sean R. Connolly, Vivian R. Cumbo, Maria Dornelas, Christopher Doropoulos, Gal Eyal, Lee Eyal-Shaham, Nur Fadli, Joana Figueiredo, Jean-François Flot, Sze-Hoon Gan, Elizabeth Gomez, Erin M. Graham, Mila Grinblat, Nataly Gutiérrez-Isaza, Saki Harii, Peter L. Harrison, Masayuki Hatta, Nina Ann Jin Ho, Gaetan Hoarau, Mia Hoogenboom, Emily J. Howells, Akira Iguchi, Naoko Isomura, Emmeline A. Jamodiong, Suppakarn Jandang, Jude Keyse, Seiya Kitanobo, Narinratana Kongjandtre, Chao-Yang Kuo, Charlon Ligson, Che-Hung Lin, Jeffrey Low, Yossi Loya, Elizaldy A. Maboloc, Joshua S. Madin, Takuma Mezaki, Choo Min, Masaya Morita, Aurelie Moya, Su-Hwei Neo, Matthew R. Nitschke, Satoshi Nojima, Yoko Nozawa, Srisakul Piromvaragorn, Sakanan Plathong, Eneour Puill-Stephan, Kate Quigley, Catalina Ramirez-Portilla, Gerard Ricardo, Kazuhiko Sakai, Eugenia Sampayo, Tom Shlesinger, Leony Sikim, Chris Simpson, Carrie A. Sims, Frederic Sinniger, Davies A. Spiji, Tracy Tabalanza, Chung-Hong Tan, Tullia I. Terraneo, Gergely Torda, James True, Karenne Tun, Kareen Vicentuan, Voranop Viyakarn, Zarinah Waheed, Selina Ward, Bette Willis, Rachael M. Woods, Erika S. Woolsey, Hiromi H. Yamamoto, Syafyudin Yusuf

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles

The discovery of multi-species synchronous spawning of scleractinian corals on the Great Barrier Reef in the 1980s stimulated an extraordinary effort to document spawning times in other parts of the globe. Unfortunately, most of these data remain unpublished which limits our understanding of regional and global reproductive patterns. The Coral Spawning Database (CSD) collates much of these disparate data into a single place. The CSD includes 6178 observations (3085 of which were unpublished) of the time or day of spawning for over 300 scleractinian species in 61 genera from 101 sites in the Indo-Pacific. The goal of the CSD is …

Thermal Acclimation Of Tropical Coral Reef Fishes To Global Heat Waves, Jacob L. Johansen, Lauren E. Nadler, Adam Habary, Alyssa J. Bowden, Jodie Rummer

Marine & Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles

As climate-driven heat waves become more frequent and intense, there is increasing urgency to understand how thermally sensitive species are responding. Acute heating events lasting days to months may elicit acclimation responses to improve performance and survival. However, the coordination of acclimation responses remains largely unknown for most stenothermal species. We documented the chronology of 18 metabolic and cardiorespiratory changes that occur in the gills, blood, spleen, and muscles when tropical coral reef fishes are thermally stressed (+3.0°C above ambient). Using representative coral reef fishes (Caesio cuning and Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus) separated by >100 million years of evolution and …